Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope
From , the
free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
The Five-hundred-meter
Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST; Chinese: 五百米口径球面射电望远镜), nicknamed Tianyan (天眼, lit. "Sky
Eye" or "The Eye of Heaven") is a radio telescope located in
the Dawodang depression (大窝凼洼地), a natural
basin in Pingtang County, Guizhou Province, southwest China.[1] It
consists of a fixed 500 m (1,600 ft)
diameter dish constructed in a natural depression in the landscape. It is the
world's largest filled-aperture radio telescope,[2] and the
second-largest single-dish aperture after the sparsely-filled RATAN-600 in Russia.[3][4]
It has a novel
design, using an active surface made of
metal panels that can be tilted by a computer to help change the focus to
different areas of the sky.[5] The cabin
containing the feed antenna suspended
on cables above the dish is also moved using a digitally-controlled winch by
the computer control system to steer the instrument to receive from different
directions.
Construction on
the FAST project began in 2011 and it achieved first light in
September 2016.[6] It is
currently undergoing testing and commissioning.[7] It
observes at wavelengths of 10 cm to 4.3 m.[3]:11[8]
The telescope
made its first discovery of two new pulsars in August
2017.[9] The new
pulsars PSR J1859-01 and PSR J1931-02, which are also referred to as FAST
pulsar #1 and #2 (FP1 and FP2), were detected on 22 and 25 August and are
16,000 and 4,100 light years away, respectively. They were independently
confirmed by the Parkes Observatory in
Australia on 10 September. The telescope had discovered 44 new pulsars by
September, 2018.[10][11][12]
Contents
·
1History
·
2Overview
·
3Science mission
·
4Staffing
·
5Comparison with Arecibo
Observatory
·
6See also
·
7References
·
8Further reading
·
9External links
FAST under
construction
The telescope
was first proposed in 1994. The project was approved by the National Development and
Reform Commission (NDRC) in July 2007.[13][5]A 65-person
village was relocated from the valley to make room for the telescope[14] and an
additional 9,110 people living within a 5 km radius of the telescope were
relocated to create a radio-quiet area.[14][15] About 500
families tried to sue the local government. Villagers accused the government of
forced demolitions, unlawful detentions and not giving compensation.[16] The
Chinese government spent around $269 million in poverty relief funds and bank
loans for the relocation of the local residents, while the construction of the
telescope itself cost US$180 million.[17]
On 26 December
2008, a foundation laying ceremony was held on the construction site.[18]Construction
started in March 2011,[19][20] and the
last panel was installed on the morning of 3 July 2016.[14][20][21][22]
Originally
budgeted for CN¥700 million,[3]:49[19] the final
cost was CN¥1.2 billion (US$180 million).[14][23] Significant
difficulties encountered were the site's remote location and poor road access,
and the need to add shielding to suppress radio-frequency
interference (RFI) from the primary mirror actuators.[5] There are
still ongoing problems with the failure rate of the primary mirror actuators.[5]
Testing and
commissioning began with first light on 25 September 2016.[24] The first
observations are being done without the active primary reflector, configuring
it in a fixed shape and using the Earth's rotation to scan the sky.[5] Subsequent
early science will take place at lower frequencies[25] while the
active surface is brought to its design accuracy;[26] longer
wavelengths are less sensitive to errors in reflector shape. It will take three
years to calibrate the various instruments so it can become fully operational.[24]
Local government
efforts to develop a tourist industry around the telescope are causing some
concern among astronomers worried about nearby mobile telephones acting as
sources of RFI.[27] A
projected 10 million tourists in 2017 will force officials to decide on the
scientific mission versus the economic benefits of tourism.[28]
FAST has a fixed primary reflector located in a
natural sinkhole in the
landscape (karst), focusing
radio waves on a receiving antenna in a "feed cabin" suspended 140 m
(460 ft) above it. The reflector is made of
perforated aluminium panels supported by a mesh of
steel cables hanging from the rim.
FAST's surface is made of 4450[14] triangular
panels, 11 m (36 ft) on a side,[29] in the
form of a geodesic dome. 2225 winches
located underneath[5] make it an active surface, pulling on
joints between panels, deforming the flexible steel cable support into a parabolic antenna aligned
with the desired sky direction.[30]
One of six
support towers for the feed cabin
Above the
reflector is a light-weight feed cabin moved by a cable robot using
winch servomechanisms on six
support towers.[20]:13 The receiving antennas are mounted below this on a Stewart platform which
provides fine position control and compensates for disturbances like wind
motion.[20]:13 This produces a planned pointing precision of 8 arcseconds.[3]:24[13]:179
300 m
illuminated aperture within 500 m dish
The
maximum zenith angle is 60
degree when the effective illuminated aperture is reduced to 200 m, while it is
26.4 degree when the effective illuminated aperture is 300 m without loss.[31][3]:13
Although the
reflector diameter is 500 metres (1,600 ft), only a circle of 300 m diameter is used (held in
the correct parabolic shape and "illuminated" by the receiver) at any
one time.[20]:13 Thus, the
name is a misnomer: the aperture is not
500 m, nor is it spherical.
Its working
frequency range of 70 MHz to 3.0 GHz,[32] with the
upper limit set by the precision with which the primary can approximate a
parabola. It could be improved slightly, but the size of the triangular
segments limits the shortest wavelength which can be received. This range is
covered by nine receivers under the feed cabin,[3]:30 with the
1.23–1.53 GHz band around the hydrogen line using
a 19-beamreceiver built
by the CSIRO as part of
the ACAMAR[33] collaboration
between the Australian Academy of
Science and the Chinese Academy of
Sciences.[34]
The Next
Generation Archive System (NGAS), developed by the International Center for
Radio Astronomy (ICRAR) in Perth, Australia and the European Southern
Observatory will store and maintain the large amount of data that it collects.[35]
The FAST website lists the following science
objectives of the radio telescope:[36]
1.
Large scale neutral hydrogen survey
2.
Pulsar observations
3.
Leading the international very long baseline
interferometry (VLBI) network
4.
Detection of interstellar molecules
5.
Detecting interstellar communication signals (Search for
extraterrestrial intelligence)
6.
Pulsar timing arrays[37]
The FAST
telescope joined the Breakthrough Listen SETI project in
October 2016 to search for intelligent extraterrestrial communications in the
Universe.[38]
The primary driving force behind the project[5] was Nan Rendong (南仁东), a researcher
with the Chinese National
Astronomical Observatory, part of the Chinese Academy of
Sciences. He held the positions of chief scientist[22] and chief
engineer[5] of the
project. He passed away on 15 September 2017 in Boston due to lung cancer.[39]
The Academy has
been having difficulty finding staff for the telescope.[23][40] Its size
requires a large staff, but they are having difficulty attracting astronomers
to its remote location, making it unlikely that the telescope will operate at
full capacity for some time.[41] As China
has few radio astronomers, they are soliciting staff internationally, but the
pay offered is low, and many are worried about heavy-handed management for this
high-profile project.[23][40]
The Academy has
likewise been searching for a qualified director of scientific operations for
FAST since May 2017, but has not been able to fill the position.[42][23][40] Although
an offer of US$1.2 million is widely quoted, this is primarily a
one-time research grant, not salary or ongoing support.[40]
Comparison of
the Arecibo Observatory (top) and
FAST (bottom) dishes at the same scale
The basic design of FAST is similar to the Arecibo Observatory radio
telescope. Both are fixed primary reflectors installed in natural hollows, made
of perforated aluminum panels with a movable receiver suspended above. And both
have an effective aperture smaller than the physical size of the primary. There
are, however, five significant differences in addition to the size.[30][43][44]
First, Arecibo's
dish is fixed in a spherical shape. Although it is also suspended from steel
cables with supports underneath for fine-tuning the shape, they are manually
operated and adjusted only for maintenance.[30] It has a
fixed spherical shape and two additional reflectors suspended above to correct
for the resultant spherical aberration.[45]
Second,
Arecibo's receiver platform is fixed in place. To support the greater weight of
the additional reflectors, the primary support cables are static, with the only
motorised portion being three hold-down winches which
compensate for thermal expansion.[30]:3 The antennas are mounted on a rotating arm below the
platform.[30]:4 This smaller range of motion limits it to viewing objects
within 19.7° of the zenith.[46]
Third, Arecibo
can receive higher frequencies. The finite size of the triangular panels making
up FAST's primary reflector limits the accuracy with which it can approximate a
parabola, and thus the shortest wavelength it can focus. Arecibo's more rigid
design allows it to maintain sharp focus down to 3 cm wavelength (10 GHz);
FAST is limited to 10 cm (3 GHz). Improvements in position control of
the secondary might be able to push that to 6 cm (5 GHz), but then
the primary reflector becomes a hard limit.
Fourth, the FAST
dish is significantly deeper, contributing to a wider field of view. Although
64% larger in diameter, FAST's radius of curvature is 300 m (980 ft),[20]:3 barely
larger than Arecibo's 270 m (870 ft),[46] so it
forms a 113° arc[20]:4 (vs. 70°
for Arecibo). Although Arecibo's full aperture of 305 m (1,000 ft) can be used when observing objects at the zenith, the effective
aperture for more typical inclined observations is 221 m (725 ft).[30]:4 (This is
partially compensated for by Arecibo's location closer to the equator, so the
Earth's rotation scans a larger fraction of the sky. Arecibo is located at
18.35° N latitude, while FAST is sited about 7.5° farther north, at about
25.80° N.)
Fifth, Arecibo's
larger secondary platform also houses several transmitters, making
it one of only two instruments in the world capable of radar astronomy. The
NASA-funded Planetary Radar System allows Arecibo to study solid objects from
Mercury to Saturn, and to perform very accurate orbit determination on near-earth objects,
particularly potentially hazardous
objects. Arecibo also includes several NSF funded radars for
ionospheric studies. These powerful transmitters are too large and heavy for
FAST's small receiver cabin, so it will not be able to participate in planetary defense.
·
Chinese space program
·
Square Kilometre Array – a proposed 1 km2 telescope
array in Australia and South Africa
·
KARST – a 1990s Chinese proposal to host the SKA
1.
^ "中国"天眼"能不能发现外星人?" [Can Chinese Tianyan find
aliens?] (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. 22 February 2016.
2.
^ Brinks, Elias (11 July 2016). "China Opens the
Aperture to the Cosmos". The Conversation. US News and World Report. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
3.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Nan, Rendong (April 2008). Project FAST — Five
hundred meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (PDF). China-US Bilateral
Workshop on Astronomy. Beijing. Retrieved 4
July 2016.
4.
^ "China starts
building world's biggest radio telescope". New Scientist. 8 June 2011. Retrieved 19
October 2015.
5.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h Normile, Dennis (26 September 2016). "World's largest
radio telescope will search for dark matter, listen for aliens". Science
News. doi:10.1126/science.aah7346.
6.
^ Xinhua (25 September 2016). "Xi commends launch
of world's largest radio telescope in China" – via China Daily.
7.
^ "FAST Homepage in
English".
Retrieved 15 Jan 2017.
8.
^ Harris, Margaret (27 January 2009). "China builds
super-sized radio telescope". physicsworld.com.
Retrieved 20 October2015.
9.
^ Jones, Andrew (10 October 2017). "China's huge new
FAST radio telescope discovers two new pulsars". GBTimes.
10.
^ McGlaun,
Shane. "Chinese FAST
telescope finds multiple pulsars in early use". slashgear.
Retrieved 11 October 2017.
11.
^ Jones, Andrew. "China's FAST radio
telescope detects three more pulsars". gbtimes.
Retrieved 14 December 2017.
12.
^ "China's FAST
telescope identifies 44 pulsars". scio.gov.cn.
Retrieved 12 September 2018.
13.
^ Jump up to:a b Jin, C. J.; Nan, R. D.; Gan,
H. Q. (2007). "The FAST telescope
and its possible contribution to high precision astrometry" (PDF). International
Astronomical Union. 248: 178–181. Bibcode:2008IAUS..248..178J. doi:10.1017/S1743921308018978.
Retrieved 19 October2015.
14.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e "Xinhua Insight:
Installation complete on world's largest radio telescope". Xinhua. 3 July 2016.
15.
^ Wong, Edward (17 February 2016). "China Telescope to
Displace 9,000 Villagers in Hunt for Extraterrestrials". New York Times. The report said officials were
moving 2,029 families, a total of 9,110 people, who live within about three
miles of the telescope in the area of Pingtang and Luodian Counties in the southwestern province of Guizhou. Depopulating the area will create "a sound
electromagnetic wave environment" for the telescope, Xinhua said.
16.
^ "'Thank the aliens':
Thousands displaced for China's huge telescope". AFP. 2016-12-01. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
17.
^ De Jesus, Cecille (26
September 2016). Caughill, Patrick, ed. "The Quest For Life Beyond Earth: The World's Largest Radio Telescope
Just Went Online". Futurism.
18.
^ "中国科学院·贵州省共建国家重大科技基础设施500米口径球面射电望远镜(FAST)项目奠基" (in Chinese). Guizhou
Daily. 27 December 2008. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 28
December 2008.
19.
^ Jump up to:a b Quick,
Darren (16 June 2011). "China building
world's biggest radio telescope". gizmag. Retrieved 13
August 2012.
20.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g Rendong Nan; Di Li; Chengjin
Jin; Qiming Wang; Lichun Zhu; Wenbai Zhu; Haiyan
Zhang; Youling Yue; Lei Qian (20 May 2011). "The
Five-Hundred-Meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST)
Project". International Journal of Modern Physics D. 20 (6):
989–1024. arXiv:1105.3794. Bibcode:2011IJMPD..20..989N. doi:10.1142/S0218271811019335.
21.
^ "China completes
installation of world's largest telescope". The BRICS Post. 3 July 2016.
22.
^ Jump up to:a b McKirdy, Euan (12 October 2015). "China looks to the
stars with creation of world's largest radio telescope". CNN News.
Retrieved 19 October 2015.
23.
^ Jump up to:a b c d Shen,
Alice (31 October 2018). "Wanted: Researchers
for China's mega telescope to interpret signals from across the universe". South China Morning Post.
24. ^ Jump up to:a b Morelle, Rebecca (25 September 2016). "China's colossal
radio telescope begins testing". BBC News.
Retrieved 25 September 2016.
25.
^ Yue, Youling; Li, Di;
Nan, Rendong (20–31 August 2012). FAST low
frequency pulsar survey. Neutron Stars and
Pulsars: Challenges and Opportunities after 80 years. arXiv:1211.0748. doi:10.1017/S174392131300001X.
26.
^ Li, Di; Nan, Rendong;
Pan, Zhichen (20–31 August 2012). The
Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope Project and its Early
Science Opportunities. Neutron Stars and
Pulsars: Challenges and Opportunities after 80 years. arXiv:1210.5785. doi:10.1017/S1743921312024015. Video
available at http:/ww.pulsarastronomy.net/IAUS291/video/DiLi/
27.
^ Chen, Zhou; Gang, Wu. "Scientists
Concerned About Plans to Make Telescope a Tourist Attraction". Caixin Online. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
28.
^ Chen, Stephen (24 August 2017). "How noisy Chinese
tourists may be drowning out alien signals at the world's biggest
telescope". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 24 August2017.
29.
^ "China assembles
world's largest telescope in Guizhou". Xinhua. 24 July 2015 – via China.org.cn.
30.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Williams,
R.L. II (July 2015). Five-Hundred Meter
Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope (FAST) Cable-Suspended Robot Model and
Comparison with the Arecibo Observatory(PDF) (Report).
Ohio University. Although this source contains wealth of detail,
its reliability is
questionable. It describes in some detail (at the end of p. 4) the fact that
FAST's dish is actually 519.6 m in diameter; papers published by the
project scientists, who would presumably know, are explicit that the dish
extends "up to a girder ring of exactly 500 m diameter".
31.
^ Jin Chengjin; et al. (23 October 2013). "The optics of the
Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope" (PDF). International Symposium on Antennas and
Propagation.
32.
^ "Receiver Systems". FAST Home Page. National Astronomical
Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
33.
^ "Australia-ChinA ConsortiuM for
Astrophysical Research (ACAMAR)". CAASTRO: ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
34.
^ Strom, Marcus (6 May 2016). "CSIRO technology to
be at the heart of the world's largest radio telescope in China". Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media.
Retrieved 7 May 2016.
35.
^ "FAST Radio
Telescope Open for Business - Sky & Telescope". Sky & Telescope. 2016-09-27.
Retrieved 2016-10-10.
36.
^ http://fast.bao.ac.cn/en/Science.html
37.
^ Hobbs, G.; Dai, S.; Manchester, R.N.; Shannon,
R.M.; Kerr, M.; Lee, K.J.; Xu, R. (1 July 2014). "The Role of FAST in
Pulsar Timing Arrays". arXiv:1407.0435 [astro-ph.IM].
38.
^ "National
Astronomical Observatories of China, Breakthrough Initiatives Launch Global
Collaboration in Search for Intelligent life in the Universe" (Press release). Breakthrough Initiatives. 12
October 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-14 – via Astrobiology Web.
39.
^ "中国天眼"首席科学家南仁东病逝 享年72岁". China News Service (in Chinese). 16 September
2017.
40.
^ Jump up to:a b c d Berger,
Eric (5 November 2018). "China still having
trouble staffing up its mega-telescope". Ars Technica.
41.
^ "院士:建世界最大射电望远镜不是为了发展旅游". CaixinOnline (in
Chinese). 25 September 2016. There
is an English-language version
of the article,
but that does not mention this issue,which is only described in the much longer and more
detailed Chinese version.
42.
^ Chen, Stephen (3 August 2017). "China is offering
over a million dollars for a foreigner to run the world's largest telescope, so
why is nobody applying?". South China Morning Post.
43.
^ Jin, Chengjin; Zhu, Kai; Fan, Jin;
Liu, Hongfei; Zhu, Yan; Gan,
Hengqian; Yu, Jinglong;
Gao, Zhisheng; Cao, Yang; Wu, Yang (23 October
2013). The optics of the
Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (PDF). International Symposium
on Antennas and Propagation. Nanjing: National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese
Academy of Sciences.
44.
^ Qiu, Yuhai H. (11 December 1998). "A novel design for
a giant Arecibo-type spherical radio telescope with an active main
reflector" (PDF). Monthly Notices of the
Royal Astronomical Society. Beijing Astronomical Observatory, The
Chinese Academy of Sciences. 301 (3): 827–830. doi:10.1111/j.1365-8711.1998.02067.x.
45.
^ Cortés-Medellín, Germán (13 September 2010). AOPAF: Arecibo
Observatory Phased Array Feed (PDF) (Report). National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center,
Cornell University.
46.
^ Jump up to:a b "Arecibo: General
Statistical Information on Antenna". National
Astronomy and Ionospheric Center. 3 January 2005. Retrieved 5
July 2016.
·
Nan, R.; et al. (16 June 2002). "Kilometer-square
Area Radio Synthesis Telescope – KARST" (PDF). Archived
from the original (PDF) on 29
October 2006.
·
Jin, C. J.; Nan, R.
D.; Gan, H. Q. (October 2007). "The FAST telescope
and its possible contribution to high precision astrometry" (PDF). Proceedings
of the International Astronomical Union. 3 (S248):
178–181. Bibcode:2008IAUS..248..178J. doi:10.1017/S1743921308018978.
·
Li, Di; Pan, Zhichen (30
December 2016). "The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope
(FAST) Project". Radio Science. 51: 1060–1064. arXiv:1612.09372. Bibcode:2016RaSc...51.1060L. doi:10.1002/2015RS005877.
·
Five-hundred-meter
Aperture Spherical radio Telescope - website
·
Building the world's
largest radio telescope – BBC News on YouTube
·
FAST: The World's Largest
Telescope – China Icons on YouTube (25 September 2016)
hide
·
v
·
t
·
e
Radio astronomy
|
Concepts
|
·
Astronomical interferometer (History)
·
Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI)
·
Radio telescope (Radio window)
·
Astronomical radio source
·
Units (watt and jansky)
|
Radio telescopes (List)
|
Individual telescopes
|
·
RATAN-600 Radio Telescope (Russia)
·
500 m Aperture Spherical Telescope
(FAST, China)
·
Arecibo Observatory (Puerto Rico, US)
·
Caltech Submillimeter Observatory
(CSO, US)
·
Effelsberg Telescope (Germany)
·
Large Millimeter Telescope (Mexico)
·
Yevpatoria RT-70 (Ukraine)
·
Galenki RT-70 (Russia)
·
Suffa RT-70 (Uzbekistan)
·
Green Bank Telescope (West Virginia, US)
·
Lovell Telescope (UK)
·
Ooty Telescope (India)
·
UTR-2 decameter radio telescope (Ukraine)
·
Sardinia Radio Telescope (Italy)
·
Usuda Telescope (Japan)
·
Qitai Radio Telescope (China)
Southern Hemisphere
HartRAO (South Africa)
Parkes Observatory (Australia)
Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory (NZ)
|
Interferometers
|
·
Allen Telescope Array (ATA, California, US)
·
Atacama Large Millimeter Array
(ALMA, Chile)
·
Australia Telescope Compact Array
(ATCA, Australia)
·
Australian Square Kilometre
Array Pathfinder (ASKAP, Australia)
·
Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping
Experiment (CHIME, Canada)
·
Combined Array for Research in
Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA, California, US)
·
European VLBI Network (Europe)
·
Event Horizon Telescope (EHT)
·
Green Bank Interferometer (GBI, West Virginia, US)
·
Giant Metrewave
Radio Telescope (GMRT, India)
·
Korean VLBI Network (KVN, South Korea)
·
Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR, Netherlands)
·
MeerKAT (South Africa)
·
Large Latin American Millimeter Array
(LLAMA, Argentina/Brazil)
·
Murchison Widefield
Array (MWA, Australia)
·
Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer
Network (MERLIN, UK)
·
Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope
(MOST, Australia)
·
Northern Cross Radio Telescope (Italy)
·
Northern Extended Millimeter Array (France)
·
One-Mile Telescope (UK)
·
Primeval Structure Telescope (PaST, China)
·
Square Kilometre
Array (SKA, Australia, South Africa)
·
Submillimeter Array (SMA, US)
·
Very Large Array (VLA, New Mexico, US)
·
Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA, US)
·
Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT, Netherlands)
|
Space-based telescopes
|
·
Spektr-R (Russia)
·
HALCA (Japan)
|
|
Observatories
|
·
Algonquin Radio Observatory (Canada)
·
Haystack Observatory (US)
·
Jodrell Bank Observatory (UK)
·
Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory (UK)
·
National Radio Astronomy Observatory (US)
·
Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden)
·
Special Astrophysical Observatory of the
Russian Academy of Science (SAORAS, Russia)
·
Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory
·
Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory (PRAO ASC
LPI, Russia)
|
Multi-use
|
·
PARL (Canada)
·
DRAO (Canada)
·
ESA New Norcia (Australia)
|
People
|
·
Elizabeth Alexander
·
John G. Bolton
·
Edward George Bowen
·
Ronald Bracewell
·
Jocelyn Bell Burnell
·
Arthur Covington
·
Frank Drake
·
Antony Hewish
·
Karl Guthe Jansky (Unit: jansky)
·
Kenneth Kellermann
·
Frank J. Kerr
·
John D. Kraus
·
Bernard Lovell
·
Jan Oort
·
Joseph Lade Pawsey
·
Ruby Payne-Scott
·
Arno Penzias
·
Govind Swarup
·
Grote Reber
·
Martin Ryle
·
Gart Westerhout
·
Paul Wild
·
Robert Wilson
|
Related articles
|
·
Cosmic microwave background radiation
·
SETI
·
Interferometry
·
Radio propagation
·
Aperture synthesis
·
Wow! signal
·
Radio signal from HD 164595
·
Pulsar timing array
|
·
Optical astronomy
·
Submillimetre astronomy
·
Infrared astronomy
·
High-energy astronomy
·
Gravitational-wave astronomy
|
Categories:
·
2016 establishments in China
·
Not logged in
·
Talk
·
Contributions
·
Create account
·
Log in
·
Article
·
Talk
·
Read
·
Edit
·
View history
Search
·
Main page
·
Contents
·
Featured content
·
Current events
·
Random article
·
Donate to
·
store
Interaction
·
Help
·
About
·
Community portal
·
Recent changes
·
Contact page
Tools
·
What links here
·
Related changes
·
Upload file
·
Special pages
·
Permanent link
·
Page information
·
data item
·
Cite this page
Print/export
·
Create a book
·
Download as PDF
·
Printable version
In other projects
·
media Commons
Languages
·
العربية
·
Deutsch
·
Español
·
Français
·
한국어
·
Italiano
·
Русский
·
Tiếng Việt
·
中文
21 more
Edit links
·
This page was last edited on 23 January 2019, at
09:37 (UTC).
·
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional
terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. ® is
a registered trademark of the media Foundation, Inc., a non-profit
organization.
·
Privacy policy
·
About
·
Disclaimers
·
Contact
·
Developers
·
Cookie statement
·
Mobile view
·
·