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1866 (MDCCCLXVI) was
a common year starting
on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and
a common
year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1866th year of
the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the
866th year of the 2nd millennium,
the 66th year of the 19th century,
and the 7th year of the 1860s decade. As of
the start of 1866, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian
calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Contents · 1Events · 2Births · 3Deaths Events[edit] January–March[edit] ·
Fisk University, a historically
black university, is established in Nashville, Tennessee. ·
The
last issue of the abolitionist magazine The
Liberator was published. ·
January 6 – Ottoman troops clash with supporters
of Maronite leader Youssef Bey Karam,
at St. Doumit in Lebanon; the Ottomans
are defeated. ·
The Royal
Aeronautical Society is formed as The
Aeronautical Society of Great Britain in London, the world's oldest such society. ·
British
auxiliary steamer SS London (1864) sinks
in a storm in the Bay of Biscay,
on passage from the Thames to Australia, with the loss of 244 people, and
only 19 survivors. ·
January 18 – Wesley College,
Melbourne is established. ·
January 26 – Volcanic eruption in
the Santorini caldera begins. ·
February 7 – Battle of Abtao: A Spanish naval squadron
fights a combined Peruvian-Chilean fleet, at the island of Abtao,
in the Chiloé Archipelago of
central Chile. ·
February 13 – The first daylight bank robbery in United States history
during peacetime takes place in Liberty, Missouri.
This is considered to be the first robbery committed by Jesse James and his gang, although
James's role is disputed. ·
February 26 – The Calaveras Skull is discovered in California. Purported to be evidence of
humans in North America during the Pliocene epoch, it turns out to be
a hoax. ·
February 28 – The month concludes
without having a full moon. ·
March 13 – The United States
Congress overwhelmingly passes the Civil Rights Act
of 1866, the first federal legislation to protect the rights of
African-Americans; U.S. President Andrew Johnson vetoes the bill on March
27, and Congress overrides the veto on April 9.[1] ·
March 31 – A total lunar eclipse
occurs. April–June[edit] ·
April 4 – Alexander II of
Russia narrowly escapes an assassination attempt in the city
of St Petersburg. ·
April 8 – The kingdoms of Italy and Prussia form
an alliance against the Austrian Empire. ·
April 10 – The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals (ASPCA) is founded in New York City by Henry Bergh. ·
May 2 – Battle of Callao: Peruvian defenders
fight the Spanish fleet. ·
May 7 – Student Ferdinand
Cohen-Blind makes a failed attempt to assassinate Otto von Bismarck in Unter den Lindenin Berlin.
May 16: U.S. nickel coin
approved. ·
May 10 – London bank Overend,
Gurney and Company collapses, precipitating Panic of 1866. ·
May 16 – The United States
Congress approves the minting of a nickel 5-cent coin (nickel),
eliminating its predecessor, the half dime. ·
May 24 – Battle of Tuyutí:
32,000 soldiers of the Triple Alliance defeat 24,000 Paraguayan soldiers few
miles north of the Paraná, Argentina in
the Paraguayan War,
with 16,000 casualties. ·
May 26 – First production of the comic opera Cox and Box by F. C. Burnand and Arthur Sullivan at Moray Lodge, Kensington ·
June 2 – Fenian forces skirmish with Canadian
militia at the battles of Ridgeway and Fort Erie. ·
June 5 – Calculations indicate Pluto (not known at this time) reaches
its only aphelion (furthest point from the Sun)
between 1618 and August 2113. ·
June 8 – The Canadian Parliament meets
for the first time in Ottawa. ·
June 11 – The Agra High Court is established (later
shifted to the Allahabad High Court). ·
June 14 – The Austro-Prussian War begins,
when the Austrians and most of the medium German states declare war on
Prussia. ·
June 20 – The Kingdom of Italy declares
war on Austria. ·
June 22 – In Sweden, the Riksdag of the
Estates votes to replace itself by an elected
two-chamber Riksdag. ·
June 27–29 – Battle of
Langensalza: The Prussians defeat the Hanoverian army. July–September[edit] ·
July 3 – Battle of Königgrätz:
the Prussian army under King Wilhelm and Helmuth von
Moltke defeats the Austrian army of Ludwig von Benedek,
leading to a decisive Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War. ·
July 5 – Princess
Helena, third daughter of Queen Victoria, marries Prince
Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. ·
July 13 (July 1 Old Style) – The first Constitution of Romania is issued. ·
July 20 – Naval Battle of Lissa:
The Austrian fleet under Wilhelm von
Tegetthoff defeats the Italian fleet of Carlo di Persano. ·
July 24 – Reconstruction: Tennessee becomes the first U.S. state to be readmitted to
the Union following
the American Civil War. ·
July 25 – The United States
Congress passes legislation authorizing the rank of General of the Army (now
called "5-star general"); Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant becomes the first to
have this rank.
July 27: Atlantic Cable was completed ·
July 27 – The SS Great Eastern successfully
completes laying the transatlantic
telegraph cable between Valentia Island, Ireland and Heart's
Content, Newfoundland, permanently restoring a communications
link. ·
July 28 – The Metric Act of
1866 becomes law and legalizes the standardization of weights and measures in
the United States. ·
August 23 – The Treaty of Prague ends
the Austro-Prussian War.
The Duchy of Limburg leaves
the German Confederation. ·
September
– The Great Tea Race of
1866 ends in London, narrowly won by the clipper ship Taeping. ·
September 22 – Paraguay successfully defends Curupayty against
the Triple Alliance in the Paraguayan War, killing more than 5,000 with
just about 50 casualties. October–December[edit]
Alfred Nobel invents dynamite in 1866 ·
October 12 – The Treaty of Vienna ends
the war between Austria and Italy; it formalizes the annexation of Venetia by Italy. ·
October 14 – French troops under the
command of Rear Admiral Pierre-Gustave Roze land
at Ganghwa Island,
Korea as part of a
punitive expedition against that kingdom for the execution of
French Jesuit priests. It is the first
military contact between Korea and a Western force. ·
October 22 – The office of State President of the South African Republic is
created by constitutional amendment approved at a session of the Volksraad.[2] ·
November 7 – The Ruse–Varna railway line (the first railway
in Bulgaria) officially opens. ·
December 12– Oaks explosion: The worst mining disaster in
England kills 383 miners and rescuers. ·
December 18 – The College of Wooster is
founded in Ohio.[3] Date unknown[edit] ·
Federalist revolts occur in Argentina. ·
Alfred Nobel invents dynamite in Germany. ·
Foundation
of the predecessors of Nestlé S.A., the Anglo-Swiss Milk Company
and Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé. ·
The
Minneapolis Milling Company, predecessor of General Mills, builds its own mills. ·
Marcus Jastrow arrives in the United
States to become rabbi of Congregation Rodeph Shalom in Philadelphia. ·
The
recommendations of the state Girl School
Committee of 1866 result in a series of progressive reforms
in women's rights in Sweden. ·
The Famine of 1866–68 begins
in Finland. ·
Erasmus
Jacobs discovers the 21.25 carats (4.250 g) Eureka Diamond near Hopetown on the banks of the Orange River in the Cape of Good Hope. Births[edit] January–March[edit]
·
January 5 – William B. Hanna, American sportswriter
(d. 1930) ·
Emilia Broomé, Swedish politician, feminist
and pacifist (d. 1925) ·
George Gurdjieff, Russian spiritual teacher
(d. 1949) ·
Vasily Kalinnikov,
Russian composer (d. 1901) ·
Nathan Söderblom,
Swedish archbishop, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1931) ·
Horatio Dresser, American New Thought religious leader and writer
(d. 1954) ·
January 16 – Percy Pilcher, English inventor and pioneer
aviator (d. 1899) ·
January 19 – Harry Davenport,
American actor (d. 1949) ·
Romain Rolland, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 1944) ·
Frank Tudor, Australian politician (d. 1922) ·
February 1 – Agda Meyerson, Swedish nurse and healthcare
profession activist (d. 1924) ·
February 2 – Enrique Simonet, Spanish painter (d. 1927) ·
February 9 – George Ade, American writer, newspaper
columnist, and playwright (d. 1944) ·
February 18 – Janko Vukotić, Montenegrin general
(d. 1927) ·
February 19 – Louis-Henri Foreau,
French painter (d. 1938) ·
February 26 – Herbert Henry Dow,
Canadian chemical industrialist (d. 1930) ·
March 5 – Arthur Leopold Busch,
English-born American submarine pioneer (d. 1956) ·
March 7 – Hans Fruhstorfer, German lepidopterist
(d. 1922) ·
March 15 – Matthew Charlton, Australian politician
(d. 1948) ·
March 17 – Pierce Butler, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United
States (d. 1939) ·
March 19 – Emilio de Bono, Italian general and fascist
activist (d. 1944) ·
March 30 – George Van Haltren,
American baseball player (d. 1945) April–June[edit]
·
April 1 ·
William Blomfield,
New Zealand cartoonist (d. 1938) ·
Ferruccio Busoni, Italian pianist and
composer (d. 1924) ·
April 3 – J. B. M. Hertzog, Boer General and 3rd Prime
Minister of South Africa (d. 1942) ·
April 8 – Alfred Allen,
American actor (d. 1947) ·
April 12 – Zainal
Abidin III, Sultan of Terengganu (d. 1918) ·
April 13 – Butch Cassidy, American outlaw (k. 1909) ·
April 14 – Anne Sullivan, American tutor of Helen
Keller (d. 1936) ·
April 17 – Ernest Starling, English physiologist
(d. 1927) ·
April 21 – Josefa Toledo de
Aguirre, Nicaraguan pioneer educator (d. 1962) ·
April 22 – Hans von Seeckt, German general (d. 1936) ·
April 24 – Ishii Kikujirō,
Japanese diplomat (d. 1945) ·
April 30 – Mary
Haviland Stilwell Kuesel, American pioneer dentist (d. 1936) ·
May 5 – Thomas B. Thrige, Danish industrialist
(d. 1938) ·
May 10 ·
Richard H. Jackson,
four-star admiral (d. 1971) ·
Constance Piers, Canadian journalist, poet,
and editor (d. 1939) ·
May 17 – Erik Satie, French composer (d. 1925) ·
May 22 – Charles F. Haanel,
American New Thought author
and businessman (d. 1949) ·
June 4 – Miina Sillanpää,
Finnish politician (d. 1952) ·
June 26 ·
Josef Swickard, German actor (d. 1940) ·
George
Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, English financier of Egyptian
excavations (d. 1923) ·
June 29 – Bartholomeus
Roodenburch, Dutch swimmer (d. 1939) July–September[edit]
·
July 3 – Albert Gottschalk,
Danish painter (d. 1906) ·
July 6 – Charles Mangin, French general (d. 1925) ·
July 9 – Macklyn Arbuckle, American actor (d. 1931) ·
July 13 – La Goulue, French dancer (d. 1929) ·
July 14 – Juliette Wytsman, Belgian painter (d. 1925) ·
July 22 – Mary Onahan Gallery,
American critic (d. 1941) ·
July 25 – Frederick Blackman,
English plant physiologist (d. 1947) ·
July 27 – António José de
Almeida, 6th President of Portugal and 64th Prime Minister of
Portugal (d. 1929) ·
July 28 – Beatrix Potter, English children's author (Peter Rabbit and Jemima
Puddle-Duck) (d. 1943) ·
August 2 – Adrien de Gerlache,
Belgian naval officer and explorer (d. 1934) ·
August 4 – Maurice Schutz, French actor (d. 1955) ·
August 5 – Carl Harries, German chemist (d. 1923) ·
August 8 – Matthew Henson, African-American explorer
(d. 1955) ·
August 12 – Jacinto Benavente,
Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 1954) ·
August 14 – Dmitry Merezhkovsky,
Russian novelist, poet, religious thinker (d. 1941) ·
September 1 – James J. Corbett, American boxer (d. 1933) ·
September 7 – Tristan Bernard, French writer (d. 1947) ·
September 10 – Jeppe Aakjær, Danish poet and novelist
(d. 1930) ·
September 16 – Joe Vila, American sportswriter (d. 1934) ·
Charles Nicolle, French bacteriologist,
recipient of the Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1936) ·
H. G. Wells, English writer (d. 1946) ·
September 22 – Witmer Stone, American ornithologist and
botanist (d. 1939) ·
September 27 – Eurosia Fabris, Italian Catholic Blessed (d. 1932) ·
September 25 – Thomas Hunt Morgan,
American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1945) October–December[edit]
·
October 6 – Reginald Fessenden,
Canadian inventor (d. 1932) ·
Nina Bang, Danish politician (d. 1928) ·
October 12 – Ramsay MacDonald, Scottish Prime
Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1937) ·
October 26 – Dmitri Parsky, Russian general (d. 1921) ·
October 29 – Antonio Luna, Filipino general (d. 1899) ·
November 3 – Paul Lincke, German Composer (d. 1946) ·
November 12 – Sun Yat-sen, Chinese revolutionary (d. 1925) ·
November 16 – Cornelia Sorabji, Indian-born lawyer
(d. 1954) ·
November 27 – George H. Reed, African-American screen actor
(d. 1952) ·
Sy Sanborn, American sportswriter (d. 1934) ·
David Warfield, American stage actor
(d. 1951) ·
Robert Broom, Scottish paleontologist
(d. 1951) ·
Andrey Lyapchev, 22nd Prime Minister of
Bulgaria (d. 1933) ·
December 12 – Alfred Werner, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 1919) ·
December 16 (December 4 O.S.) – Wassily Kandinsky,
Russian-born painter (d. 1944) ·
December 17 – Kazys Grinius, 5th Prime Minister of
Lithuania (d. 1950) ·
December ? – Marie Cahill, American singer and actress
(d. 1933) Date unknown[edit] ·
William M. Dalton,
Wild Western outlaw (d. 1894) Deaths[edit] January–June[edit] ·
January
(date unknown) – Thomas Baldwin Marsh,
American religious leader (b. 1799) ·
January 16 – Phineas Quimby, American physician (b. 1802) ·
January 19 – Harriet Ludlow
Clarke, British artist ·
January 23 – Thomas Love Peacock,
English satirist (b. 1785) ·
January 31 – Friedrich Rückert,
German poet, translator and professor of Oriental languages (b. 1788) ·
February 25 – Sarah Ann Gill, Barbadian national heroine
(b. 1795) ·
March 4 – Alexander
Campbell, Irish/U.S. founder of the Disciples of Christ (b. 1788) ·
March 6 – William Whewell, English scientist,
philosopher and historian of science (b. 1794) ·
March 20 – Rikard Nordraak, Norwegian composer
(b. 1842) ·
March 21 – Nadezhda Durova, first female Russian
military officer (b. 1783) ·
March 28 – Solomon Foot, American politician (b. 1802) ·
March 29 – John Keble, British churchman (b. 1792) ·
April 1 – Elizabeth Jesser
Reid, English social reformer, founder of Bedford College (b. 1789) ·
April 4 – William Dick,
founder of Edinburgh
Veterinary College (b. 1793) ·
April 5 – Thomas Hodgkin, British physician (b. 1798) ·
April 12 – Peter
Hesketh-Fleetwood, English Member of Parliament and developer
(b. 1801) ·
May 13 – Nikolai Brashman, Russian mathematician of
Czech origin (b. 1796) ·
May 29 – Winfield Scott, American general and
presidential candidate (b. 1786) ·
June 7 – Chief Sealth, Native American for whom Seattle is named (b. c. 1786) ·
June 17 – Lewis Cass, American military officer,
politician, and statesman (b. 1782) July–December[edit]
·
July 20 – Bernhard Riemann, German mathematician
(b. 1826) ·
July 25 – Floride Calhoun, Second Lady of the United
States (b. 1792) ·
July 29 – Madame Clicquot
Ponsardin, French champagne producer (b. 1777) ·
August 1 – John Ross, long-serving
principal chief of the Cherokee Nation, of natural causes, in
Washington D. C. (born 1790 in Cherokee Nation East). ·
August 6 – Christian Eric
Fahlcrantz, Swedish writer (b. 1790) ·
August 20 – Maria De Mattias, Italian Catholic saint
(b. 1805) ·
August 29 – Tokugawa Iemochi, 14th shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of
Japan (b. 1846) ·
October 13 – Celadon Leeds Daboll,
American merchant and inventor (b. 1818) ·
November 11 – Agustín
Jerónimo de Iturbide y Huarte, Prince Imperial of Mexico (b. 1807) ·
November 14 – King Miguel I of Portugal (b. 1802) ·
November 26 – Jean-Jacques Willmar,
Luxembourg politician (b. 1792) ·
December 1 – George Everest, Welsh geodesist (b. 1790) ·
September 21 – Mercedes Marín
del Solar, Chilean poet, reform educator (b. 1804) Date unknown[edit] ·
Du Bois Agett, early settler of Western
Australia (b. 1796) References[edit] 1.
^ "Civil Rights Act of 1866", in Encyclopedia
of African American History, Volume 1, Leslie Alexander, ed. (ABC-CLIO,
2010) p699. 2.
^ Archontology.org: A Guide for Study of Historical
Offices, South African Republic (Transvaal): Heads of State: 1857–1877 (Accessed
on 14 April 2017) 3.
^ "Fast Facts". The College of
Wooster. Retrieved 2013-04-08. |
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