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1854 (MDCCCLIV) was
a common year starting
on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and
a common
year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1854th year of
the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the
854th year of the 2nd millennium,
the 54th year of the 19th century,
and the 5th year of the 1850s decade. As of
the start of 1854, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian
calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Contents · 1Events · 2Births · 3Deaths Events[edit] January–March[edit] ·
January 3 – Charles Dickens commences writing the
novel Hard Times. ·
January 4 – The McDonald Islands are discovered by
Captain William McDonald aboard the Samarang. ·
January 6 – The fictional
detective Sherlock Holmes is
born. ·
January 9 – The Teutonia Männerchor in Pittsburgh, U.S.A. is founded to promote
German culture.[1] ·
January 20 – The North
Carolina General Assembly in the United States charters
the Atlantic
and North Carolina Railroad, to run from Goldsboro through New Bern,
to the newly created seaport of Morehead
City, near Beaufort.[2] ·
January 21 – The iron clipper RMS Tayleur runs
aground off the east coast of Ireland, on her maiden voyage out of Liverpool, bound for Australia, with the
loss of at least 300 out of 650 on board. ·
February 11 – Major streets are lit
by coal gas for the first time by the San
Francisco Gas Company; 86 such lamps are turned on this evening in San Francisco,
California.[where?] ·
February 13 – Mexican troops
force William
Walker and his troops to retreat to Sonora. ·
February 14 – Texas is linked by telegraph with the rest of the United
States, when a connection between New Orleans and Marshall, Texas is completed. ·
February 17 – The British recognize the
independence of the Orange Free State in
Southern Africa; its official independence is declared six days later in
the Orange River
Convention. ·
February 27 – Britain sends Russia an
ultimatum to withdraw from two Romanian provinces it has conquered, Moldavia and Wallachia. ·
February 28 – The Republican
Party (United States) is founded in Ripon, Wisconsin. ·
March – The British East
India Company annexes Jhansi State in India under the doctrine of lapse. ·
March 1 ·
The
British Inman Line's SS City of
Glasgow sets out from Liverpool on passage to the United
States with 480 on board; she is lost without trace. ·
German psychologist Friedrich Eduard Beneke disappears; 2 years later his
remains are found in the canal near Charlottenburg. ·
March 3 – Australia's first telegraph line, linking Melbourne and Williamstown,
opens. ·
March 11 – A Royal Navy fleet sails from Britain,
under Vice Admiral Sir Charles
Napier. ·
March 20 – The Boston Public
Library opens to the public in the United States. ·
March 24 – In Venezuela, slavery is abolished. ·
March 27 – Crimean War: The United Kingdom declares war
on Russia. ·
March 28 – France declares war on
Russia. ·
March 31 – Commodore Matthew C. Perry of the United States
Navy signs the Convention of
Kanagawa with the Japanese government (the Tokugawa shogunate),
opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to
American trade (see History of Japan). April–June[edit] ·
April 1 – Hard Times begins
serialisation in Charles Dickens' magazine, Household Words. ·
April 16 – The United States packet
ship Powhattan is
wrecked off the New Jersey shore, with more than 200 victims. ·
May 18 – The Catholic
University of Ireland (forerunner of University
College Dublin) is founded. ·
May 27 – Taiping Rebellion:
United States diplomatic minister Robert McLane arrives
at the Heavenly Capital aboard the American warship USS Susquehanna. ·
May 30 – The Kansas–Nebraska Act becomes
law (replacing the Missouri Compromise of
1820), creating the Kansas Territory and the Nebraska Territory,
west of the State of Missouri and
the State of Iowa.
The Kansas–Nebraska Act also establishes that these two new Territories will
decide either to allow or disallow slavery, depending on balloting by their
residents (these areas would have been strictly "free territory"
under the Missouri Compromise, which allowed slavery in the State of Missouri
but disallowed it in any other new state north of latitude 36° 30', which
forms most of the southern boundary of Missouri. This prohibition of slavery
extended all the way from the western boundary of Missouri to the Pacific
Ocean). ·
June –
The Grand Excursion takes
prominent Eastern United States inhabitants from Chicago to Rock Island, Illinoisby railroad,
then up the Mississippi River to Saint Paul,
Minnesota by steamboat. ·
June 10 – The first class of the United States
Naval Academy graduates at Annapolis, Maryland. ·
June 21 – Battle of Bomarsund in the Åland Islands off
the coast of Finland: British Royal Navy seaman's mate Charles D.
Lucas throws a live Russian artillery shell overboard by hand
before it explodes, for which he is awarded the first Victoria Cross in 1857. July–September[edit] ·
July 4 – James Ambrose
Cutting takes out the first of his three United States patents for improvements to the wet plate collodion process (Ambrotype photography). ·
July 6 ·
In Jackson, Michigan,
the first convention of the U.S.
Republican Party is held. ·
Said Pasha succeeds his nephew Abbas, as the Pasha of Egypt. ·
July 7 – The Bombay
Spinning and Weaving Company is established as the
first cotton mill in
India by Cowasjee Nanabhoy
Davar and associates. ·
July 17 – The Bienio progresista revolutionary
coup occurs in Spain. ·
July 19 – Wood's despatch is
sent by Charles
Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax to Lord Dalhousie, Governor General of India,
proposing radical improvements to the Indian educational system.[3] ·
August 9 – Johann succeeds to the throne of Saxony,
on the death of his brother. ·
August 16 – Battle of Bomarsund: Russian troops on the island of Bomarsund, in the Åland Islands,
surrender to French–British troops. ·
August 27 – English lawyer Alfred Wills and party set out for the
first ascent of the Wetterhorn in
Switzerland, regarded as the start of the "golden age of
alpinism".[4] ·
August 31–September 8 – An epidemic of cholera in London kills 10,000. Dr John Snow traces
the source of one outbreak (that killed 500) to a single water
pump, validating his theory that cholera is water-borne, and forming the
starting point for epidemiology.[5] Original map by Dr John Snowshowing
the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of
1854 ·
September 9 – British Inman Line's SS City
of Philadelphia is wrecked off Cape Race (Newfoundland) on her maiden voyage
without loss of life. ·
September 20 – Crimean War: Battle of Alma – The French–British
alliance wins the first major land engagement of the war. ·
September 27 – SS Arctic disaster:
The American paddle steamer SS Arctic sinks after a
collision with the much smaller French ship SS Vesta, 50 miles (80 km)
off the coast of Newfoundland, with
approximately 320 deaths. October–December[edit] ·
October 1 – The watch company founded
in 1850 in Roxbury,
Massachusetts, by Aaron Lufkin
Dennison, relocates to Waltham,
to become the Waltham Watch
Company, pioneer in the American
system of watch manufacturing. ·
October 9–11 – United States diplomats in Europe
meet and draft the Ostend Manifesto, setting out a rationale
for the U.S. to acquire Cuba from Spain. ·
October 6 – The great
fire of Newcastle and Gateshead in England is ignited by a
spectacular explosion. ·
October 17 – The Age newspaper is founded
in Melbourne, Australia. ·
October 25 – Crimean War: Battle of Balaclava –
The allies gain an overall victory, except for the disastrous cavalry Charge of the
Light Brigade, from which only 200 of 700 men survive. ·
November ·
Florence Nightingale and
her team of 38 trained volunteer nurses, having set out on October 21 from England, arrive
at Selimiye Barracks in Scutari in the Ottoman Empire, to care for British Army troops invalided from
the Crimean War.[6] ·
The Mute Rebellion breaks out in Sweden. ·
November 5 – Crimean War: Battle of Inkerman –
The Russians are defeated. ·
November 14 – Great Storm of 1854 in
the Black Sea: 19 British transport and other
ships (plus 2 French) supporting the Crimean War are wrecked with the loss
of at least 287 men. ·
November 17 – In Egypt, the Suez Canal Company is formed. ·
December 3 – The Eureka Stockade Miners' Rebellion breaks
out in Ballarat, Victoria (Australia). ·
December 8 – Pope Pius IX in the apostolic
constitution Ineffabilis Deus defines ex
Cathedra the dogma of Immaculate
Conception, which holds that the Blessed Virgin Mary was
conceived without original sin. Date Unknown[edit] ·
Ignacy Łukasiewicz drills
the world's first oil well in Poland, in Bóbrka
near Krosno County. ·
Professor Benjamin Silliman of Yale University is the first person
to fractionate petroleum into its individual
components, by distillation. ·
The Icelandic trade is opened to merchants
other than Danes. ·
A
Russian fort is established at the modern-day site of Almaty. ·
The
French fashion label Louis Vuitton is founded. ·
The
future Waterbury Clock Company (Incorporated on March 27, 1857) is founded as
a department within the Benedict And Burnham Manufacturing Company in Waterbury,
Connecticut, the predecessor of Timex Group USA in timepiece
manufacturing. Births[edit] January–June[edit] ·
January 1 – James George Frazer,
Scottish social anthropologist (d. 1941) ·
January 8 or January 11 – Samuel
Liddell MacGregor Mathers, British occultist (d. 1918) ·
January 9 – Lady Randolph
Churchill, born Jennie Jerome, American-born British socialite and
mother of Winston Churchill (d. 1921) ·
January 12 – David
Macpherson, Canadian-born American civil engineer (d. 1927) ·
February 9 – Edward Carson, Irish Unionist MP and
Barrister (d. 1935) ·
February 16 – Charles
Webster Leadbeater, British theosophist (d. 1934) ·
February 17 – Friedrich Alfred
Krupp, German industrialist (d. 1902) ·
February 26 – Mary M. Cohen, American social economist
(d. 1911) ·
March 4 – Tomás António
Garcia Rosado, Portuguese general (d. 1937) ·
March 10 – Florence
Carpenter Ives, American journalist and editor (d. 1900) ·
March 11 – Jane Meade Welch, American historian
(d. 1931) ·
March 14 ·
Paul Ehrlich, German physician, scientist
(d. 1915) ·
Thomas R. Marshall, 28th Vice
President of the United States (d. 1925) ·
March 15 – Emil von Behring, German physiologist,
winner of the 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1917) ·
April 17 – Paul von Rennenkampf, Russian general (d. 1918) ·
April 18 – Ludwig Levy, German architect (d. 1907) ·
April 22 – Henri La Fontaine,
Belgian lawyer, author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1943) ·
April 28 –Hertha Marks Ayrton,
English engineer, mathematician and inventor (d. 1923) ·
April 29 –Henri Poincaré,
French mathematician, physicist (d. 1912) ·
May 11 – Albion Woodbury
Small, American sociologist (d. 1926) ·
May 24 – John Riley Banister,
American law officer, Texas Ranger (d. 1918) ·
May 25 – Clara Louise Burnham,
American novelist (d. 1927) ·
June 8 – Douglas
Cameron, Canadian politician (d. 1921) ·
June 14 – Dave Rudabaugh, American outlaw, gunfighter
(d. 1886) ·
June 17 – Robert Kekewich,
British general (d. 1914) ·
June 26 – Robert Borden, 8th Prime Minister
of Canada (d. 1937) July–December[edit] ·
July 2 – Sophia Braeunlich, American business manager
(d. 1898) ·
July 3 – Leoš Janáček, Czech composer
(d. 1928) ·
July 4 – Alexandru Marghiloman, 25th Prime Minister of
Romania (d. 1925) ·
July 7 – Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov, Russian poet, scientist
and revolutionary (d. 1946) ·
July 12 – George Eastman, American photographic
inventor (Kodak) (suicide) (d. 1932) ·
July 27 – Takahashi Korekiyo, Prime Minister of
Japan (d. 1936) ·
July 31 – José Canalejas, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1912) ·
August 2 – Milan I of Serbia (d. 1901) ·
August 23 – Moritz Moszkowski, Polish/German composer (d. 1925) ·
Engelbert
Humperdinck, German composer (d. 1921) ·
Florence Trail, American educator and author
(d. 1944) ·
September 2 – Paul Marie
Eugène Vieille, French chemist, gunsmith
(d. 1934) ·
September 3 – Anna Sandström,
Swedish social reformer (d. 1931) ·
September 6 – Georges Picquart,
French general, Minister of War (d. 1914) ·
October 3 – William C. Gorgas,
American physician, Surgeon General (d. 1920) ·
October 7 – Christiaan de Wet,
Boer general, rebel leader, and politician (d. 1922) ·
Oscar Wilde, Irish writer (d. 1900) ·
Karl Kautsky,
Marxist theoretician (d. 1938) ·
October 17 – Queenie Newall, British Olympic archer
(d. 1929) ·
October 20 – Arthur Rimbaud, French poet (d. 1891) ·
October 26 – C. W. Post, American cereal manufacturer
(d. 1914) ·
October 28 – Mary G. Charlton Edholm, American social purity and temperance reformer
(d. 1935) ·
November 5 – Paul Sabatier,
French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 1941) ·
November 6 – John Philip Sousa,
American composer, conductor (Stars and Stripes Forever) (d. 1932) ·
November 8 – Johannes Rydberg, Swedish physicist
(d. 1919) ·
November 13 – George
Whitefield Chadwick, American composer (d. 1931) ·
November 17 – Hubert Lyautey,
Marshal of France (d. 1934) ·
November 19 – Danske Dandridge, Danish-born American poet,
historian, and garden writer (d. 1914) ·
November 27 – Gerhard Louis De
Geer, 17th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1935) ·
December 14 – John Kemp Starley, English bicycle inventor (d. 1901) ·
December 16 – Austin M. Knight, American admiral (d. 1927) ·
November 21 – Pope Benedict XV (d. 1922) ·
December 22 – Takamine Jōkichi,
Japanese chemist (d. 1922) ·
December 23 – Victoriano Huerta, President of Mexico (d. 1916) ·
December 24 – Thomas Stevens,
English cyclist (d. 1935) Birth Date Unknown[edit] ·
Jane Clouson,
teenage British murder victim (d. 1871) ·
Eliza D. Keith, American educator, author,
and journalist (d. 1939) ·
John Francon Williams, Welsh-born journalist, writer,
geographer, historian, cartographer and inventor (d. 1911) Deaths[edit] January–June[edit] ·
January 8 – William
Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford, British general and politician
(b. 1768) ·
February 17 – John Martin,
English painter (b. 1789) ·
March 6 – Charles
Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry (b. 1778) ·
March 11 – Willard Richards, American religious leader
(b. 1804) ·
March 13 ·
Thomas Talfourd,
English jurist (b. 1795) ·
Jean-Baptiste de
Villèle, Prime Minister of France
(b. 1773) ·
March 18 – Alexander
Allan, Scottish businessman, founder of Allan Line (b. 1780) ·
March 19 – William Pope Duval,
first civilian governor of Florida Territory (b. 1784) ·
March 27 ·
William
Bentinck, 4th Duke of Portland, English politician (b. 1768) ·
Charles III,
Duke of Parma (b. 1823) ·
April – Domingo Eyzaguirre,
Chilean philanthropist (b. 1775) ·
April 11 – Karl Adolph von Basedow, German physician (b. 1799) ·
April 15 – Arthur Aikin, English chemist, mineralogist
(b. 1773) ·
April 22 – Nicolás Bravo, 3-time President of Mexico
(b. 1786) ·
April 29 – Henry
Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey, British general (b. 1768) ·
June 7 – Charles Baudin,
French admiral (b. 1784) ·
June 13 – Rosina Regina Ahles,
German actor (b. 1799) July–December[edit] ·
July 6 – Georg Ohm, German physicist (b. 1789) ·
July 16 – Abbas I, Pasha of Egypt (b. 1813) ·
July 31 – Samuel Wilson, American thought to be the
real-life basis for Uncle Sam (b. 1766) ·
August – Conquering Bear, Lakota chief (b. c. 1800) ·
August 2 – Heinrich Clauren (b. 1771) ·
August 3 – Qi Shan (b. 1786) ·
August 9 – Frederick
Augustus II of Saxony (b. 1797) ·
August 20 – Friedrich
Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, German philosopher (b. 1775) ·
August 21 – Thomas Clayton, American lawyer, politician
(b. 1777) ·
September 8 – Angelo Mai, Italian cardinal, philologist
(b. 1782) ·
September 12 – Jarvis W. Pike, former Mayor of Columbus, Ohio (b. 1795) ·
October 26 – Therese of
Saxe-Hildburghausen, queen consort of
Bavaria (b. 1792) ·
November 2 – George Mogridge (Old Humphrey), British writer, poet
(b. 1787) ·
November 3 – Maxim Gauci, Maltese lithographer (b. 1774) ·
November 9 – Elizabeth
Schuyler Hamilton, philanthropist, wife of Alexander Hamilton (b. 1757) ·
November 25 – John Gibson Lockhart,
Scottish writer (b. 1794) ·
December 9 – Almeida Garrett, Portuguese writer (b. 1799) ·
December 11 – Matija Nenadović, Prime Minister of Serbia
(b. 1777) ·
December 15 – Kamehameha III, King of Hawaii (b.
c. 1814) Date Unknown[edit] ·
Concepción Mariño, Venezuelan heroine (b. 1790) ·
Úrsula Goyzueta,
Bolivian heroine (b. 1787) ·
Su Sanniang, Chinese
rebel (b. 1830) References[edit] 1.
^ [1]. Archived January 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. "The Teutonia Männerchor was founded
in 1854." 2.
^ CommunicationSolutions/ISI, "Railroad — Atlantic & North
Carolina", North Carolina Business History,
2006, accessed 21 May 2015. 3.
^ "Introduction to Wood Despatch
of 1854". Krishna Kanta Handiqui State Open University. 2011. Retrieved 2014-10-09. 4.
^ "Wetterhorn during the golden and the post golden
age". summitpost.org. 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-26. 5.
^ Johnson, Steven (2006). The Ghost Map: a street, an epidemic and the two men
who battled to save Victorian London. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9974-7. 6.
^ Baly, Monica E.; Matthew, H. C. G. (2004). "Nightingale, Florence (1820–1910)". Oxford
Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.
Retrieved 2011-06-20.(subscription or UK public library membership required) Further reading[edit] ·
The
Annual register of world events: Volume 96 (1855), highly detailed coverage of events in British
Empire and worldwide full text online |
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