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1860 (MDCCCLX) was a leap year starting on
Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and
a leap year
starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1860th year of
the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the
860th year of the 2nd millennium,
the 60th year of the 19th century,
and the 1st year of the 1860s decade. As of
the start of 1860, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian
calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Contents ·
1Events ·
2Births ·
3Deaths Events[edit] January–March[edit] ·
January 2 - The discovery of a
hypothetical planet Vulcan is
announced at a meeting of the French Academy
of Sciences in Paris, France. ·
January 10 – The Pemberton Mill in Lawrence,
Massachusetts collapses, killing 146 workers. ·
January 13 – Battle of Tétouan, Morocco: Spanish troops under General
Leopoldo O'Donnell, 1st Duke of Tetuanat defeat the Moroccan Army. ·
January 20 – Camillo
Benso, Count of Cavour is recalled as Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia. ·
February 22 – Shoe-making workers
of Lynn, Massachusetts,
strike successfully for higher wages. The strike spreads throughout New England, and eventually involves 20,000
workers. ·
February 26 – White settlers massacre a
band of Wiyot Indians on Indian
Island, near Eureka, California.
At least 60 women, children and elders are killed. Bret Harte, newspaper reporter in Arcata, reports the news to newspapers
in San Francisco. ·
February 28 – The Artists Rifles is established, as the
38th Middlesex (Artists) Rifle Volunteer Corps, with headquarters at Burlington House in London.[1] ·
March 6 – While campaigning for
the presidency, Abraham Lincoln makes a speech
defending the right to strike. ·
March 9 – The first Japanese
ambassadors to the United States arrive in San Francisco. ·
March 17 – The First Taranaki War begins
at Waitara, New Zealand,
when Māori refuse
to sell land to British settlers. ·
March 22 – The Grand Duchy of
Tuscany is annexed to the newly formed Kingdom of Italy. ·
March 24 – Sakuradamon
Incident: Rōnin samurai of the Mito Domain in Japan assassinate tairō (Chief Minister) Ii Naosuke outside the Sakurada Gate
of Edo Castle, dissafected with his role in the
opening of Japan to foreign powers. ·
March–August – The second rout of
the Jiangnan Daying destroys
the Qing dynasty's
army of 180,000. April–June[edit] ·
April 2 – The first Italian
Parliament meets at Turin. ·
April 3 – The Pony Express begins its first run
from St. Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento,
California, with riders carrying a small Bible. ·
April 4 – A new uprising erupts
in Palermo. ·
April 9 – French typesetter Édouard-Léon
Scott de Martinville sings the French folk song Au clair de la lune to
his phonautograph,
producing the world's earliest known sound recording (however, it is not
rediscovered until 2008). ·
May 1 – A Chondrite-type meteorite falls to earth in Muskingum County, Ohio,
near the town of New Concord. ·
May 6 – Expedition of
the Thousand: Giuseppe Garibaldi and
his troops depart from Quarto. ·
May 8 – In New Granada (modern-day Colombia) the southern state of Cauca secedes from the central
government, in protest at the suggestion of increase of presidential
powers; Magdalena and Bolívar join
it; civil war erupts. ·
May 9 – The U.S. Constitutional
Union Party holds its convention, and nominates John
Bell for President
of the United States. ·
May 15 – Expedition of
the Thousand – Battle of Calatafimi:
Troops under Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat
the army of Naples in Sicily. ·
May 17 – The German association
football club TSV 1860 München is
founded. ·
May 18 – Abraham Lincoln is selected as the U.S.
presidential candidate for the Republican
Party, in Chicago, Illinois. ·
May 27 – Garibaldi's forces take Palermo, the capital of Sicily. ·
May 28 – One of the worst storms ever
experienced in the region hits the east coast of England, sinking more than
100 ships and killing at least 40 people.[2] ·
12 June [O.S. 31
May] 1860 – The State
Bank of the Russian Empire is established. ·
June 30 – A historic debate about
evolution is held, at the Oxford
University Museum. July–September[edit] ·
July 2 – Vladivostok is founded in Russia. ·
July 9 – The Nightingale Training School and Home for Nurses,
the first nursing school based
on the ideas of Florence Nightingale,
is opened at St Thomas' Hospital in
London. ·
July 11 – Mutsuhito (the future Emperor Meiji) becomes Crown Prince of Japan. ·
July 20 – Battle of
Milazzo: The forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat
royal Neapolitan forces near Messina, bringing nearly all of Sicily under
Garibaldi's control.
·
August 22 – Assisted by the British
Navy, the troops of Giuseppe Garibaldi cross
from Sicily to the Italian mainland. ·
September 1 A solar coronal mass
ejection hits Earth's
magnetosphere, and induces one of the largest geomagnetic storms
on record. ·
September 3–5 – The First International
Chemistry Congress is held in Karlsruhe, Baden. ·
The PS Lady Elgin is
accidentally rammed and sunk in Lake Michigan; hundreds drown. ·
Giuseppe Garibaldi's
forces capture Naples. ·
September 10 – Piedmontese forces
invade the Papal States,
hoping to link up with Garibaldi in Naples. ·
September 18 – Battle of
Castelfidardo: The Piedmontese decisively defeat the Papal forces,
allowing them to continue their march into Neapolitan territory, and
effectively reducing the Papal States to the territory around
Rome. ·
September 24 – Battle of Guayaquil: Ecuadorian forces, led by Juan José Flores and Gabriel García
Moreno, take the port of Guayaquil from Supreme Chief Guillermo
Franco, who is backed by Peruvian forces. October–December[edit] ·
October – John Hanning Speke and James Augustus Grant leave Zanzibar, to search for the source of
the Nile River. ·
October 1 – Battle of
Volturnus: Garibaldi defeats the last organized army of the Kingdom of
the Two Sicilies. ·
October 5 – Austria, Britain,
France, Prussia and the Ottoman Empire form a commission to
investigate the causes of
the massacresof Maronite Christians,
committed by Druzes in Lebanon earlier in the year. ·
October 17 – The Open
Championship, also known as the British Open, is played for the
first time at Prestwick Golf Club in Ayrshire, Scotland. The event is won
by Willie Park Sr ·
October 18 – The first Convention of Peking formally
ends the Second Opium War. ·
October 18–21 – Beijing's Old Summer Palace is
burned to the ground by orders of British general Lord Elgin,
in retaliation for mistreatment of several prisoners of war, during the Second Opium War. ·
October 19 – A new Māori revolt begins in New
Zealand. ·
Garibaldi again defeats the Neapolitan
forces, advancing on Gaeta,
the last remaining Neapolitan strong-point. ·
Meeting at Teano: Giuseppe Garibaldi gives Naples to King Victor
Emmanuel II, recognizing him as King of Italy. ·
November 3 – The combined forces
of Giuseppe Garibaldi and
King Victor
Emmanuel II besiege King Francis II
of the Two Sicilies in Gaeta, his last remaining stronghold. ·
November 6 – U.S.
presidential election: Abraham Lincoln beats John C. Breckinridge, Stephen A. Douglas,
and John
Bell, and is elected as the 16th President of the United States,
the first Republican to
hold that office. ·
December 1 – Charles Dickens publishes the first
installment of Great Expectations in
his magazine All the Year Round. ·
December 7 – After a fiercely contested
campaign, Monier
Monier-Williams is
elected as the new Boden
Professor of Sanskrit, at Oxford University. ·
December 20 – South Carolina becomes the first state
to secede from the United States.
December 29: HMS Warrior(restored). ·
December 26 – First Rules derby is held between Sheffield F.C. and Hallam F.C., the oldest football fixture in
the world. ·
December 29 – The world's first
ocean-going (all) iron-hulled and armoured battleship, the (British) HMS Warrior,
is launched. Date unknown[edit] ·
Christians and Druzes clash in Damascus, Syria. ·
In Buenos Aires, leader Bartolomé Mitre subverts
the Argentine
Confederation, and begins to establish a new centralist
government, with the help of Uruguayan Colorado party leader Venancio Flores. ·
China agrees, in an unequal treaty imposed on it, to allow missionaries
to proselytize throughout the country. ·
Discovery
of the chemical elements: Robert Bunsen discovers caesium and rubidium. ·
German chemist Albert Niemann makes
a detailed analysis of the coca leaf, isolating
and purifying the alkaloid, which he
calls cocaine.[3] ·
Napoleon III, Emperor of the French,
and Empress Eugénie visit Algiers and stay at the Casbah of Algiers.[4] ·
Augustana
College is founded in Chicago, Illinois by Scandinavian
immigrants.[5] ·
Britain produces 20% of the entire
world's output of industrial goods. ·
The Russian Empire has c. 1,250 miles
(2,010 km) of railroads. ·
The American South has c. 4 million slaves. ·
1860–1900–
14 million immigrants come to the United States. ·
The birth of Fish & Chips. Fish and
Chips were sold for the first time in the UK during this year [6] Births[edit] January–June[edit]
·
January 3 – Kato Takaaki, 24th Prime Minister of
Japan (d. 1926) ·
January 8 – Emma
Booth, fourth child of William and Catherine Booth (d. 1903) ·
Charles K. French,
American actor, film director, and screenwriter (d. 1952) ·
Douglas Hyde, 1st President of Ireland
(d. 1949) ·
January 21 – Karl Staaff, Swedish lawyer, politician,
11th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1915) ·
January 25 – Charles Curtis, 31st Vice
President of the United States (d. 1936) ·
January 28 – W. G. Read Mullan,
American Jesuit, academic (d. 1910) ·
William Jacob Baer,
American painter (d. 1941) ·
Anton Chekhov, Russian writer (d. 1904) ·
February 11 – Rachilde, French author (d. 1953) ·
February 14 – Eugen Schiffer, German politician (d. 1954) ·
February 18 – Anders Zorn, Swedish artist (d. 1920) ·
February 25 – Sir William Ashley,
English economic historian (d. 1927) ·
February 28 – Carl Georg Barth, American mathematician, mechanical engineer (d. 1939) ·
February 29 – Herman Hollerith, American businessman,
inventor (d. 1929) ·
March 2 – Susanna M. Salter,
first woman mayor in the United States (d. 1961) ·
March 5 – Sam Thompson, American baseball player
(d. 1922) ·
March 13 – Hugo Wolf, Austrian composer (d. 1903) ·
March 19 – William Jennings
Bryan, American politician (d. 1925) ·
March 27 – Frank Frost Abbott,
American classical scholar (d. 1924) ·
April 1 – Sergey Reformatsky,
Russian chemist (d. 1934) ·
April 7 – Will Keith Kellogg,
American industrialist, founder of the Kellogg Company (d. 1951) ·
May 2 – Theodor Herzl, Austrian founder of modern
political Zionism (d. 1904) ·
May 7 – Tom Norman, English freak showman (d. 1930) ·
May 9 – J. M. Barrie, Scottish author (d. 1937) ·
May 15 – Ellen Axson Wilson, First
Lady of the United States (d. 1914) ·
May 20 – Eduard Buchner, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 1917) ·
May 21 – Willem Einthoven, Dutch inventor, recipient
of the Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1927) ·
May 25 – James McKeen Cattell,
American psychologist (d. 1944) ·
May 27 – Manuel Teixeira
Gomes, 7th President of Portugal (d. 1941) ·
May 29 – Isaac Albéniz, Spanish composer (d. 1909) ·
June 13 – Lancelot Speed, British illustrator, silent
film director (d. 1931) ·
June 20 – Jack Worrall, Australian cricketer,
footballer, and coach (d. 1937) ·
June 22 – Tom O'Brien,
American 19th century baseball player (d. 1921) ·
June 23 – Albert Giraud, Belgian poet (d. 1929) ·
June 25 – Gustave Charpentier,
French composer (d. 1956) July–December[edit]
·
July 3 – Charlotte
Perkins Gilman, American feminist (d. 1935) ·
July 7 – Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer (d. 1911) ·
July 16 – Otto Jespersen, Danish linguist, creator
of Ido and Novial languages (d.1943) ·
July 19 – Lizzie Borden, American murder suspect
(d. 1927) ·
July 31 – Sir
George Warrender, 7th Baronet, British admiral (d. 1917) ·
August 3 – William Kennedy
Dickson, Scottish inventor, cinema pioneer, and film director
(d. 1935) ·
August 7 – Alan Leo, British astrologer (d. 1917) ·
August 8 – Eliza Putnam Heaton,
American journalist and editor (d. 1919) ·
August 10 – Vishnu Narayan
Bhatkhande, Indian musician (d. 1936) ·
August 13 – Annie Oakley, American Wild West show
performer (d. 1926) ·
Henrietta Vinton
Davis, American elocutionist, dramatist, and impersonator
(d. 1941) ·
Florence Harding, First
Lady of the United States (d. 1924) ·
August 16 – Jules Laforgue, French poet (d. 1887) ·
August 20 – Raymond Poincaré,
French president (d. 1934) ·
August 22 – Alfred Ploetz, German physician, biologist,
and eugenicist (d. 1940) ·
August 25 – George Fawcett, American actor (d. 1939) ·
August 26 – Eudora Stone
Bumstead, American poet and hymnwriter (d. 1892) ·
September 1 – Mary E. C. Bancker,
American author (unknown year of death) ·
September 2 – Georgina Fraser
Newhall, Canadian author and the bardess of the Clan Fraser
Society of Canada (d. 1932) ·
September 5 – Andrew Volstead, American politician
(d. 1947) ·
September 6 – Jane Addams, American social worker,
recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1935) ·
September 7 – Anna Mary Robertson Moses
(aka Grandma Moses),
American painter, centenarian (d. 1961) ·
September 13 – John J. Pershing, American general (d. 1948) ·
September 15 – Mokshagundam
Visvesvarayya, Indian engineer, statesman (d. 1962) ·
October 23 – Molly Elliot Seawell,
American historian (d. 916) ·
October 31 – Juliette Gordon Low,
American founder of the Girl Scouts (d. 1927) ·
November 1 – Boies Penrose, United States Senator from Pennsylvania
(d. 1921) ·
November 2 – Soapy Smith, American con artist and
gangster (d. 1898) ·
November 6 – Ignacy Jan
Paderewski, Polish pianist and composer (d. 1941) ·
November 16 – John Henry Kirby, Texas legislator, American
businessman (d. 1940) ·
November 23 – Hjalmar Branting, Prime Minister
of Sweden, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1925) ·
December 4 – Charles de
Broqueville, Belgian Prime Minister (d. 1940) ·
December 7 – Joseph Cook, 6th Prime
Minister of Australia (d. 1947) ·
Niels Ryberg Finsen,
Danish physician, recipient of the Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1904) ·
Abner Powell, American Major league
baseball player (d. 1953) ·
December 25 – Manuel Dimech, Maltese philosopher, social
reformer (d. 1921) ·
Joseph S. Cullinan,
American oil industrialist, founder of Texaco (d. 1937) ·
John T. Thompson, United States Army
officer, inventor of the Tommy gun (d. 1940) Date Unknown[edit] ·
Auguste Adib Pacha,
2-time Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 1936) Deaths[edit] January–June[edit]
·
January 1 – Thomas Hobbes Scott,
English clergyman (b. 1783) ·
January 5 – John Neumann, Saint and Roman
Catholic Bishop of Philadelphia (b. 1811) ·
January 10 – Ezequiel Zamora, leader of the Federalist
Army in Venezuela (b. 1817) ·
January 13 – William
Mason, American politician (b. 1786) ·
January 18 – John Nelson (lawyer),
American lawyer (b. 1791) ·
January 26 – Eliza Lee Cabot
Follen, American writer (b. 1787) ·
János Bolyai, Hungarian mathematician
(b. 1802) ·
Thomas Brisbane, Scottish astronomer
(b. 1773) ·
January 29 – ·
Ernst Moritz Arndt,
German writer, poet (b. 1769) ·
Stéphanie de
Beauharnais, Grand Duchess of Baden (b. 1789) ·
February 29 – George Bridgetower,
Afro-Polish violinist (b. 1778) ·
March 6 – Justus
Johann Friedrich Dotzauer, German cellist, composer (b. 1783) ·
March 14 – Carl Ritter von
Ghega, Albanian-born Venetian road engineer (b. 1802) ·
March 17 – Anna Brownell
Jameson, British author (b. 1794) ·
March 25 – James Braid,
Scottish surgeon (b. 1795) ·
May 1 – Anders Sandøe Ørsted,
3rd Prime Minister of Denmark (b. 1778) ·
May 10 – Theodore Parker, American preacher,
Transcendentalist, and abolitionist (b. 1810) ·
May 12 – Sir Charles Barry, English architect (b. 1795) ·
May 16 – Anne Isabella
Milbanke, English wife of Lord Byron (b. 1792) ·
May 21 – Phineas Gage, improbable American head
injury survivor (b. 1823) ·
June 18 – Friedrich
Wilhelm von Bismarck, German army officer, writer (b. 1783) ·
June 30 – Gotthilf
Heinrich von Schubert, German naturalist (b. 1780) July–December[edit]
·
July 1 – Charles Goodyear, American inventor
(b. 1800) ·
September 12 – William
Walker, American filibuster who was briefly President of Nicaragua (executed) (b. 1824) ·
September 21 – Arthur Schopenhauer,
German philosopher (b. 1788) ·
October 12 – Sir Harry
Smith, English soldier, military commander (b. 1787) ·
October 22 – Wanda Malecka, Polish publisher (b. 1800) ·
October 31 – Thomas
Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, British admiral (b. 1775) ·
November 1 – Alexandra
Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia), Empress Consort of Russian
Emperor Nicholas I (b. 1798) ·
December 8 – Mary Hall Barrett
Adams, American book editor and letter writer (b. 1816) ·
December 14 – George
Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, Prime
Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1784) Date unknown[edit] ·
Dai Xi, Chinese painter (b. 1801) References[edit] 1. ^ See http://www.artistsriflesassociation.org/regiment-artists-rifles.htm. 2. ^ Among those rescued at sea is the
crew of the brig Hannah, captained by George
Jezzard, the great-great-great-grandfather of actor David Suchet. 3. ^ Niemann, Albert (1860). On
a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves ("Über eine
neue organische Base in den Cocablättern", published version of Ph.D.
dissertation). 4. ^ "Interior
of Governors Palace, Algiers, Algeria". World Digital
Library. 1899. Retrieved 2013-09-25. 5. ^ The college moves to Paxton, Illinois, in 1862 and
eventually splits into a Swedish college in Rock Island, Illinois, in 1875,
and a Norwegian college in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, in 1918. 6. ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips |
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