Name
|
type
|
group
|
introduction
|
usage
|
comments
|
Egyptian calendar
|
fixed (365
days)
|
Egyptian
|
Bronze Age
|
Middle Kingdom
|
The year
is based on the heliacal rising of Sirius (Sothis)
and divided into the three seasons of akhet (Inundation), peret (Growth)
and shemu(Harvest). The heliacal rising of Sothis returned to the same point in the calendar every
1,460 years (a period called the Sothic
cycle).[1]
|
Umma calendar
|
lunisolar
|
Mesopotamian
|
Bronze
Age
|
Sumer/Mesopotamia
|
Recorded
in Neo-Sumerian records (21st century BC), presumably based on older (Ur III)
sources.
|
Pentecontad calendar
|
solar
|
Mesopotamian
|
Bronze Age
|
Amorites
|
A Bronze
Age calendar in which the year is divided into seven periods of fifty days,
with an annual supplement of fifteen or sixteen days for synchronisation with the solar year.
|
Four
Seasons and Eight Nodes (四时曆)
|
solar
|
Chinese
|
Bronze Age(?)
|
China
|
The years
is divided into four seasons, and each season is divided into a festival(四立) and three months. The start and
middle of each seasons is the key node of the year.
|
Gezer
Calendar
|
lunar
|
Mesopotamian
|
1000 BC
|
Israel/Canaan
|
The years
are divided into monthly or bi-monthly periods and attributes to each a
duty such as harvest, planting, or tending specific crops.
|
Roman
calendar
|
solar
|
Roman
|
713 BC
|
Roman
Republic
|
Based on
the reforms introduced by Numa
Pompilius in c. 713 BC.
|
Six
Ancient Calendars (古六曆)
|
lunisolar
|
Chinese
|
Iron Age
|
China
|
Six
classical (Zhou era) calendars: Huangdi (黃帝曆), Zhuanxu
(顓頊曆), Xia (夏曆), Yin (殷曆), Zhou's calendar (周曆) and Lu (魯曆).
|
Nisg̱a'a
|
seasonal /
lunisolar
|
Indigenous
North America
|
[citation needed]
|
Nisg̱a'a
|
The
Nisga’a calendar revolves around harvesting of foods and goods used. The
original year followed the various moons throughout the year.
|
Haida
|
Lunar
|
Indigenous
North America
|
[citation needed]
|
Haida
|
The Haida
calendar is a lunar calendar broken into two seasons (winter and summer) of
six months each with an occasional thirteenth month between seasons.
|
Inuit
|
seasonal
|
Indigenous
North America
|
[citation needed]
|
Inuit
|
The Inuit
calendar is based on between six and eight seasons as solar and lunar
timekeeping methods do not work in the polar regions.
|
Haab'
|
fixed (365
days)
|
Pre-Columbian
(Maya)
|
1st
millennium BC[citation needed]
|
Maya
|
|
Tzolk'in
|
fixed (260
days)
|
Pre-Columbian
(Maya)
|
1st
millennium BC[citation needed]
|
Maya
|
|
Xiuhpohualli
|
fixed (365
days)
|
Pre-Columbian
(Aztec)
|
[citation needed]
|
Aztecs
|
|
Tonalpohualli
|
fixed (260
days)
|
Pre-Columbian
(Aztec)
|
[citation needed]
|
Aztecs
|
|
Attic
calendar
|
lunisolar
|
Hellenic
|
6th
century BC
|
Classical Athens
|
|
Old Persian calendar
|
lunisolar(?)
|
Iranian
|
4th
century BC(?)
|
Persian
Empire
|
Based on
earlier Babylonian/Mesopotamian models
|
Seleucid calendar
|
lunisolar
|
Hellenic/Babylonian
|
4th
century BC
|
Seleucid
Empire
|
Combination
of the Babylonian calendar, ancient Macedonian (Hellenic) month names and
the Seleucid era.
|
Genesis
Calendar (太初曆)
|
lunisolar
|
Chinese
|
Han
dynasty
|
China
|
Introduced
the "month without mid-climate is
intercalary" rule; based on a solar year of 365385⁄1539 days and
a lunar month of 2943⁄81days (19
years=235 months=693961⁄81 days).
|
Ptolemaic calendar
|
lunisolar
|
Egyptian
|
238 BC
|
Ptolemaic
Egypt
|
The Canopic reform of 238
BC introduced the leap year every fourth year later adopted in the
Julian calendar. The reform eventually went into effect with the
introduction of the "Alexandrian calendar" (or Julian calendar)
by Augustus in 26/25 BC, which included a 6th epagomenal day for the first
time in 22 BC.
|
Julian
calendar
|
solar
|
Roman
|
45 BC
|
Western
World
|
Revision
of the Roman Republican calendar, in use in the Roman
Empire and the Christian Middle Ages, and remains
in use as liturgical calendar of Eastern Orthodox Churches.
|
Coptic
calendar
|
solar
|
Egyptian
|
1st century[citation needed]
|
Coptic Orthodox Church
|
Based on
both the Ptolemaic calendar and the Julian
calendar
|
Ethiopian calendar
|
solar
|
Egyptian
|
1st century[citation needed]
|
Ethiopia,
Ethiopian Christians
|
the calendar
associated with Ethiopian Church, based on the Coptic
calendar
|
Qumran calendrical texts
|
fixed (364
days)
|
—
|
c. 1st century[citation needed]
|
Second Temple Judaism
|
Description
of a division of the year into 364 days, also mentioned in the pseudepigraphical Book
of Enoch (the "Enoch
calendar").
|
Gaulish calendar
|
lunisolar
|
—
|
Iron Age
|
Gauls/Celts
|
Early
calendars used by Celtic peoples prior to the introduction of the Julian
calendar, reconstruction mostly based on the Coligny calendar (2nd century), which may
be partially influenced by the Julian calendar.
|
Zoroastrian calendar
|
fixed (365
days)
|
Iranian
|
3rd
century
|
Sassanid
Persia
|
Based on
both the Old Persian and Seleucid (Hellenic) calendars. Introduced in AD
226, reformed in AD 272, and again several times in the 5th to 7th centuries.
|
Chinese
Calendar, Dàmíng origin (大明曆)
|
lunisolar
|
Chinese
|
510
|
China
|
Created
by Zu Chongzhi, most
accurate calendar in the world at its invention
|
Japanese calendar
|
lunisolar
|
Chinese-derived
|
6th
century
|
Japan
|
Umbrella
term for calendars historically and currently used in Japan, in the 6th
century derived from the Chinese calendar
|
Chinese
Calendar, Wùyín origin(戊寅元曆)
|
lunisolar
|
Chinese
|
619
|
China
|
First
Chinese calendar to use the true moon motion
|
Islamic calendar
|
lunar
|
|
632
|
Islam
|
Based on
the observational lunisolar calendars used in Pre-Islamic Arabia. Remains in use for
religious purposes in the Islamic world.
|
Pyu calendar
|
lunisolar
|
Hindu/Buddhist-derived
|
640[dubious – discuss]
|
mainland Southeast Asia
|
Traditional
calendar of Southeast Asia, in use until the 19th century. Traditionally
said to originate in 640 (the calendar era) in Sri Ksetra Kingdom,
one of the Burmese Pyu
city-states.
|
Nepal
Sambat
|
lunar
|
Buddhist/
Hindu
|
9th
century
|
Nepal
|
A
lunar Buddhist calendar traditional to Nepal,
recognition in Nepal in 2008.
|
Byzantine calendar
|
solar
|
Julian
|
988
|
Ecumenical Patriarchate
of Constantinople
|
Julian
calendar with Anno Mundi era in use c. 691 to 1728.
|
Armenian calendar
|
fixed (365
days)
|
Iranian
|
medieval[citation needed]
|
medieval Armenia
|
Calendar
used in medieval Armenia and as liturgical calendar of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Derived
from the Zoroastrian (or related medieval Iranian calendars such as the
Sogdian/Choresmian ones[2]).
It uses the era AD 552. In modern Armenian nationalism, an alternative era
of 2492 BC is sometimes used.
|
Bulgar
calendar
|
solar(?)
|
Turkic/Chinese-derived
|
medieval
|
Volga
Bulgaria
|
A
reconstruction based on a short 15th century transcript in Church Slavonic
originally proposed by Finnish Slavist Jooseppi Julius Mikkola in
1913. According to the reconstructed calendar, the Bulgars used a 12-year
cyclic calendar similar to the one adopted by
other Turkic peoples from the Chinese calendar.
|
Florentine calendar
|
solar
|
Julian
|
medieval
|
Republic
of Florence
|
Variant of
the Julian calendar in use in medieval Florence
|
Pisan
calendar
|
solar
|
Julian
|
medieval
|
Republic
of Pisa
|
Variant of
the Julian calendar in use in medieval Pisa
|
Tamil
calendar
|
solar
|
Hindu
|
medieval[clarification needed]
|
Tamil Nadu
|
The Hindu
calendar used in Tamil Nadu
|
Nepali
calendar
|
solar
|
Hindu/
Buddhist
|
medieval[clarification needed]
|
Nepal
|
One of
the Hindu calendars
|
Bengali calendar
|
solar
|
Muslim/Hindu
|
medieval[clarification needed]
|
Bengal,
Bangladesh
|
One of the
main Hindu calendars, in Bangladesh revised in 1987.
|
Thai lunar calendar
|
lunisolar
|
Hindu/Buddhist[clarification needed]
|
medieval[clarification needed]
|
Thailand
|
A Buddhist calendar
|
Pawukon calendar
|
fixed (210
days)
|
Hindu
|
[citation needed]
|
Bali
|
|
Old Icelandic calendar
|
solar
|
|
10th
century
|
medieval
Iceland
|
partly
inspired by the Julian calendar and partly by older Germanic calendar
traditions. Leap week calendar based on a year of
364 days.
|
Jalali calendar
|
solar
|
Iranian
|
1079
|
Seljuk
Sultanate
|
A calendar
reform commissioned by Sultan Jalal al-Din Malik Shah I
|
Hebrew
calendar
|
lunisolar
|
Babylonian/Seleucid-derived
|
11th/12th
century
|
Judaism
|
recorded
by Maimonides in the Mishneh
Torah, resulting from various reforms and traditions
developing since Late Antiquity. The Anno Mundiera gradually
replaced the Seleucid era in Rabbinical literature in the 11th century.
|
Tibetan calendar
|
lunisolar
|
Buddhist/Chinese-derived
|
13th
century
|
Tibet
|
The Kalacakra, a Buddhist calendar introduced in
13th-century Tibet
|
Seasonal
Instruction (授时曆)
|
solar
|
Chinese
|
1281
|
China
|
Based on a
solar year of 365.2425 (equal to the Gregorian year)
|
Runic
calendar
|
solar
|
Julian
|
13th
century
|
Sweden
|
A written
representation of the Metonic
cycle used in medieval and early modern Sweden, allowing to
calculate the dates of the full moons relative to the Julian date. The
introduction of the Gregorian calendar in Sweden in 1753 rendered the runic
calendars unusable.
|
Six
Imperial Calendars (ß)
|
solar
|
Chinese
|
Ming
dynasty
|
China
|
In use
1368-1644
|
Incan calendar
|
lunisolar
|
Pre-Columbian
|
15th
century
|
Inca
Empire
|
|
Muisca
calendar
|
lunisolar
|
Pre-Columbian
|
15th
century
|
Muisca
|
Complex
lunisolar calendar with three different years, composed of months divided
into thirty days. After the Spanish conquest of
the Muisca Confederation in present-day
central Colombia in 1537 first
replaced by the European Julian and
as of 1582 the Gregorian calendar.
|
Chula
Sakarat
|
lunisolar
|
Burmese
|
16th
century
|
Southeast
Asia
|
|
Gregorian calendar
|
solar
|
Julian-derived
|
1582
|
worldwide
|
Introduced
as a reform of the Julian calendar in the Roman Catholic church, since the
20th century in de facto use worldwide.
|
Javanese calendar
|
lunar
|
Islamic
influenced
|
1633
|
Java
|
Based on
the Hindu calendar using the Saka era(78
CE), but changed to the lunar year following the Islamic calendar.
|
Seasonal
Constitution (时宪历)
|
solar
|
Chinese
|
1645
|
China
|
First
Chinese Calendar to use the true motion of the sun.
|
Swedish calendar
|
solar
|
Julian-derived
|
1700
|
Sweden
|
Part of
the controversy surrounding the adoption of the Gregorian
calendar, in use 1700–1712.
|
Astronomical year numbering
|
solar
|
Julian-derived
|
1740
|
astronomy
|
A mixture
of Julian and Gregorian calendar, giving dates before 1582 in the Julian
calendar, and dates after 1582 in the Gregorian calendar, counting 1 BC
as year
zero, and negative year numbers for 2 BC and earlier.
|
French Republican Calendar
|
solar
|
Gregorian
|
1793
|
First
French Republic
|
In use in
revolutionary France 1793 to 1805.
|
Pancronometer
|
solar
|
Gregorian
|
1745
|
—
|
Universal
Georgian Calendar proposed by Hugh Jones
|
Rumi
calendar
|
solar
|
Julian
|
1839
|
Ottoman
Empire
|
Julian
calendar using the Hijri era introduced in the Ottoman Empire.
|
Positivist calendar
|
solar
|
Gregorian
|
1849
|
—
|
solar
calendar with 13 months of 28 days.
|
Badí‘ calendar
|
solar
|
Bahá'í
|
1873
|
Bahá'í
|
Uses a
year of 19 months of 19 days each and a 1844 era.
Also known as the "Bahá'í Calendar" or
the "Wondrous Calendar".
|
Thai solar calendar
|
solar
|
Gregorian
|
1888
|
Thailand
|
The Gregorian calendar but using the Buddhist
Era (543 BC)
|
Invariable Calendar
|
solar
|
Gregorian
|
1900
|
—
|
Gregorian
calendar with four 91-day quarters of 13 weeks
|
International Fixed Calendar
|
solar
|
Gregorian
|
1902
|
—
|
A
"perpetual calendar" with a year of 13 months of 28 days each.
|
Minguo calendar
|
solar
|
Gregorian
|
1912
|
Republic
of China
|
Variant of
the Gregorian calendar introduced in Taiwan in 1912.
|
Revised Julian calendar
|
solar
|
Julian-derived
|
1923
|
some
Orthodox churches
|
currently
synchronized with the Gregorian calendar, but different leap rule and cycle
(900 years), also called Meletian calendar or Milanković calendar, after Serbian scientist Milutin Milanković who
developed it.
|
Solar Hijri calendar
|
solar
|
Iranian/Islamic
|
1925
|
Iran,
Afghanistan
|
New Year is
the day of the astronomical vernal
equinox. The calendar as introduced in 1925 revived Iranian month names
but counted the years of the Hijri
era. The era was changed in 1976 to 559 BC (reign of Cyrus
the Great), but was reverted to the Hijri era after the Iranian Revolution.
|
Era
Fascista
|
solar
|
Gregorian
|
1926
|
Italy
|
Epoch is
29 October 1922; in use from 1926–1943
|
Soviet
calendar
|
solar
|
Gregorian
|
1929
|
Soviet
Union
|
Gregorian
calendar with 5- and 6-day weeks, used during 1929 to 1940.
|
World
Calendar
|
solar
|
Gregorian
|
1930
|
—
|
Perpetual
calendar with 1–2 off-week days, preferred and almost adopted by the United
Nations in 1950s
|
Pax
Calendar
|
solar
|
Gregorian
|
1930
|
—
|
Leap week calendar
|
Pataphysical calendar
|
solar
|
Gregorian
|
1949
|
—
|
Absurdist
variant of the Gregorian calendar by Alfred
Jarry.
|
Indian national calendar
|
solar
|
Gregorian-derived
|
1957
|
Republic
of India
|
Gregorian
calendar with months based in traditional Hindu
calendars and numbering years based on the Saka era (AD
78).
|
Assyrian calendar
|
lunar
|
Babylonian
|
1950s
|
Assyrianism
|
Lunar
calendar with an "Assyrian era" of 4750 BC, introduced in
Assyrian nationalism in the 1950s
|
Discordian calendar
|
solar
|
Gregorian
|
1963
|
Discordianism
|
Calendar
invented in the context of the absurdistor parody
religion of Discordianism, Gregorian
calendar variant with a year consisting of five 73-day seasons.
|
World Season Calendar
|
solar
|
Gregorian
|
1973
|
—
|
Divides
the year into four seasons.
|
Dreamspell
|
lunar/solar
galactic
|
Mayan
|
1990
|
esotericism
|
13 months
of 28 days each, synchronized with the Maya 260-day Tzolkin, calibrated to
the Chilam Balam timing
systems
|
Tranquility Calendar
|
solar
|
Gregorian
|
1989
|
—
|
Modification
of the International Fixed Calendar
|
Holocene calendar
|
solar
|
Gregorian
|
1993
|
—
|
The
Gregorian calendar with the era shifted by 10,000 years.
|
Juche era calendar
|
solar
|
Gregorian
|
1997
|
North
Korea
|
Gregorian
calendar with the era 1912 (birth of Kim Il-sung)
|
Nanakshahi calendar
|
solar
|
Gregorian-derived
|
1998
|
Sikhism
|
Gregorian
calendar with months based in traditional Hindu
calendars and numbering years based on the era 1469.
|
Symmetry454
|
solar
|
Gregorian
|
2004
|
—
|
Leap week calendar with 4:5:4 weeks per
month
|
Hanke-Henry Permanent Calendar
|
solar
|
Gregorian
|
2004
|
—
|
Leap week calendar with 30:30:31 days
per month, revised in 2011 and 2016
|
Igbo
calendar
|
lunar
|
Indigenous
|
2009
|
Igbo
people
|
proposal[3] based
in Igbo tradition dating back to 13th century, 13 lunar months of 28 days
divided into seven 4-day periods, plus leap days.
|