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1861 (MDCCCLXI) was
a common year starting
on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and
a common
year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1861st year of
the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the
861st year of the 2nd millennium,
the 61st year of the 19th century,
and the 2nd year of the 1860s decade. As of
the start of 1861, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian
calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Contents · 1Events · 2Births · 3Deaths Events[edit] January–March[edit] ·
Benito Juárez captures Mexico City. ·
The
first steam-powered carousel is
recorded, in Bolton, England.[1] ·
January 2 – Friedrich
Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies, and is succeeded by Wilhelm I. ·
January 3 – American Civil War: Delaware votes not to secede from
the Union. ·
January 9 – American Civil War: Mississippi becomes the second state to
secede from the Union. ·
January 10 – American Civil War: Florida secedes from the Union. ·
January 11 – American Civil War: Alabama secedes from the Union. ·
January 12 – American Civil War:
Major Robert
Anderson sends dispatches to Washington. ·
January 19 – American Civil War: Georgia secedes
from the Union. ·
January 21 – American Civil War: Jefferson Davis resigns from the United States Senate. ·
January 26 – American Civil War: Louisiana secedes from the Union. ·
January 29 – Kansas is admitted as the 34th U.S. state. ·
February 1 – American Civil War: Texas secedes from the Union. ·
February 4 – American Civil War:
In Montgomery, Alabama,
the Provisional
Confederate States Congress is formed by representatives from
the first seven break-away states. ·
February 8 – American Civil War:
The Confederate
States of America are formed, comprising the first seven
break-away States. ·
February 9 – American Civil War:
Jefferson Davis is elected the Provisional President of the Confederate
States of America, by the Weed Convention at Montgomery, Alabama. ·
American Civil War:
The U.S. House unanimously passes a resolution, guaranteeing non-interference
with slavery in any state. ·
About
850 convicts at Chatham Dockyard in
England take over their prison in a riot.[2] ·
February 13 – Italian unification:
The Siege of Gaeta,
stronghold of the Neapolitan King Francis II,
is ended by Piedmontese forces. Francis goes into exile. ·
February 18 – American Civil War:
In Montgomery, Alabama, Jefferson Davis is inaugurated as the provisional
president of the Confederate States of America. ·
February 20 – In Britain, storms damage
the Crystal Palace and
cause the collapse of the steeple of Chichester Cathedral.[3] ·
February 23 – President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in
Washington, D.C. after an assassination attempt in Baltimore. ·
February 24 – Battle of Ky Hoa: the French and the Spanish
defeat the Vietnamese.[4] ·
February 27 – Russian troops fire upon
a crowd in Warsaw protesting Russian rule over
Poland, killing 5 protesters. ·
February 28 – Colorado is
organized as a United States
territory. ·
March 2 ·
Nevada is organized as a United States
territory. ·
American Civil War: Texas is admitted to the Confederate
States of America. ·
March 3 (February 19 O.S.) – Emancipation
reform of 1861: Serfdom is abolished in the Russian Empire. ·
March 4 ·
Abraham Lincoln is sworn
in, as the 16th President of the United States.[5] ·
American Civil War:
The "Stars and Bars"
is adopted as the flag of the Confederate
States of America. ·
March 10 – El Hadj Umar Tall seizes
the city of Ségou, destroying
the Bamana Empire of Mali. ·
March 11 – American Civil War:
The Constitution of
the Confederate
States of America is adopted. ·
March 13 – Tsushima incident:
The Russian corvette Posadnik arrives at Tsushima Island in the Korea Strait, Japan, provoking a reaction
from the Japanese Shogunate. ·
March 17 – Italian unification:
The Kingdom of Italy is
proclaimed by the new Parliament, with Victor
Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia becoming
its king. ·
March 19 – The First Taranaki War ends
in New Zealand. ·
March 20 ·
An earthquake completely
destroys Mendoza, Argentina. ·
Italian
unification: The surrender of Civitella del Tronto ends
the Kingdom of
the Two Sicilies. ·
March 21 – Alexander Stephens, Vice President of the Confederacy, gives the
infamous Cornerstone Speech in Savannah, Georgia,
in which he declares that slavery is the natural condition of blacks, and the
foundation of the Confederacy. ·
March 28 – Confederate Arizona:
convention in present-day Tucson ratified the ordinance of secession of southern
part of New Mexico Territory. ·
March 30 – Discovery
of the chemical elements: Sir William Crookes announces his discovery
of thallium.
American Civil War:
in 1861 April–June[edit] ·
April 7 – A population census is taken
in the United Kingdom. ·
April 12 – The American Civil War begins
with the bombardment of Fort Sumter, South Carolina. ·
April 13 – American Civil War: Fort Sumter surrenders to Southern
forces.
April 12–April 13: Fort Sumter ·
April 15 – American Civil War:
President Abraham Lincoln issues a Proclamation calling for 75,000 men to
confront in the South, "combinations too powerful to be suppressed in
the ordinary way". ·
April 17 – American Civil War:
The state of Virginia secedes
from the Union. ·
April 20 – American Civil War: Robert E. Lee resigns his commission in
the United States Army, in order to command the forces of the state of Virginia. ·
April 24 (N.S.) – Bezdna, Russia is the scene of a peasant
uprising; the military open fire and nearly 5,000 are killed.[6] ·
April 25 – American Civil War:
The Union Army arrives in Washington, D.C. ·
April 26 – Giovanni
Schiaparelli discovers the asteroid 69 Hesperia. ·
April 27 – American Civil War: ·
President Abraham Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas
corpus in the United States. ·
May 6 – American Civil War: Arkansas secedes from the Union. ·
May 7 – American Civil War: Tennessee secedes from the Union. ·
May 8 – American Civil War: Richmond, Virginia is
named the capital of the Confederate
States of America. ·
May 13 ·
North Star Affair:
The British merchant ship North Star leaves Hong Kong for
Nagasaki, Japan. Chinese pirates board the vessel, kill an officer, and
escape with a large quantity of gold.[7] ·
American Civil War: Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom
issues a "proclamation of neutrality", which recognizes the breakaway
states as having belligerent rights. ·
Comet C/1861 J1 (the "Great Comet of
1861") is discovered in Australia.
·
May 14 – The Canellas meteorite, an
859 gram chondrite type meteorite, strikes Earth near Barcelona, Spain. ·
May 20 – American Civil War: ·
Kentucky proclaims its neutrality, which lasts until September 3, when Confederate forces
enter the state. ·
North Carolina secedes from the Union. ·
May 21 – Russian sailors clash with a
group of Japanese samurai and farmers, at Tsushima island.[8] ·
May 23 – American Civil War:
The state of Virginia's ordinance
of secession from the United States is ratified in a
referendum held on May 23, 1861. ·
May 29 – The Hong
Kong General Chamber of Commerce is established. ·
June 9 – The Règlement
Organique: With the approval of European powers, the Mount Lebanon
Mutasarrifate is established as a semi-autonomous
sub-division separate from the Sidon Eyalet. An Ottoman Armenian, Davud
Pasha, is appointed Mutasarrıf by the Ottoman Sultan. ·
June 15 – Benito Juárez is formally elected
President of Mexico; he temporarily stops the payments of foreign debt. ·
June 22 – Tooley Street
fire starts and takes the life of James
Braidwood first director of the London Fire Brigade. ·
June 25 – Abdülmecid I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1839–1861)
dies and is succeeded by Abdülaziz (1861–1876). July–September[edit] ·
July 1 ·
The
first issue of the Vatican's
newspaper L'Osservatore Romano is
published. ·
Taiping Rebellion – Battle of
Shanghai: French and Imperial Chinese troops defeat Taiping
forces. ·
July 2 – Ivan Kasatkin lands
on Hakodate, and introduces the Eastern Orthodox
Church into Japan. ·
July 12 – The Confederate States sign
a Treaty
with Choctaws and Chickasaws in Indian
Territory. ·
July 13 – American Civil War:
The Battle of
Corrick's Ford takes place in western Virginia. ·
July 21 – American Civil War: First Battle of
Bull Run: At Manassas
Junction, Virginia, the first major battle of the war ends in
a Confederate victory. ·
July 25 – American Civil War:
The Crittenden–Johnson
Resolution is passed by the U.S. Congress,
stating that the war is being fought to preserve the Union, and not to
end slavery. ·
July 26 – American Civil War: George B. McClellan assumes
command of the Army of the Potomac,
following the disastrous Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run.
·
August 5 ·
American Civil War:
In order to help pay for the war effort, the United States government issues
the first income tax as
part of the Revenue Act of 1861 (3%
of all incomes over US$800; rescinded in 1872). ·
The
U.S. Army abolishes flogging. ·
August 10 – American Civil War:
The first major battle west of the Mississippi River,
the Battle of
Wilson's Creek, is fought, with a Confederate victory. ·
August 19 – Weisshorn, the fifth highest summit in the
Alps, is first ascended. ·
August 20–22 – The first modern Welsh National
Eisteddfod takes place in Aberdare.[9] ·
August 27 – Martin Doyle's is the
last execution in
Britain for attempted murder. ·
September – The first complete
identified remains of Archaeopteryx are discovered in
Germany. ·
September 3 – American Civil War: Confederate General Leonidas Polk invades neutral Kentucky, prompting the state legislature to
ask for Union assistance. ·
September 6 – American Civil War:
Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant bloodlessly
capture Paducah, Kentucky,
which gives the Union control of the mouth of the Tennessee River. ·
September 17; Argentine Civil War: Battle of Pavón:
Victory of Buenos Aires over
the Argentine
Confederation, and the re-unification of Argentina.
October–December[edit] ·
October 9 – American Civil War: Battle of
Santa Rosa Island – Confederate forces are defeated in their
effort to take the island. ·
October 21 – American Civil War: Battle of Ball's
Bluff – Union forces under Colonel Edward Baker are
defeated by Confederate troops,
in the second major battle of the war. Baker, a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, is also killed in the
fighting. ·
October 24 – HMS Warrior,
the world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled armored battleship, is
completed and commissioned into the British Royal Navy. ·
October 25 – The Toronto Stock
Exchange is established in Canada. ·
October 26 – The Pony Express American transcontinental
mail service announces its closure. ·
October 28 – American Civil War:
The Missouri legislature takes up a bill
for Missouri's secession from the Union. ·
October 30 – American Civil War:
The bill for Missouri's secession from the Union is passed. ·
The
Spanish, French and British governments sign a tripartite agreement to
intervene in Mexico, in the hope of recovering unpaid debts.[10] ·
The Missouri secession bill
is signed by Governor Jackson. ·
American Civil War:
Citing failing health, 75-year-old Union General Winfield Scott resigns as Commander of
the United States Army. ·
November 1 – American Civil War:
U.S. President Abraham Lincoln appoints George B. McClellan as
commander of the Union Army,
replacing Winfield Scott. ·
November 2 – American Civil War:
Western Department Union General John C. Frémont is
relieved of command and replaced by David Hunter. ·
November 6 – American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is elected president of
the Confederate
States of America. ·
November 5 – The first Melbourne Cup horse race is held
in Melbourne, Australia. ·
November 7 – American Civil War – Battle of Belmont:
In Belmont, Missouri, Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant (in his first combat
leadership role) overrun a Confederate camp,
but are forced to retreat when Confederate reinforcements arrive. ·
November 8 – American Civil War – Trent Affair:
The USS San
Jacinto stops the United Kingdom mail ship Trent,
and arrests two Confederate envoys, James Mason and John Slidell, sparking a diplomatic crisis
between the U.K. and U.S. ·
November 10 – Following the death
of Henri Mouhot, his
servant Phrai begins shipping his diaries and specimens back to the west;
they include accounts of Mouhot's discovery of Angkor Wat. ·
November 19 – American Civil War: Battle of Round
Mountain in Indian Territory (modern-day Oklahoma). ·
November 21 – American Civil War: Confederate President
Jefferson Davis appoints Judah Benjamin Secretary of War. ·
November 25 – A tenement collapses in the Old Town, Edinburgh (Scotland),
killing 35 with 15 survivors. ·
November 28 – Acting on the ordinance
passed by the Jackson government, the Confederate Congress admits Missouri as
the 12th Confederate state. ·
American Civil War: Kentucky is
accepted into the Confederate
States of America. ·
In
southern French Indochina,
resistance forces led by Nguyễn
Trung Trực ambush, board and sink the French lorcha (boat) L'Esperance on
the Nhat Tao canal. ·
December 21 - Medal of Honor: Public Resolution 82,
containing a provision for a Navy Medal of Valor, is signed into law by President
Abraham Lincoln. Date unknown[edit] ·
The British Empire establishes bases
in Lagos to stop the slave trade. ·
The Perpetual
Truce of Peace and Friendship is signed between
Bahrain and the United Kingdom. ·
The
first industrial meat packing plant in
Uruguay is established, at Fray Bentos. ·
The Royal Seminary become the first public institution of higher
academic learning open to women in Sweden. Births[edit] January–June[edit]
·
January 6 – János Zsupánek, Slovene (Prekmurje Slovene)
poet and writer (d. 1951) ·
January 10 – Metropolitan Germogen (d. 1945) ·
January 14 – Mehmed VI, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1926) ·
January 28 – Julián Felipe, Filipino musician, bandleader
(d. 1944) ·
January 30 – Charles Martin
Loeffler, American composer (d. 1935) ·
February 12 – Lou Andreas-Salomé,
Russian-born author (d. 1937) ·
February 15 – Charles Édouard
Guillaume, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 1938) ·
February 17 – Princess
Helena, Duchess of Albany (d. 1922) ·
February 19 – Henry Horne,
1st Baron Horne, British general (d. 1929) ·
Mabelle Biggart, American elocutionist
(unknown year of death) ·
Katō
Tomosaburō, Imperial Japanese Navy officer, 12th Prime Minister of
Japan (d. 1923) ·
February 26 – King Ferdinand of
Bulgaria (d. 1948) ·
February 27 – Rudolf Steiner, Austrian philosopher, social
reformer and author (d. 1925) ·
March 2 – Nikola Ivanov, Bulgarian general (d. 1940) ·
March 12 – József Konkolics,
Hungarian Slovene writer (d. 1941) ·
March 21 – Charles Swickard, German-American film
director (d. 1929) ·
April 2 – Iván Persa, Hungarian Slovene writer,
Catholic priest (d. 1935) ·
April 6 – Stanislas de Guaita,
French poet (d. 1897) ·
April 8 – Son Byong-hi, Korean
independence activist (d. 1922) ·
April 15 – Bliss Carman, Canadian poet (d. 1929) ·
April 22 – István Tisza, 2-time Prime Minister of
Hungary (d. 1918) ·
April 23 ·
Edmund
Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby, British soldier, administrator
(d. 1936) ·
John Peltz, American professional baseball
player (d. 1906) ·
April 24 – Hedda Andersson, Swedish physician (d. 1950) ·
May 5 – Peter Cooper Hewitt,
American electrical engineer, inventor (d. 1921) ·
May 7 – Rabindranath Tagore,
Indian writer, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 1941) ·
May 11 – Frederick
Russell Burnham, American scouter(d. 1947) ·
May 14 – Harro Magnussen, German sculptor (d. 1908) ·
May 16 – Herman Webster
Mudgett (alias H. H. Holmes), American serial killer
(d. 1896) ·
May 24 – Gerald
Strickland, 4th Prime Minister of Malta, 23rd Governor of New
South Wales, 15th Governor of Western Australia and 9th Governor of Tasmania
(d. 1940) ·
May 25 – Julia Boynton Green,
American poet (d. 1947) ·
June 2 – Helen Herron Taft,
First Lady of the United States (d. 1943) ·
June 12 – William Attewell, English cricketer
(d. 1927) ·
June 19 – Doctor José Rizal, Philippine national hero
(d. 1896) ·
June 20 – Frederick
Gowland Hopkins, English biochemist, recipient of the Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1947) ·
June 22 – Maximilian von Spee,
German admiral (d. 1914) July–December[edit]
·
July 14 – Kate M. Gordon, American suffragette
(d. 1932) ·
August 4 – Henry Head, English neurologist (d. 1940) ·
August 6 – Edith Roosevelt, First
Lady of the United States (d. 1948) ·
August 7 – Spencer S. Wood, United States Navy rear
admiral (d. 1940) ·
August 10 – Almroth Wright, British bacteriologist,
immunologist (d. 1947) ·
September 2 – Henrietta Crosman,
American stage, film actress (d. 1944) ·
September 10 – Niels Hansen
Jacobsen, Danish sculptor, ceramist (d. 1941) ·
Juhani Aho, Finnish author, journalist (d. 1921) ·
Erich von Falkenhayn,
German general (d. 1922) ·
Robert Bosch, German industrialist, engineer
and inventor (d. 1942) ·
Mary Elizabeth
Coleridge, British poet, novelist (d. 1907) ·
September 28 – Wilhelm Diegelmann,
German actor (d. 1934) ·
September 30 – William Wrigley, Jr.,
American chewing gum industrialist (d. 1932) ·
October 4 – Frederic S. Remington,
American cowboy artist, sculptor (d. 1909) ·
October 6 – Myra Belle Martin,
American financier (unknown year of death) ·
October 10 – Fridtjof Nansen, Norwegian explorer,
scientist, and humanitarian, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1930) ·
Arvid Järnefelt,
Finnish author (d. 1932) ·
J. B. Bury, British historian (d. 1927) ·
October 23 – Margaret McKellar,
Scottish-born Canadian medical missionary ·
October 24 – Alexey Kaledin, Russian general (d. 1918) ·
October 30 – Antoine Bourdelle,
French sculptor (d. 1929) ·
November 4 – Dimitrios Ioannou,
Greek general (d. 1926) ·
November 6 – James Naismith, Canadian inventor of
basketball (d. 1939) ·
November 10 – Bessie Alexander
Ficklen, American doggerel poet and hand puppet specialist
(d. 1945) ·
November 11 – Elsa Eschelsson, Swedish scholar (d. 1911) ·
November 23 – Clara H. Hazelrigg,
American author, educator and reformer (d. 1937) ·
Lillian Russell, American singer, vaudeville
star (d. 1922) ·
Hannes Hafstein, 1st Prime Minister
of Iceland (d. 1922) ·
December 5 – Armando Diaz, Italian general, Marshal of
Italy (d. 1928) ·
Aristide Maillol, French sculptor (d. 1944) ·
Georges Méliès,
French film director (d. 1938) ·
Pehr Evind
Svinhufvud, Prime Minister and President of Finland (d. 1944) ·
Charles Duryea, American manufacturer of
motor vehicles (d. 1938) ·
December 16 – Antonio de La
Gándara, French painter (d. 1917) ·
December 20 – Ivana Kobilca, Slovenian painter (d. 1926) ·
December 29 – Kurt Hensel, German mathematician (d. 1941) Date unknown[edit] ·
Dixie Haygood, American magician (d. 1915) ·
Florence Huntley, American humorist and
occult author (d. 1912) ·
William H. Stayton,
American founder of the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment (d. 1953) ·
Vengayil
Kunhiraman Nayanar, Malayali journalist and short story
writer (d. 1914) ·
Kallirhoe Parren, founder of the Greek
women's movement (d. 1940) ·
Victoire
Jean-Baptiste, Haitian politician (d. 1923) ·
Abba Jifar II, king of the Gibe Kingdom of Jimma (d. 1932) Deaths[edit] January–June[edit]
Frederick
William IV of Prussia
·
January 2 – King Frederick
William IV of Prussia (b. 1795) ·
January 17 – Lola Montez, Irish-born dancer, mistress of
King Ludwig I of Bavaria (b. 1821) ·
January 19 – Albert Niemann,
German chemist (b. 1834) ·
March 10 – Taras Shevchenko, Ukrainian poet (b. 1814) ·
March 16 – Princess
Victoria, Duchess of Kent and Strathearn, mother of Queen Victoria (b. 1786) ·
April 15 – Isaiah Stillman, U.S. Army Major in
the Black Hawk War (b. 1793) ·
May 29 – Joachim Lelewel, Polish nationalist
historian (b. 1786) ·
June 3 – Stephen A. Douglas,
American Senator from Illinois, Democratic Presidential candidate (b. 1813) ·
June 6 – Camillo
Benso, Count of Cavour, 1st Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1810) ·
June 13 – Richard
Lawrence, failed assassin of Andrew Jackson (b. 1800) ·
June 25 – Abdülmecid I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1823) ·
June 29 – Elizabeth
Barrett Browning, English poet (b. 1806) July–December[edit]
·
July 22 – Barnard Elliott
Bee, Jr., Confederate general (b. 1824) ·
July 25 – Jonas Furrer, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1805) ·
August 10 – Nathaniel Lyon, first Union Army General to die in combat in
the American Civil War (b. 1818) ·
August 12 – Eliphalet Remington,
American gunsmith, founder of Remington Arms (b. 1793) ·
August 17 – Alcée Louis la
Branche, American politician (b. 1806) ·
August 22 – Xianfeng Emperor, 9th emperor of the Qing Dynasty (b. 1831) ·
August 24 – Pierre Berthier, French geologist (b. 1782) ·
August 28 – William Lyon
Mackenzie, Scottish journalist, 1st Mayor of Toronto (b. 1795) ·
September 7 – Willie Person Mangum,
American politician (b. 1792) ·
October 4 – Archibald
Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton, British politician (b. 1812) ·
October 5 – Antoni
Melchior Fijałkowski, Polish bishop (b. 1778) ·
October 10 – Phoebe Hinsdale
Brown, American hymnwriter (b. 1783) ·
October 26 – Edward
"Ned" Kendall, American bandleader, instrumentalist
(keyed bugle) (b. 1808) ·
October 31 – Guillermo (William) Miller, English-born
military leader in Peru (b. 1795) ·
November 7 – Isobel Gunn, Scottish business person
(b. 1780) ·
November 11 – King Pedro V of Portugal (b. 1837) ·
December 14 – Prince Albert,
husband of Queen Victoria (b. 1819) ·
December 18 – Ernst Anschütz,
German teacher, organist, poet, and composer (b. 1780) References[edit] 1.
^ "Fairground Rides - A Chronological
Development". National Fairground Archive. University of
Sheffield. 2007. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011.
Retrieved 2011-08-24. 2.
^ BBC History Magazine (February 2011) p. 11. 3.
^ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin
Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0. 4.
^ Weider History Group: 1861 French Conquest of Saigon:
Battle of the Ky Hoa Forts. Accessed 11 March 2013 5.
^ "The Lincoln Bible". World Digital
Library. 1853. Retrieved 2013-09-02. 6.
^ http://education.cambridge.org/media/577146
"Imperial Russia,
revolutions_and_the_emergence_of_the_Soviet_state". Accessed
11 March 2013 7.
^ Sellick, Douglas R. G. (2010). Pirate Outrages:
True Stories of Terror on the China Seas. Fremantle Press. ISBN 1-921696-07-9. 8.
^ Michael R. Auslin (2009). Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and
the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy. Harvard University Press.
p. 77. ISBN 978-0-674-02031-3. 9.
^ "Establishing a National Body, 1860". National
Museum Wales. 10.
^ US Department of State - Office of the Historian:
Milestones: 1861-1865 Archived October 23, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.. Accessed 11 March 2013 Further reading[edit] ·
American Annual Cyclopaedia for 1861 (N.Y.: Appleton's, 1864), an extensive
collection of reports on each country in the world and each American state,
Congress, and US Civil War; and many other topics |
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