Millennium:

2nd millennium

Centuries:

·       18th century

·       19th century 

·       20th century

Decades:

·       1830s

·       1840s

·       1850s

·       1860s

·       1870s

Years:

·       1851

·       1852

·       1853

·       1854

·       1855

·       1856

·       1857

 

1854 in topic

Humanities

Archaeology – Architecture – Art 
Literature – Music

By country

Australia – Belgium – Brazil – Canada – Denmark – France – Germany – Mexico – New Zealand – Norway – Philippines – Portugal – Russia – South Africa – Spain – Sweden – United Kingdom – United States – Venezuela

Other topics

Rail transport – Science – Sports

Lists of leaders

Sovereign states – State leaders – Territorial governors – Religious leaders

Birth and death categories

Births – Deaths

Establishments and disestablishments categories

Establishments – Disestablishments

Works category

Works

·       v

·       t

·       e

 

1854 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar

1854
MDCCCLIV

Ab urbe condita

2607

Armenian calendar

1303
ԹՎ ՌՅԳ

Assyrian calendar

6604

Bahá'í calendar

10–11

Balinese saka calendar

1775–1776

Bengali calendar

1261

Berber calendar

2804

British Regnal year

17 Vict. 1 – 18 Vict. 1

Buddhist calendar

2398

Burmese calendar

1216

Byzantine calendar

7362–7363

Chinese calendar

癸丑 (Water Ox)
4550 or 4490
    — to —
甲寅年 (Wood Tiger)
4551 or 4491

Coptic calendar

1570–1571

Discordian calendar

3020

Ethiopian calendar

1846–1847

Hebrew calendar

5614–5615

Hindu calendars

 - Vikram Samvat

1910–1911

 - Shaka Samvat

1775–1776

 - Kali Yuga

4954–4955

Holocene calendar

11854

Igbo calendar

854–855

Iranian calendar

1232–1233

Islamic calendar

1270–1271

Japanese calendar

Kaei 7 / Ansei 1
(安政元年)

Javanese calendar

1782–1783

Julian calendar

Gregorian minus 12 days

Korean calendar

4187

Minguo calendar

58 before ROC
民前58

Nanakshahi calendar

386

Thai solar calendar

2396–2397

Tibetan calendar

阴水牛年
(female Water-Ox)
1980 or 1599 or 827
    — to —
阳木虎年
(male Wood-Tiger)
1981 or 1600 or 828

 

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1854.

1854 (MDCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1854th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 854th year of the 2nd millennium, the 54th year of the 19th century, and the 5th year of the 1850s decade. As of the start of 1854, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Contents

·       1Events

·       2Births

·       3Deaths

·       4References

·       5Further reading

Events[edit]

January–March[edit]

·       January 3 – Charles Dickens commences writing the novel Hard Times.

·       January 4 – The McDonald Islands are discovered by Captain William McDonald aboard the Samarang.

·       January 6 – The fictional detective Sherlock Holmes is born.

·       January 9 – The Teutonia Männerchor in Pittsburgh, U.S.A. is founded to promote German culture.[1]

·       January 20 – The North Carolina General Assembly in the United States charters the Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad, to run from Goldsboro through New Bern, to the newly created seaport of Morehead City, near Beaufort.[2]

·       January 21 – The iron clipper RMS Tayleur runs aground off the east coast of Ireland, on her maiden voyage out of Liverpool, bound for Australia, with the loss of at least 300 out of 650 on board.

·       February 11 – Major streets are lit by coal gas for the first time by the San Francisco Gas Company; 86 such lamps are turned on this evening in San Francisco, California.[where?]

·       February 13 – Mexican troops force William Walker and his troops to retreat to Sonora.

·       February 14 – Texas is linked by telegraph with the rest of the United States, when a connection between New Orleans and Marshall, Texas is completed.

·       February 17 – The British recognize the independence of the Orange Free State in Southern Africa; its official independence is declared six days later in the Orange River Convention.

·       February 27 – Britain sends Russia an ultimatum to withdraw from two Romanian provinces it has conquered, Moldavia and Wallachia.

·       February 28 – The Republican Party (United States) is founded in Ripon, Wisconsin.

·       March – The British East India Company annexes Jhansi State in India under the doctrine of lapse.

·       March 1

·       The British Inman Line's SS City of Glasgow sets out from Liverpool on passage to the United States with 480 on board; she is lost without trace.

·       German psychologist Friedrich Eduard Beneke disappears; 2 years later his remains are found in the canal near Charlottenburg.

·       March 3 – Australia's first telegraph line, linking Melbourne and Williamstown, opens.

·       March 11 – A Royal Navy fleet sails from Britain, under Vice Admiral Sir Charles Napier.

·       March 20 – The Boston Public Library opens to the public in the United States.

·       March 24 – In Venezuela, slavery is abolished.

·       March 27 – Crimean War: The United Kingdom declares war on Russia.

·       March 28 – France declares war on Russia.

·       March 31 – Commodore Matthew C. Perry of the United States Navy signs the Convention of Kanagawa with the Japanese government (the Tokugawa shogunate), opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade (see History of Japan).

April–June[edit]

·       April 1 – Hard Times begins serialisation in Charles Dickens' magazine, Household Words.

·       April 16 – The United States packet ship Powhattan is wrecked off the New Jersey shore, with more than 200 victims.

·       May 18 – The Catholic University of Ireland (forerunner of University College Dublin) is founded.

·       May 27 – Taiping Rebellion: United States diplomatic minister Robert McLane arrives at the Heavenly Capital aboard the American warship USS Susquehanna.

·       May 30 – The Kansas–Nebraska Act becomes law (replacing the Missouri Compromise of 1820), creating the Kansas Territory and the Nebraska Territory, west of the State of Missouri and the State of Iowa. The Kansas–Nebraska Act also establishes that these two new Territories will decide either to allow or disallow slavery, depending on balloting by their residents (these areas would have been strictly "free territory" under the Missouri Compromise, which allowed slavery in the State of Missouri but disallowed it in any other new state north of latitude 36° 30', which forms most of the southern boundary of Missouri. This prohibition of slavery extended all the way from the western boundary of Missouri to the Pacific Ocean).

·       June – The Grand Excursion takes prominent Eastern United States inhabitants from Chicago to Rock Island, Illinoisby railroad, then up the Mississippi River to Saint Paul, Minnesota by steamboat.

·       June 10 – The first class of the United States Naval Academy graduates at Annapolis, Maryland.

·       June 21 – Battle of Bomarsund in the Åland Islands off the coast of Finland: British Royal Navy seaman's mate Charles D. Lucas throws a live Russian artillery shell overboard by hand before it explodes, for which he is awarded the first Victoria Cross in 1857.

July–September[edit]

·       July 4 – James Ambrose Cutting takes out the first of his three United States patents for improvements to the wet plate collodion process (Ambrotype photography).

·       July 6

·       In Jackson, Michigan, the first convention of the U.S. Republican Party is held.

·       Said Pasha succeeds his nephew Abbas, as the Pasha of Egypt.

·       July 7 – The Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company is established as the first cotton mill in India by Cowasjee Nanabhoy Davar and associates.

·       July 17 – The Bienio progresista revolutionary coup occurs in Spain.

·       July 19 – Wood's despatch is sent by Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax to Lord Dalhousie, Governor General of India, proposing radical improvements to the Indian educational system.[3]

·       August 9 – Johann succeeds to the throne of Saxony, on the death of his brother.

·       August 16 – Battle of Bomarsund: Russian troops on the island of Bomarsund, in the Åland Islands, surrender to French–British troops.

·       August 27 – English lawyer Alfred Wills and party set out for the first ascent of the Wetterhorn in Switzerland, regarded as the start of the "golden age of alpinism".[4]

·       August 31September 8 – An epidemic of cholera in London kills 10,000. Dr John Snow traces the source of one outbreak (that killed 500) to a single water pump, validating his theory that cholera is water-borne, and forming the starting point for epidemiology.[5]

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Snow-cholera-map.jpg/220px-Snow-cholera-map.jpg

Original map by Dr John Snowshowing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854

·       September 9 – British Inman Line's SS City of Philadelphia is wrecked off Cape Race (Newfoundland) on her maiden voyage without loss of life.

·       September 20 – Crimean WarBattle of Alma – The French–British alliance wins the first major land engagement of the war.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Battle_of_Alma.PNG/220px-Battle_of_Alma.PNG

Battle of Alma

·       September 27 – SS Arctic disaster: The American paddle steamer SS Arctic sinks after a collision with the much smaller French ship SS Vesta, 50 miles (80 km) off the coast of Newfoundland, with approximately 320 deaths.

October–December[edit]

·       October 1 – The watch company founded in 1850 in Roxbury, Massachusetts, by Aaron Lufkin Dennison, relocates to Waltham, to become the Waltham Watch Company, pioneer in the American system of watch manufacturing.

·       October 911 – United States diplomats in Europe meet and draft the Ostend Manifesto, setting out a rationale for the U.S. to acquire Cuba from Spain.

·       October 6 – The great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead in England is ignited by a spectacular explosion.

·       October 17 – The Age newspaper is founded in Melbourne, Australia.

·       October 25 – Crimean WarBattle of Balaclava – The allies gain an overall victory, except for the disastrous cavalry Charge of the Light Brigade, from which only 200 of 700 men survive.

·       November

·       Florence Nightingale and her team of 38 trained volunteer nurses, having set out on October 21 from England, arrive at Selimiye Barracks in Scutari in the Ottoman Empire, to care for British Army troops invalided from the Crimean War.[6]

·       The Mute Rebellion breaks out in Sweden.

·       November 5 – Crimean WarBattle of Inkerman – The Russians are defeated.

·       November 14 – Great Storm of 1854 in the Black Sea: 19 British transport and other ships (plus 2 French) supporting the Crimean War are wrecked with the loss of at least 287 men.

·       November 17 – In Egypt, the Suez Canal Company is formed.

·       December 3 – The Eureka Stockade Miners' Rebellion breaks out in BallaratVictoria (Australia).

·       December 8 – Pope Pius IX in the apostolic constitution Ineffabilis Deus defines ex Cathedra the dogma of Immaculate Conception, which holds that the Blessed Virgin Mary was conceived without original sin.

Date Unknown[edit]

·       Ignacy Łukasiewicz drills the world's first oil well in Poland, in Bóbrka near Krosno County.

·       Professor Benjamin Silliman of Yale University is the first person to fractionate petroleum into its individual components, by distillation.

·       The Icelandic trade is opened to merchants other than Danes.

·       A Russian fort is established at the modern-day site of Almaty.

·       The French fashion label Louis Vuitton is founded.

·       The future Waterbury Clock Company (Incorporated on March 27, 1857) is founded as a department within the Benedict And Burnham Manufacturing Company in Waterbury, Connecticut, the predecessor of Timex Group USA in timepiece manufacturing.

Births[edit]

January–June[edit]

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paul_Ehrlich_1915.jpg/110px-Paul_Ehrlich_1915.jpg

Paul Ehrlich

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emil_von_Behring_sitzend.jpg/110px-Emil_von_Behring_sitzend.jpg

Emil von Behring

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Portrait_of_Clara_Louise_Burnham.jpg/110px-Portrait_of_Clara_Louise_Burnham.jpg

Clara Louise Burnham

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9-2.jpg/110px-Henri_Poincar%C3%A9-2.jpg

Henri Poincaré

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Borden-sm.jpg/110px-Borden-sm.jpg

Robert Laird Borden

·       January 1 – James George Frazer, Scottish social anthropologist (d. 1941)

·       January 8 or January 11 – Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers, British occultist (d. 1918)

·       January 9 – Lady Randolph Churchill, born Jennie Jerome, American-born British socialite and mother of Winston Churchill (d. 1921)

·       January 12 – David Macpherson, Canadian-born American civil engineer (d. 1927)

·       February 9 – Edward Carson, Irish Unionist MP and Barrister (d. 1935)

·       February 16 – Charles Webster Leadbeater, British theosophist (d. 1934)

·       February 17 – Friedrich Alfred Krupp, German industrialist (d. 1902)

·       February 26 – Mary M. Cohen, American social economist (d. 1911)

·       March 4 – Tomás António Garcia Rosado, Portuguese general (d. 1937)

·       March 10 – Florence Carpenter Ives, American journalist and editor (d. 1900)

·       March 11 – Jane Meade Welch, American historian (d. 1931)

·       March 14

·       Paul Ehrlich, German physician, scientist (d. 1915)

·       Thomas R. Marshall28th Vice President of the United States (d. 1925)

·       March 15 – Emil von Behring, German physiologist, winner of the 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1917)

·       April 17 – Paul von Rennenkampf, Russian general (d. 1918)

·       April 18 – Ludwig Levy, German architect (d. 1907)

·       April 22 – Henri La Fontaine, Belgian lawyer, author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1943)

·       April 28 –Hertha Marks Ayrton, English engineer, mathematician and inventor (d. 1923)

·       April 29 –Henri Poincaré, French mathematician, physicist (d. 1912)

·       May 11 – Albion Woodbury Small, American sociologist (d. 1926)

·       May 24 – John Riley Banister, American law officer, Texas Ranger (d. 1918)

·       May 25 – Clara Louise Burnham, American novelist (d. 1927)

·       June 8 – Douglas Cameron, Canadian politician (d. 1921)

·       June 14 – Dave Rudabaugh, American outlaw, gunfighter (d. 1886)

·       June 17 – Robert Kekewich, British general (d. 1914)

·       June 26 – Robert Borden, 8th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1937)

July–December[edit]

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Oscar_Wilde_Sarony.jpg/110px-Oscar_Wilde_Sarony.jpg

Oscar Wilde

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Queenie_Newall.jpg/110px-Queenie_Newall.jpg

Queenie Newall

·       July 2 – Sophia Braeunlich, American business manager (d. 1898)

·       July 3 – Leoš Janáček, Czech composer (d. 1928)

·       July 4 – Alexandru Marghiloman, 25th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1925)

·       July 7 – Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov, Russian poet, scientist and revolutionary (d. 1946)

·       July 12 – George Eastman, American photographic inventor (Kodak) (suicide) (d. 1932)

·       July 27 – Takahashi KorekiyoPrime Minister of Japan (d. 1936)

·       July 31 – José Canalejas, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1912)

·       August 2 – Milan I of Serbia (d. 1901)

·       August 23 – Moritz Moszkowski, Polish/German composer (d. 1925)

·       September 1

·       Engelbert Humperdinck, German composer (d. 1921)

·       Florence Trail, American educator and author (d. 1944)

·       September 2 – Paul Marie Eugène Vieille, French chemist, gunsmith (d. 1934)

·       September 3 – Anna Sandström, Swedish social reformer (d. 1931)

·       September 6 – Georges Picquart, French general, Minister of War (d. 1914)

·       October 3 – William C. Gorgas, American physician, Surgeon General (d. 1920)

·       October 7 – Christiaan de Wet, Boer general, rebel leader, and politician (d. 1922)

·       October 16

·       Oscar Wilde, Irish writer (d. 1900)

·       Karl Kautsky, Marxist theoretician (d. 1938)

·       October 17 – Queenie Newall, British Olympic archer (d. 1929)

·       October 20 – Arthur Rimbaud, French poet (d. 1891)

·       October 26 – C. W. Post, American cereal manufacturer (d. 1914)

·       October 28 – Mary G. Charlton Edholm, American social purity and temperance reformer (d. 1935)

·       November 5 – Paul Sabatier, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1941)

·       November 6 – John Philip Sousa, American composer, conductor (Stars and Stripes Forever) (d. 1932)

·       November 8 – Johannes Rydberg, Swedish physicist (d. 1919)

·       November 13 – George Whitefield Chadwick, American composer (d. 1931)

·       November 17 – Hubert Lyautey, Marshal of France (d. 1934)

·       November 19 – Danske Dandridge, Danish-born American poet, historian, and garden writer (d. 1914)

·       November 27 – Gerhard Louis De Geer, 17th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1935)

·       December 14 – John Kemp Starley, English bicycle inventor (d. 1901)

·       December 16 – Austin M. Knight, American admiral (d. 1927)

·       November 21 – Pope Benedict XV (d. 1922)

·       December 22 – Takamine Jōkichi, Japanese chemist (d. 1922)

·       December 23 – Victoriano HuertaPresident of Mexico (d. 1916)

·       December 24 – Thomas Stevens, English cyclist (d. 1935)

Birth Date Unknown[edit]

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ELIZA_D._KEITH_A_woman_of_the_century_%28page_440_crop%29.jpg/110px-ELIZA_D._KEITH_A_woman_of_the_century_%28page_440_crop%29.jpg

Eliza D. Keith

·       Jane Clouson, teenage British murder victim (d. 1871)

·       Eliza D. Keith, American educator, author, and journalist (d. 1939)

·       John Francon Williams, Welsh-born journalist, writer, geographer, historian, cartographer and inventor (d. 1911)

Deaths[edit]

January–June[edit]

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Carl_Adolph_von_Basedow.jpg/110px-Carl_Adolph_von_Basedow.jpg

Carl Adolph von Basedow

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Georg_Simon_Ohm3.jpg/110px-Georg_Simon_Ohm3.jpg

Georg Ohm

·       January 8 – William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford, British general and politician (b. 1768)

·       February 17 – John Martin, English painter (b. 1789)

·       March 6 – Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry (b. 1778)

·       March 11 – Willard Richards, American religious leader (b. 1804)

·       March 13

·       Thomas Talfourd, English jurist (b. 1795)

·       Jean-Baptiste de Villèle, Prime Minister of France (b. 1773)

·       March 18 – Alexander Allan, Scottish businessman, founder of Allan Line (b. 1780)

·       March 19 – William Pope Duval, first civilian governor of Florida Territory (b. 1784)

·       March 27

·       William Bentinck, 4th Duke of Portland, English politician (b. 1768)

·       Charles III, Duke of Parma (b. 1823)

·       April – Domingo Eyzaguirre, Chilean philanthropist (b. 1775)

·       April 11 – Karl Adolph von Basedow, German physician (b. 1799)

·       April 15 – Arthur Aikin, English chemist, mineralogist (b. 1773)

·       April 22 – Nicolás Bravo, 3-time President of Mexico (b. 1786)

·       April 29 – Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey, British general (b. 1768)

·       June 7 – Charles Baudin, French admiral (b. 1784)

·       June 13 – Rosina Regina Ahles, German actor (b. 1799)

July–December[edit]

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mrs._Elizabeth_Schuyler_Hamilton.jpg/110px-Mrs._Elizabeth_Schuyler_Hamilton.jpg

Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton

·       July 6 – Georg Ohm, German physicist (b. 1789)

·       July 16 – Abbas I, Pasha of Egypt (b. 1813)

·       July 31 – Samuel Wilson, American thought to be the real-life basis for Uncle Sam (b. 1766)

·       August – Conquering Bear, Lakota chief (b. c. 1800)

·       August 2 – Heinrich Clauren (b. 1771)

·       August 3 – Qi Shan (b. 1786)

·       August 9 – Frederick Augustus II of Saxony (b. 1797)

·       August 20 – Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, German philosopher (b. 1775)

·       August 21 – Thomas Clayton, American lawyer, politician (b. 1777)

·       September 8 – Angelo Mai, Italian cardinal, philologist (b. 1782)

·       September 12 – Jarvis W. Pike, former Mayor of Columbus, Ohio (b. 1795)

·       October 26 – Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen, queen consort of Bavaria (b. 1792)

·       November 2 – George Mogridge (Old Humphrey), British writer, poet (b. 1787)

·       November 3 – Maxim Gauci, Maltese lithographer (b. 1774)

·       November 9 – Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, philanthropist, wife of Alexander Hamilton (b. 1757)

·       November 25 – John Gibson Lockhart, Scottish writer (b. 1794)

·       December 9 – Almeida Garrett, Portuguese writer (b. 1799)

·       December 11 – Matija Nenadović, Prime Minister of Serbia (b. 1777)

·       December 15 – Kamehameha IIIKing of Hawaii (b. c. 1814)

Date Unknown[edit]

·       Concepción Mariño, Venezuelan heroine (b. 1790)

·       Úrsula Goyzueta, Bolivian heroine (b. 1787)

·       Su Sanniang, Chinese rebel (b. 1830)

References[edit]

1.     ^ [1]Archived January 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. "The Teutonia Männerchor was founded in 1854."

2.     ^ CommunicationSolutions/ISI, "Railroad — Atlantic & North Carolina"North Carolina Business History, 2006, accessed 21 May 2015.

3.     ^ "Introduction to Wood Despatch of 1854". Krishna Kanta Handiqui State Open University. 2011. Retrieved 2014-10-09.

4.     ^ "Wetterhorn during the golden and the post golden age". summitpost.org. 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-26.

5.     ^ Johnson, Steven (2006). The Ghost Map: a street, an epidemic and the two men who battled to save Victorian London. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9974-7.

6.     ^ Baly, Monica E.Matthew, H. C. G. (2004). "Nightingale, Florence (1820–1910)"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2011-06-20.(subscription or UK public library membership required)

Further reading[edit]

·       The Annual register of world events: Volume 96 (1855), highly detailed coverage of events in British Empire and worldwide full text online