From , the
free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
|
Arecibo
Observatory
|
|
Arecibo
Observatory radio telescope
|
|
Alternative names
|
National
Astronomy and Ionosphere Center 
|
|
Named after
|
Arecibo, William E. Gordon
|
|
Location(s)
|
Arecibo,
Puerto Rico
|
|
Coordinates
|
 18°20′39″N66°45′10″WCoordinates: 18°20′39″N 66°45′10″W
|
|
Organization
|
Metropolitan University
National Science Foundation
SRI International
Universities Space Research Association
|
|
Observatory code
|
251
|
|
Altitude
|
497 m (1,631 ft)
|
|
Wavelength
|
3 cm
(10.0 GHz)-1 m (300 MHz)
|
|
Built
|
1960 –November
1963
|
|
Telescope style
|
Gregorian telescope
Radio telescope
Spherical reflector
astronomical observatory
|
|
Diameter
|
305 m (1,000 ft 8 in)
|
|
Secondary diameter
|
27 m (88 ft 7 in)
|
|
Illuminated diameter
|
221 m (725 ft 1 in)
|
|
Collecting area
|
73,000 m2(790,000 sq ft)
|
|
Focal length
|
132.6 m
(435 ft 0 in)
|
|
Mounting
|
Altazimuth mount
|
|
Website
|
www.naic.edu
|
|
Location of
Arecibo Observatory
|
|
|
|
National
Astronomy and Ionosphere Center
|
|
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
|
|
U.S. Historic district
|
|
Nearest city
|
Arecibo
|
|
Area
|
118 acres (480,000 m2)
|
|
Architect
|
Gordon, William E; Kavanaugh, T.C.
|
|
Engineer
|
von Seb, Inc., T.C. Kavanaugh of Praeger-Kavanagh, and Severud-Elstad-Krueger Associates[1]
|
|
NRHP reference #
|
07000525
|
|
Added to NRHP
|
September 23,
2008[2]
|
|
 Related media on media Commons
|
|
[edit on data]
|
The Arecibo
Observatory is a radio telescope in the
municipality of Arecibo, Puerto Rico, United States.
This observatory is
operated by University of Central
Florida, Yang Enterprises and UMET, under cooperative
agreement with the US National Science
Foundation (NSF).[3][4] The
observatory is the sole facility of the National Astronomy and
Ionosphere Center (NAIC), which is the formal name of the
observatory.[5] From its
construction in the 1960s until 2011, the observatory was managed by Cornell University.
For more than 50 years, from its completion in 1963 until
July 2016 when the Five hundred meter
Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) in China was completed,
the Arecibo Observatory's 1,000-foot (305-meter) radio telescope was the
world's largest single-aperture telescope. It is used in three major areas of
research: radio astronomy, atmospheric science, and radar astronomy. Scientists who
want to use the observatory submit proposals that are evaluated by an
independent scientific board.
The observatory
has appeared in film, gaming and television productions, gaining more
recognition in 1999 when it began to collect data for the SETI@home project.
It has been listed on the US National Register of
Historic Places starting in 2008.[2][6] It was the
featured listing in the US National Park Service's weekly list
of October 3, 2008.[7] The center
was named an IEEE Milestone in 2001.[8] It has a
visitor center that is open part-time.[9]
On September 21,
2017, high winds associated with Hurricane Maria caused the
430 MHz line feed to break and fall onto the primary dish, damaging about
30 out of 38,000 aluminum panels. Most Arecibo observations do not use the line
feed but instead rely on the feeds and receivers located in the dome. Overall,
the damage inflicted by Maria was minimal.[10][11][12][13]
Contents
·
1General information
·
2Design and architecture
·
3Research and discoveries
·
4SETI, METI
o
4.1The Arecibo Message
o
4.2SETI and METI projects
·
5Other uses
·
6Funding concerns
·
7Ángel Ramos Foundation
Visitor Center
·
8List of directors
·
9In popular culture
·
10See also
·
11References
·
12Further reading
·
13External links
The main collecting dish is
305 m (1,000 ft) in diameter, constructed
inside the depression left by a karst sinkhole.[14] The dish
surface is made of 38,778 perforated aluminum panels, each about 3 by 6 feet (1
by 2 m), supported by a mesh of steel cables. The ground beneath is
accessible and supports shade-tolerant vegetation.[15]
The observatory
has four radar transmitters,
with effective isotropic
radiated powersof 20 TW (continuous)
at 2380 MHz, 2.5 TW (pulse
peak) at 430 MHz, 300 MW at
47 MHz, and 6 MW at 8 MHz.
The reflector is
a spherical reflector, not a parabolic reflector. To aim the
device, the receiver is moved to intercept signals reflected from different
directions by the spherical dish surface of 270 m (870 ft) radius.[16] A
parabolic mirror would have varying astigmatism when the
receiver is off the focal point, but the error of a spherical
mirror is uniform in every direction.
The receiver is on a 900-ton platform suspended 150 m
(492 ft) above the dish by 18 cables running
from three reinforced concrete towers,
one 111 m (365 ft) high and the other two
81 m (265 ft) high, placing their tops at
the same elevation. The platform has a rotating, bow-shaped track 93 m
(305 ft) long, called the azimuth arm,
carrying the receiving antennas and secondary and tertiary reflectors. This
allows the telescope to observe any region of the sky in a forty-degree cone of
visibility about the local zenith (between
−1 and 38 degrees of declination). Puerto Rico's location near
the Northern Tropic allows
Arecibo to view the planets in the Solar System over the Northern half of their
orbit. The round trip light time to objects beyond Saturn is longer
than the 2.6 hour time that the telescope can track a celestial position,
preventing radar observations
of more distant objects.
The Arecibo
Radio Telescope as viewed from the observation deck, October 2013
A detailed view of the beam-steering mechanism and some antennas. The triangular
platform at the top is fixed, and the azimuth arm
rotates beneath it. To the left is the Gregorian sub-reflector, and to the
right is the 96-foot-long (29 m) line feed tuned to 430 MHz. Just visible at the upper right is part of the
rectangular waveguide that
brings the 2.5 MW 430 MHz radar transmitter's signal up to the focal region.
The origins of
the observatory trace to late 1950s efforts to develop anti-ballistic missile(ABM) defences
as part of the newly formed ARPA's ABM
umbrella-effort, Project Defender. Even at this early stage it was clear that
the use of radar decoys would be a
serious problem at the long ranges needed to successfully attack a warhead,
ranges on the order of 1,000 miles (1,600 km).[17][18]
Among the many
Defender projects were several studies based on the concept that a
re-entering nuclear warhead would
cause unique physical signatures while still in the upper atmosphere. It was
known that hot, high-speed objects caused ionization of the atmosphere that
reflects radar waves, and
it appeared that a warhead's signature would be different enough from decoys
that a detector could pick out the warhead directly, or alternately, provide
added information that would allow operators to focus a conventional tracking
radar on the single return from the warhead.[17][18]
Although the
concept appeared to offer a solution to the tracking problem, there was almost
no information on either the physics of re-entry or a strong understanding of
the normal composition of the upper layers of the ionosphere. ARPA began to
address both simultaneously. To better understand the radar returns from a
warhead, several radars were built on Kwajalein Atoll, while Arecibo
started with the dual purpose of understanding the ionosphere's F-layer while
also producing a general-purpose scientific radio observatory.[17][18]
The observatory
was built between mid-1960 and November 1963. William E. Gordon of Cornell University oversaw
its design, who intended to use it to study the Earth's ionosphere.[19][20][21][22] He was
attracted to the sinkholes in
the karst regions
of Puerto Ricothat offered perfect
cavities for a very large dish.[23][24][25] Originally,
a fixed parabolic reflector was envisioned, pointing in a fixed direction with
a 150 m (492 ft) tower to hold equipment at
the focus. This design would have limited its use in other research areas, such
as radar astronomy, radio astronomy and
atmospheric science, which require the ability to point at different positions
in the sky and track those positions for an extended time as Earth rotates.
Ward Low of the Advanced Research
Projects Agency (ARPA) pointed out this flaw and put Gordon in
touch with the Air Force Cambridge
Research Laboratory (AFCRL) in Boston, Massachusetts, where one
group headed by Phil Blacksmith was working on spherical reflectors and another
group was studying the propagation of radio waves in and
through the upper atmosphere. Cornell University proposed the project to ARPA
in mid-1958 and a contract was signed between the AFCRL and the University in
November 1959. Cornell University and Zachary Sears published a request for
proposals (RFP) asking for a design to support a feed moving along a spherical
surface 435 feet (133 m) above the stationary reflector. The RFP suggested
a tripod or a tower in the center to support the feed. On the day the project
for the design and construction of the antenna was announced at Cornell
University, Gordon had also envisioned a 435 ft
(133 m) tower centered in the 1,000 ft
(305 m) reflector to support the feed.[26][27][28]
George Doundoulakis, who directed research at General Bronze Corporation in
Garden City, New York, along with Zachary Sears, who directed Internal Design
at Digital B & E Corporation, New York, received the RFP from Cornell University for the antenna design and studied the idea of
suspending the feed with his brother, Helias Doundoulakis, a civil engineer. George Doundoulakisidentified
the problem that a tower or tripod would have presented around the center, (the
most important area of the reflector), and devised a better design by
suspending the feed.[20][19] He presented his proposal to Cornell University for a doughnut or torus-type truss suspended by four cables from four towers above the
reflector, having along its edge a rail track for the azimuthal trusspositioning.
This second truss, in the form of an arc, or arch, was to be suspended below, which would rotate on the
rails through 360 degrees. The arc also had rails on which the unit supporting
the feed would move for the feed's elevational positioning. A counterweight would move symmetrically opposite to the feed for
stability and, if a hurricane struck, the whole feed could be raised and
lowered. Helias Doundoulakis designed the cable suspension system which was finally adopted.
Although the present configuration is substantially the same as the original
drawings by George and Helias Doundoulakis, (although with three towers, instead of the original
four as drawn in the original patent), the U.S. Patent office granted Helias Doundoulakis a patent,[29] for the brothers' innovative idea. Two other
assignees on the patent were friends William J. Casey, who later became director of the Central Intelligence
Agency under
President Ronald Reagan, and Constantine Michalos, an
attorney.
The idea of a
spherical reflecting mirror with a steerable secondary has since been used in
optical telescopes, in particular, the Hobby–Eberly
Telescope and the Southern African Large
Telescope.
Construction began in mid-1960, with the official
opening on November 1, 1963.[30] As the
primary dish is spherical, its focus is
along a line rather than at one point, as would be the case for a parabolic reflector. As a result,
complex line feeds were implemented to carry out observations. Each line feed
covered a narrow frequency band: 2–5% of the
center frequency of the band. A limited number of line feeds could be used at
any one time, limiting the telescope's flexibility.
Since then, the
telescope has been upgraded several times. Initially, when the maximum expected
operating frequency was about 500 MHz, the surface consisted of half-inch
galvanized wire mesh laid directly on the support cables. In 1974, a
high-precision surface consisting of 40,000 individually adjustable aluminum
panels replaced the old wire mesh, and the highest usable frequency rose to
about 5000 MHz. A Gregorian reflector
system was installed in 1997, incorporating secondary and
tertiary reflectors to focus radio waves at one point. This allowed installing
a suite of receivers, covering the full 1–10 GHz range,
that could be easily moved to the focal point,
giving Arecibo more flexibility. A metal mesh screen was also installed around
the perimeter to block the ground's thermal radiation from reaching the feed
antennas. Finally, a more powerful 2400 MHz transmitter was added.
The Arecibo message with added
color to highlight the separate parts. The actual binary transmission
carried no color information.
Many scientific
discoveries have been made with the observatory. On April 7, 1964, soon after
it began operating, Gordon Pettengill's team used it to
determine that the rotation period
of Mercury was not 88
days, as formerly thought, but only 59 days.[31] In 1968,
the discovery of the periodicity of the Crab Pulsar(33
milliseconds) by Lovelace and others provided the first solid evidence
that neutron stars exist.[32] In
1974, Hulse and Taylor discovered
the first binary pulsar PSR B1913+16,[33] an
accomplishment for which they later received the Nobel Prize in Physics. In
1982, the first millisecond pulsar, PSR B1937+21, was discovered
by Donald C. Backer, Shrinivas Kulkarni, Carl Heiles, Michael Davis,
and Miller Goss.[34] This
object spins 642 times per second and, until the discovery of PSR J1748-2446ad in 2005,
was identified as the fastest-spinning pulsar.
In August 1989,
the observatory directly imaged an asteroid for the
first time in history: 4769 Castalia.[35]The following
year, Polish astronomer Aleksander Wolszczan made the
discovery of pulsar PSR B1257+12, which later
led him to discover its three orbiting planets.[36] These were
the first extrasolar planets discovered.
In 1994, John Harmon used the Arecibo Radio Telescope to map the distribution
of ice in the polar regions of Mercury.[37]
In January 2008,
detection of prebiotic molecules methanimine and hydrogen cyanide were
reported from the observatory's radio spectroscopy measurements of the distant
starburst galaxy Arp 220.[38]
From January
2010 to February 2011, American astronomers Matthew Route and Aleksander Wolszczandetected bursts of radio
emission from the T6.5 brown dwarf 2MASS J10475385+2124234. This was the first
time that radio emission had been detected from a T dwarf, which has methane
absorption lines in its atmosphere. It is also the coolest brown dwarf (at a
temperature of ~900K) from which radio emission has been observed. The highly
polarized and highly energetic radio bursts indicated that the object has a
>1.7 kG-strength magnetic field and magnetic
activity similar to both the planet Jupiter and
the Sun.[39]
The Arecibo Message[edit]
Main article: Arecibo Message
In 1974,
the Arecibo Message, an attempt to
communicate with potential extraterrestrial life, was
transmitted from the radio telescope toward the globular cluster Messier 13, about 25,000
light-years away.[40] The
1,679 bit pattern of
1s and 0s defined a 23 by 73 pixel bitmap image that
included numbers, stick figures, chemical formulas and a crude image of the
telescope.[41]
SETI and METI projects[edit]
Main articles: SETI and Active SETI
Search for
Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI)[42] is the search for extraterrestrial life or advanced
technologies. SETI aims to answer the question "Are we alone in the
Universe?" by scanning the skies for transmissions from intelligent
civilizations elsewhere in our galaxy. In comparison, METI (Messaging to
Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence) refers to the active search by transmitting messages.
Arecibo is the
source of data for the SETI@home and Astropulse distributed computing projects
put forward by the Space Sciences Laboratory at the University of California,
Berkeley and was used for the SETI Institute's Project Phoenix observations.[43] The Einstein@Home distributed
computing project has found more than 20 pulsars in Arecibo
data.[44]
Terrestrial aeronomy
experiments at Arecibo have included the Coqui 2 experiment,
supported by NASA. The telescope
also has military intelligence uses, some
of which include locating Soviet radar installations
by detecting their signals bouncing off
the Moon.[45]
Limited amateur
radio operations have occurred, using moon bounce or Earth–Moon–Earth
communication, in which radio signals aimed at the Moon are
reflected back to Earth. The first of these operations was on June 13–14, 1964,
using the call KP4BPZ. A dozen or so two-way contacts were made on 144 and
432 MHz. On July 3 and July 24, 1965, KP4BPZ was
again activated on 432 MHz, making approximately 30 contacts on
432 MHz during the limited time slots available. For these tests, a very
wide-band instrumentation recorder captured a large segment of the receiving
bandwidth, enabling later verification of other amateur station callsigns. These were not two-way contacts. From April
16–18, 2010, again, the Arecibo Amateur Radio Club KP4AO conducted moon-bounce
activity using the antenna.[46] On
November 10, 2013, the KP4AO Arecibo Amateur Radio Club conducted a Fifty-Year
Commemoration Activation, lasting 7 hours on 14.250 MHz SSB, without using
the main dish antenna.
Since the early 1970s, the Arecibo Observatory has
been supported by the NSF (National Science Foundation divisions of
Astronomical Sciences and of Atmospheric Sciences) with incremental support by
NASA, for operating the planetary radar.[47]Between 2001 and
2006, NASA decreased, then eliminated, its support of the planetary radar,[48] but
restored and increased the funding in FY-2010.
A report by the
NSF division of Astronomical Sciences, made public on November 3, 2006,
recommended substantially decreased astronomy funding for the Arecibo
Observatory, from $10.5 million in 2007 to $4.0 million in 2011.[49][50] If other
sources of money could not be obtained, the observatory would be forced to
close. The report also advised that 80 percent of observing time be allocated
to the surveys already in progress, reducing available time for smaller
programs.
Academics and
researchers responded by organizing to protect and advocate for the
observatory. They established the Arecibo Science Advocacy Partnership (ASAP),
to advance the scientific excellence of Arecibo Observatory research and to
publicize its accomplishments in astronomy, aeronomy
and planetary radar.[51] ASAP's
goals included mobilizing the existing broad base of support for Arecibo
science within the fields it serves directly, the broad scientific community;
provide a forum for the Arecibo research community and enhance communication
within it; promote the potential of Arecibo for groundbreaking science; suggest
paths that will maximize it into the foreseeable future, and showcase the broad
impact and far-reaching implications of the science currently carried out with
this unique instrument.[51]
Contributions by
the government of Puerto Rico may be one way to help fill the funding gap, but
remain controversial and uncertain. At town hall meetings about the
potential closure, Puerto Rican Senate
President Kenneth McClintock announced
an initial local appropriation of $3.0 million during fiscal year 2008 to fund
a major maintenance project to restore the three pillars that support the
antenna platform to their original condition, pending inclusion in the next
bond issue.[52] The bond
authorization, with a $3.0 million appropriation, was approved by the Senate of Puerto Rico on
November 14, 2007, on the first day of a special session called by Aníbal Acevedo Vilá.[53] The Puerto Rico House of
Representatives repeated this action on June 30, 2008. Puerto
Rico's governor signed the measure into law in August 2008.[54] These
funds were made available during the second half of 2009.
In a letter
published on September 19, 2007, José Enrique Serrano, a member of
the U.S. House of RepresentativesAppropriations Committee,
asked the National Science
Foundation to keep Arecibo operating.[55]
Language similar
to that of the letter of September 19 was included in the FY-2008 omnibus
spending bill. In October 2007, Puerto Rico's then-Resident Commissioner, Luis Fortuño, along
with Dana Rohrabacher, filed
legislation to assure the continued operation of the famed observatory.[56] A similar
bill was filed in the U.S. Senate in April
2008 by the Junior Senator from New York, Hillary Clinton.[57]
In September
2007, in an open letter to researchers, the NSF clarified the status of the
budget for NAIC, stating the present plan could hit the targeted budgetary
revision.[58] No mention
of private funding was made. However, in the event that its budget target is
not reached, it must be noted that the NSF is undertaking studies to mothball
or demolish the observatory to return it to its natural setting.
In November
2007, The Planetary Society urged
the U.S. Congress to prevent
the Arecibo Observatory from closing because of insufficient funding, since its
radar contributes greatly to the accuracy of predictions of asteroid impacts on the Earth.[59] The
Planetary Society believes that continued operation of the observatory will
reduce the cost of mitigation (that is, deflection of a near-Earth asteroid on
collision to Earth), should that be necessary.
Also in November
of that year The New York Times described
the consequences of the budget cuts at the site.[60] In July
2008, the British newspaper The Daily Telegraph reported
that the funding crisis, due to federal budget cuts, was still very much alive.[61]
The SETI@home program is
using the telescope as a primary source for ET research. The program urges
people to send a letter to their political representatives in support of full
federal funding of the observatory.[62]
The NAIC
received $3.1 million from the American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act of 2009. This was used for basic maintenance
and for a second, much smaller, antenna to be used for very long baseline
interferometry, new Klystron amplifiers
for the planetary radar system and
student training.[63] This allotment
was an increase of about 30 percent over the FY-2009 budget. However, the
FY-2010 funding request by NSF was cut by $1.2 million (−12.5%) over the
FY-2009 budget, in light of their continued plans to reduce funding.[64]
The 2011 NSF
budget was reduced by a further $1.6 million, −15% compared to 2010, with
a further $1.0 million reduction projected by FY-2014.[65] Starting
in FY-2010, NASA restored its historical support by contributing $2.0 million
per year for planetary science, particularly
the study of near-Earth objects, at Arecibo.
NASA implemented this funding through its Near Earth Object Observations
program.[66] NASA
increased its support to $3.5 million per year in 2012.
Furthermore, in
2010 the NSF issued a call for new proposals for the management of NAIC
starting in FY-2012.[5] On May 12,
2011, the agency informed Cornell University that, as
of October 1, 2011, it would no longer be the operator of the NAIC and the
Arecibo Observatory. At that time, Cornell transferred its operations to SRI International, along with two
other managing partners, Universities Space
Research Association and Universidad Metropolitana de Puerto Rico, with a number
of other collaborators.[67][68] Upon the
award of the new cooperative agreement for NAIC management and operation, NSF
also decertified NAIC as a Federally Funded Research
and Development Center (FFRDC),[65] with the
stated goal of providing the NAIC with greater freedom to establish broader
scientific partnerships and pursue funding opportunities for activities beyond
the scope of those supported by NSF.[69]
In October 2015,
the NSF released a "Dear Colleague Letter" reiterating its desire for
a "substantially reduced funding commitment from NSF".[70]
On September 30,
2016, the NSF released a followup to the October 2015
"Dear Colleague Letter" announcing a solicitation for future
operation of the Observatory stating "The subject Solicitation will
request the submission of formal proposals involving the continued operation of
Arecibo Observatory under conditions of a substantially reduced funding
commitment from NSF."[71]
The damage
sustained from Hurricane Maria in
September 2017 further clouded the observatory's future. Although the damage
was minimal,[12][13] restoring
all the previous capabilities required more than the observatory's
already-threatened operating budget, and users feared the decision would be
made to decommission it instead.[72] However,
it was announced in February 2018 that a consortium led by the University of Central
Florida will allow the NSF to reduce its contribution
towards Arecibo's operating costs from $8 million to $2 million from the fiscal
year 2022–2023, with the shortfall made up by the consortium partners, thus
securing the observatory's future.[73]
Logo of the
observatory at the entrance gate
Opened in 1997,
the Ángel Ramos Foundation Visitor Center features
interactive exhibits and displays about the operations of the radio
telescope, astronomy and atmospheric sciences.[74] The center
is named after the financial foundation that honors Ángel Ramos, owner of
the El Mundo newspaper
and founder of Telemundo. The Foundation
provided half of the funds to build the Visitor Center, with the remainder
received from private donations and Cornell University.
The center, in
collaboration with the Caribbean Astronomical Society,[75] host a
series of Astronomical Nights throughout the year, which feature diverse
discussions regarding exoplanets, and
astronomical phenomena and discoveries (such as Comet ISON). The main
purpose of the center is to increase public interest in astronomy, the
observatory's research successes, and space endeavors.
·
1960–1965, William E. Gordon
·
1965–1966, John W. Findlay
·
1966–1968, Frank Drake
·
1968–1971, Gordon Pettengill
·
1971–1973, Tor Hagfors
·
1973–1982, Harold D. Craft Jr.
·
1982–1987, Donald B. Campbell
·
1987–1988, Riccardo Giovanelli
·
1988–1992, Michael M. Davis
·
1992–2003, Daniel R. Altschuler [es]
·
2003–2006, Sixto A. González
·
2006–2007, Timothy L. Hankins
·
2007–2008, Robert B. Kerr
·
2008–2011, Michael C. Nolan
·
2011–2015, Robert B. Kerr
·
2016–present Francisco Córdova
Due to its unique shape and concept the observatory
is featured in many movies, video games and novels.
·
The observatory was featured on Cosmos: A Personal Voyage in part
12, "Encyclopedia Galactica".
·
The observatory is stoled by Robocrook in episode 24 (The Radioscope Rip-Off)/Season1 of
the Where in the World is
Carmen Sandiego? animated series from PBS.
·
The observatory was used as a filming location in the
climax of the James Bond movie GoldenEye (1995),
and as a level in the accompanying Nintendo 64 video
game GoldenEye 007.
·
The film Contact (1997), based on the Carl Sagan 1985 novel of the
same name, features the main character using the observatory as part of a SETI project.
·
The 1998 film The Survivor features the observatory as an
interplanetary gateway that the protagonist Tharkin
is sent to when he is condemned to life imprisonment on Earth
·
Fox Mulder went to the observatory in The X-Files episode, "Little Green Men".
·
The observatory is featured in the film Species (1995).
·
The observatory is featured in the James Gunn novel The Listeners (1972),
the Robert J. Sawyer novel Rollback and
the Mary Doria
Russell novel The Sparrow (1996).
·
A radio telescope based on the observatory is featured in
the videogame Just Cause 2.
·
Although never specifically named, the first lines of
the Arthur C. Clarke novel 2010: Odyssey Two strongly
imply that the opening scene takes place at the observatory. However, for the
1984 film adaptation, this scene was
filmed at the Very Large Array in New Mexico.
·
The Battlefield 4 multiplayer
map, Rogue Transmission, is inspired by the observatory.
·
The (2010) movie of The Losers has one
scene filmed in the observatory.
·
Jimmy Buffett's novel Where Is Joe Merchant? includes a character named
Desdemona who once worked at the observatory, where she began receiving
telepathic messages from outer space. Buffett also wrote a song about her,
called "Desdemona's Building A Rocket Ship".
·
In the game Supertuxkart there is a
level called Alien Signal featuring a giant telescope in a natural sinkhole
inspired by the observatory.
·
The image used for Joy Division's Unknown Pleasures album
cover, was originally created by radio astronomer Harold Craft at the Arecibo
Observatory for his 1970 PhD thesis.
·
Puerto Rico portal
·
Air Force Research
Laboratory
·
Atacama Large Millimeter
Array (Chile)
·
RATAN-600 (Russia)
·
Five hundred meter
Aperture Spherical Telescope (China)
·
UPRM Planetarium
·
List of radio telescopes
·
Doundoulakis, George
·
Doundoulakis, Helias[76]
·
Sixto González, former director of the observatory (2003–2006)
·
Tor Hagfors, former director of the observatory (1971–1973) and also
of NAIC (October 1982 to September 1992).
·
William E. Gordon, founder and first director of the observatory (AIO
1960–1965)
1.
^ "Radio-Radar
Telescope Will Probe Solar System". Electrical Engineering. 80 (7):
561. July 1961. doi:10.1109/EE.1961.6433355. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
2.
^ Jump up to:a b National
Park Service (October 3, 2008). "Weekly List
Actions". Retrieved February
6, 2018.
3.
^ "Iconic Arecibo
radio telescope saved by university consortium". Science. February 22, 2018. Archived from the original on March 4, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
4.
^ "UCF-led Consortium
to Manage Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico" (Press release). UCF Today. 2018-02-22.
5.
^ Jump up to:a b "NSF request for
proposals issued in 2010" (PDF).
Retrieved September 2, 2011.
6.
^ Juan Llanes Santos
(March 20, 2007). "National Register
of Historic Places Registration: National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center /
Arecibo Observatory" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved October 21, 2009. (72 pages, with many historic b&w
photos and 18 color photos)
7.
^ "Weekly List
Actions".
National Park Service. Archivedfrom
the original on December 2, 2009. Retrieved October 21,2009.
8.
^ "Milestones:NAIC/Arecibo Radiotelescope,
1963". IEEE
Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
9.
^ Visitor Center Archived January 6, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
10.
^ Kaplan, Sarah (September 22, 2017). "Arecibo
Observatory, Puerto Rico's famous telescope, is battered by Hurricane
Maria". The Washington Post.
11.
^ Drake, Nadia (September 22, 2017). "Hurricane Damages
Giant Radio Telescope—Why It Matters". National Geographic.
12.
^ Jump up to:a b Foust,
Jeff (September 27, 2017). "Damage to Arecibo
less than feared". SpaceNews.
Retrieved February 5, 2018.
13.
^ Jump up to:a b "Good news,
earthlings! Puerto Rico telescope still guarding the galaxy despite Maria". Miami Herald. 2017-10-23.
14.
^ David Brand (21 January 2003). "Astrophysicist
Robert Brown, leader in telescope development, named to head NAIC and its main
facility, Arecibo Observatory". Cornell University. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
15. ^ "General Views of
the Arecibo Observatory". Image Gallery. Arecibo Observatory. Retrieved 25
August 2013.
16.
^ Cohen, M. H. (2009). "Genesis of the
1000-foot Arecibo dish". Journal of Astronomical History and
Heritage. 12 (2): 141. Bibcode:2009JAHH...12..141C.
17.
^ Jump up to:a b c Barry
Rosenberg, "DARPA Paves the Way
for U.S. Efforts in Ballistic Missile Defense" Archived March 5,
2016, at the Wayback Machine, 50 Years of
Bridging the Gap, DARPA
18.
^ Jump up to:a b c "Defender
Anti-Ballistic Missile", DARPA Technical Accomplishments
Volume II: A Historical Review Of Selected DARPA Projects, April 1991, Section
I: PRESS.
19.
^ Jump up to:a b Gold, Thomas (2013), "7", Taking the Back off the
Watch: A Personal Memoir, Astrophysics and Space
Science Library, 381 (1 ed.), New York: Springer Heidelberg,
p. 119, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27588-3, ISBN 978-3-642-27587-6
20.
^ Jump up to:a b Frè, Pietro (2013), "7", Gravity,
a geometrical course, 1:Development of the theory and basic physical
applications (1 ed.), New York: Springer, p. 276, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5361-7, ISBN 978-94-007-5360-0
21.
^ Matthews, John (2013), "A short history of
geophysical radar at Arecibo Observatory" (PDF), History of Geo- and Space Sciences, 4 (1):
20, Bibcode:2013HGSS....4...19M, doi:10.5194/hgss-4-19-2013
22.
^ Cohen, Marshall H. (2009), "Genesis of the
1000-foot Arecibo dish" (PDF), Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 12(2):
141–152
23.
^ "IEEE History
Center: NAIC/Arecibo Radiotelescope, 1963". Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
24.
^ "Pictures of the
construction of Arecibo Observatory (start to finish)". National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center. Archived from the original on May 5, 2009.
Retrieved 2009-05-05.
25.
^ "Description of
Engineering of Arecibo Observatory". Acevedo, Tony (June 2004). Archived from the original on May 4, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
26.
^ Gordon, William (October 25, 1959), "Cornell will build a radar
to observe the ionosphere", New York Herald Tribune(Engineer’s News
Supplement), New York City, p. 1
27.
^ Gordon, William E.; Booker, Henry; Nichols, Ben (1958), Design Study of a Radar to
Explore the Earth's Ionosphere and Surrounding Space, 3, Ithaca, New York:
Cornell University, School of Electrical Engineering, p. 23
28.
^ Matthews, John (2013), "A short history of
geophysical radar at Arecibo Observatory" (PDF), History of Geo- and Space Sciences, 4 (1):
20, Bibcode:2013HGSS....4...19M, doi:10.5194/hgss-4-19-2013
29.
^ US patent 3273156, Helias Doundoulakis,
"Radio Telescope having a scanning feed supported by a cable suspension
over a stationary reflector", issued 1966-09-13
30.
^ "Arecibo
Observatory". History.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2009. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
31.
^ Dyce, R. B.; Pettengill, G. H.; Shapiro, I. I. (April 1967). "Radar determination of the
rotations of Venus and Mercury". Astron. J.72 (3):
351–359. Bibcode:1967AJ.....72..351D. doi:10.1086/110231.
32.
^ Richard V.E. Lovelace. "Discovery of the
Period of the Crab Nebula Pulsar" (PDF). Cornell University. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 12, 2008. Retrieved September
2, 2008.
33.
^ Hulse, R.A.
& Taylor, J.H. (1975). "Discovery of a pulsar in a binary
system". The Astrophysical Journal. 195: L51–L53. Bibcode:1975ApJ...195L..51H. doi:10.1086/181708.
34.
^ D. Backer; et al. (1982). "A millisecond
pulsar". Nature. 300(5893):
315–318. Bibcode:1982Natur.300..615B. doi:10.1038/300615a0.
35.
^ "Asteroid 4769
Castalia (1989 PB)". NASA. Archived from the original on September 16, 2008.
Retrieved 2008-09-02.
36.
^ Wolszczan, A.
(1994). Confirmation of Earth Mass Planets Orbiting the Millisecond Pulsar
PSR: B1257+12. Science. p. 538.
37.
^ Harmon, J.K.; M.A. Slade; R.A. Velez; A. Crespo;
M.J. Dryer & J.M. Johnson (1994). Radar Mapping of Mercury's Polar
Anomalies. Nature. p. 369.
38.
^ Staff (15 January 2008). "Life's Ingredients
Detected In Far Off Galaxy". ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily LLC. Archived from the original on April 21, 2008.
Retrieved 2008-03-29. [Article] Adapted from materials provided
by Cornell University.
39. ^ Matthew Route & Aleksander
Wolszczan (2012). "The Arecibo Detection of the
Coolest Radio-flaring Brown Dwarf". The Astrophysical Journal
Letters. 747 (2): L22–L25. arXiv:1202.1287. Bibcode:2012ApJ...747L..22R. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/747/2/L22.
40.
^ Larry Klaes (November
30, 2005). "Making
Contact". Ithaca
Times. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
41.
^ Geaorge Cassiday. "The Arecibo
Message".
The University of Utah: Department of Physics. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010.
Retrieved 2007-07-27.
42.
^ J. Tarter (2001). The Search For
Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI). Annual Review of Astronomy and
Astrophysics. Vol. 39, pp. 511–548 doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.39.1.511
43.
^ Peter Backus (April 14, 2003). "Project Phoenix:
SETI Prepares to Observe at Arecibo". Space.com. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
44.
^ "Einstein@Home
new discoveries and detections of known pulsars in the BRP4 search". Einstein@Home. August 27,
2012. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
45.
^ Steve Blank "Secret history of Silicon
Valley" talk
46. ^ "ARRL; Moonbounce for everyone". Retrieved January 10,2013.
47.
^ Butrica, Andrew
J. (1996). "NASA SP-4218: To
See the Unseen – A History of Planetary Radar Astronomy". NASA. Archived from the original on November 1, 2007. Retrieved August
6, 2014.
48.
^ Robert Roy Britt (20 December 2001). "NASA Trims Arecibo
Budget, Says Other Organizations Should Support Asteroid Watch". Space.com. Imaginova.
Archived from the originalon December 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
49.
^ Blandford, Roger (22 October 2006). "From the Ground Up:
Balancing the NSF Astronomy Program" (PDF). National Science Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 26, 2008.
Retrieved July 7, 2008.
50.
^ Weiss, Rick Weiss (9 September 2007). "Radio Telescope And
Its Budget Hang in the Balance". The Washington Post. Arecibo, Puerto Rico: The
Washington Post Company. p. A01. Retrieved July
8, 2008. The cash crunch stems from an NSF senior
review completed last November. Its $200 million astronomy division,
increasingly committed to ambitious new projects, but long hobbled by flat
Congressional budgets, was facing a deficit of at least $30 million by 2010.
51.
^ Jump up to:a b "Areciboscience.org".
Areciboscience.org. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
52.
^ Liz Arelis Cruz Maisonave. "Buscan
frenar cierre de Radiotelescopio en Arecibo". El Vocero (in Spanish). Retrieved September 4, 2008.[permanent dead link]
53. ^ "Senado
aprueba emisión de bonos de $450 millones" (in Spanish). Primera
Hora. November 14, 2007. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Retrieved September
4, 2008.
54.
^ Gerardo, E.; Alvarado, León (August 10,
2008). Gobernador firma emisión
de bonos. El Nuevo Día.
55.
^ Serrano, José E. (September 19, 2007). "Serrano concerned
about potential Arecibo closure". serrano.house.gov. Archived
from the original on July 30, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
56.
^ "Congress gets bill
to save Arecibo Observatory". Cornell University. 3 October 2007. Archived from the original on October 8, 2007. Retrieved September
4, 2008.
57.
^ Jeannette Rivera-lyles (April 25, 2008). "Clinton turns
attention to observatory in Puerto Rico". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on September 30, 2008. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
58.
^ "Dear Colleague
Letter: Providing Progress Update on Senior Review Recommendations" (Press release). The National Science Foundation.
September 20, 2007. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008. Retrieved July
9, 2008.
59.
^ Arecibo participated in 90 of the 111 asteroid radar
observations in 2005–2007. See JPL's list of all
asteroid radar observations.
60.
^ Chang, K., "A Hazy Future for a
'Jewel' of Space Instruments.", New York Times, November 20, 2007
61.
^ Jacqui Goddard, "Threat to world's
most powerful radio telescope means we may not hear ET", Daily Telegraph, July 12, 2008
62.
^ "Save Arecibo: Write
to Congress".
Retrieved July 19, 2008
63.
^ "12-m Phase
Reference Antenna". Naic.edu. June 28, 2010. Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
64.
^ "FY2010 Budget
Request to Congress". Retrieved May 26, 2009
65.
^ Jump up to:a b "Major multi-user
research facilities" p. 35–38. Retrieved 2010
Feb. 10
66.
^ "NASA Support to
Planetary Radar" retrieved
2011 July 7
67.
^ "SRI International
to Manage Arecibo Observatory" (Press release). SRI International. 2013-07-10. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
68.
^ "SRI International
to manage Arecibo Observatory". Cornell Chronicle. June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
69.
^ "Management and
Operation of the NAIC" retrieved 2013 Apr 6
70.
^ "Dear Colleague
Letter: Concepts for Future Operation of the Arecibo Observatory". 26 October 2015. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
71.
^ "Dear Colleague
Letter: Intent to Release a Solicitation Regarding Future Continued Operations
of the Arecibo Observatory". September 30, 2016. Retrieved October 2,2016.
72.
^ Clery, Daniel
(September 26, 2017). "Hurricane damage
threatens Arecibo Observatory's future". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aaq0598. (Subscription
required (help)).
73.
^ Clery, Daniel
(March 2, 2018). "Arecibo telescope
saved by university consortium". Science. 359 (6379):
965–966. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..965C. doi:10.1126/science.359.6379.965. PMID 29496850. (Subscription
required (help)).
74.
^ Visitor Center
information Archived November 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
75.
^ "Sociedad de
Astronomia del Caribe". www.sociedadastronomia.com.
76.
^ "3,273,156
(1966-09-13) Helias Doundoulakis,
Radio Telescope having a scanning feed supported by a cable suspension over a
stationary reflector". U.S. Patent Office.
·
Friedlander, Blaine P. Jr. (November 14, 1997). "Research rockets,
including an experiment from Cornell, are scheduled for launch into the
ionosphere next year from Puerto Rico". Cornell
University. Archived from the original on
November 19, 2005.
·
Ruiz, Carmelo (1998-03-03). "Activists protest
US Navy radar project". Global Network Against Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space. Archived
from the original on
2001-05-01.
·
Amir Alexander (July 3, 2008). "Budget Cuts
Threaten Arecibo Observatory". The Planetary
Society. Archived from the original on July
21, 2008.
·
Blaine Friedlander (June 10, 2008). "Arecibo joins
global network to create 6,000-mile (9,700 km) telescope". EurekAlert.
·
Lauren Gold (June 5, 2008). "Clintons (minus
Hillary) visit Arecibo; former president urges more federal funding for basic
sciences". Cornell university.
·
Henry Fountain (December 25, 2007). "Arecibo Radio
Telescope Is Back in Business After 6-Month Spruce-Up". New York Times.
·
Entry into the National
Register of Historic Places
·
Cohen, Marshall H. (2009). "Genesis of the
1000-foot Arecibo Dish". Journal
of Astronomical History and Heritage. 12: 141–152. Bibcode:2009JAHH...12..141C.
·
Altschuler, Daniel R.;
Salter, Christopher J. (2013). "The Arecibo Observatory: Fifty
astronomical years". Physics Today. 66 (11):
43. Bibcode:2013PhT....66k..43A. doi:10.1063/PT.3.2179.
·
Official website
·
Arecibo Planetary Radar
·
Arecibo Science Advocacy
Partnership
·
Ángel Ramos Foundation Visitor
Center
·
SETI@home
·
IEEE History Center –
IEEE Milestones: NAIC/Arecibo Radiotelescope
·
Lofar
·
The Arecibo Observatory
Contributions Site
·
Letter to save Arecibo
Observatory
|
hide
·
v
·
t
·
e
Radio astronomy
|
|
Concepts
|
·
Astronomical interferometer (History)
·
Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI)
·
Radio telescope (Radio window)
·
Astronomical radio source
·
Units (watt and jansky)
|
|
Radio telescopes (List)
|
|
Individual telescopes
|
·
RATAN-600 Radio Telescope (Russia)
·
500 m Aperture Spherical Telescope
(FAST, China)
·
Arecibo Observatory (Puerto Rico, US)
·
Caltech Submillimeter Observatory
(CSO, US)
·
Effelsberg Telescope (Germany)
·
Large Millimeter Telescope (Mexico)
·
Yevpatoria RT-70 (Ukraine)
·
Galenki RT-70 (Russia)
·
Suffa RT-70 (Uzbekistan)
·
Green Bank Telescope (West Virginia, US)
·
Lovell Telescope (UK)
·
Ooty Telescope (India)
·
UTR-2 decameter radio telescope (Ukraine)
·
Sardinia Radio Telescope (Italy)
·
Usuda Telescope (Japan)
·
Qitai Radio Telescope (China)
Southern Hemisphere
HartRAO (South Africa)
Parkes Observatory (Australia)
Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory (NZ)
|
|
Interferometers
|
·
Allen Telescope Array (ATA, California, US)
·
Atacama Large Millimeter Array
(ALMA, Chile)
·
Australia Telescope Compact Array
(ATCA, Australia)
·
Australian Square Kilometre
Array Pathfinder (ASKAP, Australia)
·
Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping
Experiment (CHIME, Canada)
·
Combined Array for Research in
Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA, California, US)
·
European VLBI Network (Europe)
·
Event Horizon Telescope (EHT)
·
Green Bank Interferometer (GBI, West Virginia, US)
·
Giant Metrewave
Radio Telescope (GMRT, India)
·
Korean VLBI Network (KVN, South Korea)
·
Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR, Netherlands)
·
MeerKAT (South Africa)
·
Large Latin American Millimeter Array
(LLAMA, Argentina/Brazil)
·
Murchison Widefield
Array (MWA, Australia)
·
Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer
Network (MERLIN, UK)
·
Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope
(MOST, Australia)
·
Northern Cross Radio Telescope (Italy)
·
Northern Extended Millimeter Array (France)
·
One-Mile Telescope (UK)
·
Primeval Structure Telescope (PaST, China)
·
Square Kilometre
Array (SKA, Australia, South Africa)
·
Submillimeter Array (SMA, US)
·
Very Large Array (VLA, New Mexico, US)
·
Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA, US)
·
Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT, Netherlands)
|
|
Space-based telescopes
|
·
Spektr-R (Russia)
·
HALCA (Japan)
|
|
|
Observatories
|
·
Algonquin Radio Observatory (Canada)
·
Haystack Observatory (US)
·
Jodrell Bank Observatory (UK)
·
Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory (UK)
·
National Radio Astronomy Observatory (US)
·
Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden)
·
Special Astrophysical Observatory of the
Russian Academy of Science (SAORAS, Russia)
·
Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory
·
Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory (PRAO ASC
LPI, Russia)
|
|
Multi-use
|
·
PARL (Canada)
·
DRAO (Canada)
·
ESA New Norcia (Australia)
|
|
People
|
·
Elizabeth Alexander
·
John G. Bolton
·
Edward George Bowen
·
Ronald Bracewell
·
Jocelyn Bell Burnell
·
Arthur Covington
·
Frank Drake
·
Antony Hewish
·
Karl Guthe Jansky (Unit: jansky)
·
Kenneth Kellermann
·
Frank J. Kerr
·
John D. Kraus
·
Bernard Lovell
·
Jan Oort
·
Joseph Lade Pawsey
·
Ruby Payne-Scott
·
Arno Penzias
·
Govind Swarup
·
Grote Reber
·
Martin Ryle
·
Gart Westerhout
·
Paul Wild
·
Robert Wilson
|
|
Related articles
|
·
Cosmic microwave background radiation
·
SETI
·
Interferometry
·
Radio propagation
·
Aperture synthesis
·
Wow! signal
·
Radio signal from HD 164595
·
Pulsar timing array
|
|
·
Optical astronomy
·
Submillimetre astronomy
·
Infrared astronomy
·
High-energy astronomy
·
Gravitational-wave astronomy
|
|
show
·
v
·
t
·
e
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
|
Categories:
·
Buildings and structures completed in 1963
·
Not logged in
·
Talk
·
Contributions
·
Create account
·
Log in
·
Article
·
Talk
·
Read
·
Edit
·
View history
Search
·
Main page
·
Contents
·
Featured content
·
Current events
·
Random article
·
Donate to
·
store
Interaction
·
Help
·
About
·
Community portal
·
Recent changes
·
Contact page
Tools
·
What links here
·
Related changes
·
Upload file
·
Special pages
·
Permanent link
·
Page information
·
data item
·
Cite this page
Print/export
·
Create a book
·
Download as PDF
·
Printable version
In other projects
·
media Commons
Languages
·
Deutsch
·
Español
·
Français
·
한국어
·
हिन्दी
·
Italiano
·
Русский
·
Tiếng Việt
·
中文
35 more
Edit links
·
This page was last edited on 3 January 2019, at
06:37 (UTC).
·
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional
terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. ® is
a registered trademark of the media Foundation, Inc., a non-profit
organization.
·
Privacy policy
·
About
·
Disclaimers
·
Contact
·
Developers
·
Cookie statement
·
Mobile view
·
·
