|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
1868 (MDCCCLXVIII)
was a leap year starting
on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and
a leap year
starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1868th year of
the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the
868th year of the 2nd millennium,
the 68th year of the 19th century,
and the 9th year of the 1860s decade. As of
the start of 1868, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian
calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Contents · 1Events · 2Births · 3Deaths Events[edit] January–March[edit]
·
January 2 – British
Expedition to Abyssinia: Robert
Napier leads an expedition to free captive British officials
and missionaries.[1] ·
January 3 – The 15-year-old
Mutsuhito, Emperor Meiji of
Japan, declares the Meiji Restoration,
his own restoration to full power, under the influence of supporters from
the Chōshū and Satsuma Domains, and against the supporters
of the Tokugawa shogunate,
triggering the Boshin War.[2][3] ·
January 5 – Paraguayan War: Brazilian Army
commander Luís
Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias enters Asunción, Paraguay's capital. Some days later he
declares the war is over. Nevertheless, Francisco Solano
López, Paraguay's president,
prepares guerrillas to fight in the countryside. ·
January 7 – The Arkansas constitutional
convention meets in Little Rock. ·
January 9 – Penal transportation from Britain to Australia ends,
with arrival of the convict ship Hougoumont in
Western Australia, after an 89-day voyage from England. There are 62 Fenians among the transportees. ·
January 10 – Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu declares
the emperor's declaration "illegal", and prepares to attack Kyoto. ·
January 27–31 – Battle of
Toba–Fushimi: forces of the Tokugawa shogunate and
the allied pro-Imperial forces of the Chōshū, Satsuma and Tosa Domains clash near Fushimi, Kyoto, ending in a decisive victory
for the Imperial forces (although in the January 28 naval Battle of Awa, the Shogunate is victorious
against Satsuma). ·
February – Foreign ministers meeting
in Hyōgo are persuaded to recognise
the restored Emperor Meiji of
Japan, with promises that harbours will be open in accordance with
international treaties.[4] ·
February 13 – The British War Office sanctions the formation of
what becomes the Army Post Office Corps. ·
February 16 – In New York City the
Jolly Corks organization is renamed the Benevolent
and Protective Order of Elks(BPOE). ·
February 19 – In the Passage of Humaitá,
a Brazilian naval force succeeds in dashing past a Paraguayan fortress on
the River Paraguay,
considered by some the turning point in the Paraguayan War. ·
Impeachment
of Andrew Johnson: Three days after his action to dismiss United
States Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, the United
States House of Representatives votes 126-47 in favor of a
resolution to impeach Andrew Johnson, President
of the United States, the first of two Presidents to be impeached
by the full House. Johnson is later acquitted by the United States Senate. ·
The
first parade to have floats takes place at Mardi Gras in New Orleans. ·
March – French geologist Louis Lartet discovers the first
identified skeletons of Cro-Magnon, the first early modern humans (early Homo
sapiens sapiens), at Abri de Crô-Magnon, a rock shelter at Les Eyzies, Dordogne, France. ·
March 12 ·
Alfred,
Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Edinburgh,
is shot in the back in Sydney, Australia, at a fundraising event for the
Sydney Sailors Home, by Irishman Henry James
O'Farrell. The prince survives and quickly recovers; O'Farrell is
executed on April 21, despite
attempts by the prince to gain clemency for him. ·
Basutoland is proclaimed a British Protectorate. ·
March 23 – The University of
California is founded in Oakland, California,
when the Organic Act is signed into California law. ·
March 24 – The Metropolitan
Life Insurance Company is formed, in New York City. ·
March 27 – The Lake Ontario
Shore Railroad Company is organized in Oswego, New York. ·
March – The first transnational women's
organization, Association
internationale des femmes, is founded. April–June[edit] ·
April 1 – The Hampton Normal and
Agricultural Institute is established in Hampton, Virginia. ·
April 7 – The Charter Oath, drawn up by his councilors, is
promulgated at the enthronement of the Emperor Meiji of Japan, promising
deliberative assemblies and an end to feudalism.[5] ·
April 9 – Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia massacres at
least 197 of his own people at Magdala. These are prisoners incarcerated,
for the most part, for very trivial offenses, and are killed for requesting
bread and water. ·
April 9–13 – Battle of Magdala:
A British-Indian task force under Robert
Napier inflicts 700 deaths and a crushing defeat on the army
of Emperor Tewodros II; the
British and Indians suffer 30 wounded, two of whom die subsequently. Tewodros
commits suicide and Magdala is captured, ending the British
Expedition to Abyssinia. ·
April 11 – July – Fall of Edo: The Japanese city surrenders
to Emperor Meiji. Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu submits
to the Emperor. ·
April 29 – General William Tecumseh
Sherman brokers the Treaty of
Fort Laramie, between the federal
government of the United States and the Plains Indians. ·
May 10–14 – Boshin War – Battle of
Utsunomiya Castle, Japan: Forces of the Emperor Meiji resist the retreating
troops of the Tokugawa shogunate. ·
May 16, May 26 – President Andrew Johnson is twice acquitted
during his impeachment trial,
by one vote in the United States Senate. ·
May 26 – Fenian bomber Michael Barrett becomes
the last person publicly hanged in the
United Kingdom. ·
May 29 – The Parliament
of the United Kingdom passes the Capital
Punishment Amendment Act, thus ending public hanging. ·
May 30 – Memorial Day is observed in the United
States for the first time (it was proclaimed on May 5 by General John A. Logan). ·
May 31 ·
Thomas Spence declares himself
president of the Republic of
Manitobah in Canada; he soon alienates the locals. ·
The
first popular bicycle race is held at Parc de Saint-Cloud,
Paris. ·
June – Tītokowaru's
War breaks out in the South Taranaki
District of New Zealand's North Island between the Ngāti
Ruanui Māori tribe
and the New Zealand Government. ·
June 1 – The Treaty of Bosque
Redondo is signed, allowing the Navajo to return to their
lands in Arizona and New Mexico. ·
June 2 – The first Trades Union
Congress is held in Manchester, England. ·
June 10 – Mihailo
Obrenović, Prince of Serbia is
assassinated in Košutnjak, Belgrade. ·
June 20 – Fort Fred Steele is
established to protect what is at this time the western terminus of the Union Pacific Railway,
near modern-day Sinclair, Wyoming. July–September[edit]
·
July 1 – The cable-operated West Side and
Yonkers Patent Railway in Manhattan becomes the first elevated railway in the United States. ·
July 4 – Battle of Ueno: Imperial Japanese troops defeat
the Shōgitai (elite
forces remaining loyal to the shōgun). ·
July 5 – Preacher William Booth establishes the Christian
Mission, predecessor of The Salvation Army,
in the East End of London. ·
July 9 – The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is
ratified. ·
July 18 – The Navajo people begin their long march
home. ·
July 25 – Wyoming becomes a United States
territory. ·
July 25 – Paraguayan War: The Allies, in an amphibious operation,
capture the fortress of Humaitá. ·
July 27 – The United States Expatriation Act ("An
Act concerning the Rights of American Citizens in foreign States") is
adopted.[6] ·
July 28 – The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is
adopted, including the Citizenship Clause and
the Equal Protection
Clause, legally, if not actually, guaranteeing African Americans full
citizenship and equal protection, and all persons in the United States due process of law. ·
August 13 – The 8.5–9.0 Mw Arica earthquake strikes
southern Peru, with a maximum Mercalli
intensity of XI (Extreme), causing 25,000+ deaths and
a destructive basin-wide tsunami, that affects
Hawaii and New Zealand. ·
August 18 – The element later named
as helium is first detected in the spectrum of
the Sun's chromosphere,
by Frenchastronomer Jules Janssen, during a total eclipse in Guntur, British
India, but is assumed to be sodium.[7] ·
August 20 – Abergele rail
disaster in Wales: An Irish Mail passenger
train collides with 4 cargo trucks loaded with paraffin oil (more akin to
modern kerosine); 33 are killed (the first major
train disaster in Britain). ·
August 22 – The Yangzhou riot in China targets a
station of the China Inland Mission,
and nearly leads to war between Britain and China. ·
September – Glorious
Revolution: Queen Isabella II of Spain is
effectively deposed and sent into exile; she formally abdicates on June 25, 1870. ·
September 3 – Emperor Meiji of Japan announces that
the name of the city of Edo is to be changed to
Tokyo. ·
September 7 – Tītokowaru's
War: Māori leader Titokowaru defeats a New Zealand
military force at Te Ngutu o Te Manu, North Island. ·
September 18 – The University of the
South holds its first convocation in Sewanee, Tennessee. ·
September 23 – Grito de Lares: Rebels (some 400–600 led
by Ramón Emeterio
Betances) in the town of Lares declare Puerto Rico independent; the local
militia easily defeats them a week later. ·
September 24 – Croatian–Hungarian
Settlement (Croatian: Hrvatsko-ugarska
nagodba, Hungarian: Horvát–magyar kiegyezés, German: Kroatisch-Ungarischer
Ausgleich) is concluded,
governing Croatia's political status in the Hungarian-ruled part of Austria-Hungary until 1918.[8] October–December[edit] ·
October 1 – Chulalongkorn starts to rule in Siam. ·
October 6 – The City of New York
grants Mount
Sinai Hospital a 99-year lease for a property on Lexington Avenue and 66th Street,
for the sum of $1.00. ·
October 10 – Carlos Manuel
de Céspedes declares a revolt against Spanish rule in Cuba,
in an event known as El Grito de Yara, initiating a war that
lasts ten years (Cuba ultimately loses the war at a cost of 400,000 lives and
widespread destruction). ·
English
astronomer Norman Lockyer observes
and names the D3 Fraunhofer line in the solar spectrum,
and concludes that it is caused by a hitherto unidentified element, which he later names helium.[9] ·
Pedro Figueredo creates the Cuban national
anthem, El Himno de Bayamo. ·
October 23 – The current Japanese era name is
changed to the Meiji period. The
265-year-long Edo period ends. ·
October 28 – Thomas Edison applies for his first
patent, the electric vote recorder. ·
November 2 – Time zone: New Zealand officially adopts a
standard time, to be observed nationally. ·
November 3 – U.S.
presidential election, 1868: Republican Ulysses S. Grant defeats Democrat Horatio Seymour. November 27: Battle of Washita
River. ·
November 7 – The Battle of Moturoa, New
Zealand ends in a British defeat, due to an underestimate of Tītokowaru and his fortifications.
Heavy casualties for the colonial army and light casualties for the Māori defenders. ·
November 27 – American Indian Wars – Battle of Washita
River: In the early morning, United States Army Lieutenant
Colonel George Armstrong
Custer leads an attack on a band of Cheyenne living on reservation land
with Chief Black Kettle,
killing 103 Cheyenne. ·
December 4 – Battle of Hakodate begins
in Japan. ·
December 6 – Paraguayan War – Battle of Ytororó or
Ytororó: Field-Marshal Luís
Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxiasleads 13,000 Brazilian troops
against a Paraguayan fortified position of 5,000 troops. ·
December 9 – The world's first traffic signal lights are installed at the
junction of Great George Street and Bridge Street in the London
Borough of Westminster.[10] ·
December 25 – U.S. President Andrew Johnson grants unconditional
pardon to all Civil War rebels. Date unknown[edit] ·
Louis Arthur
Ducos du Hauron patents methods
of color photography.[11] ·
Thomas Henry Huxley discovers
what he thinks is primordial matter and names it bathybius haecklii (he
admits his mistake in 1871).[12] ·
The Académie Julian,
a major art school in Paris, France that admits women, is established. ·
Brisbane Grammar
School is founded, providing the opportunity for secondary
education for the first time in the colony of Brisbane in Australia. ·
Maryland
School for the Deaf is established. ·
The Dortmunder
Actien Brauerei is founded in Germany. ·
Herrenhäuser Brewery is
established in Hanover, Germany. ·
Tata Group is founded by Jamsetji Tata as a trading company in
India. ·
Scottish
merchant Thomas Blake Glover develops
Japan's first coal mine on Hashima Island. ·
The Roman
Catholic Diocese of Tucson is established as the Apostolic Vicariate of
Arizona in 1868, taking its territory from the former Diocese
of Santa Fe. The Diocese of Tucson is canonically erected on May
8, 1897. ·
The
population of Japan reaches c. 30 million. Births[edit] January–March[edit]
·
January 1 – Snitz Edwards, Hungarian-born actor
(d. 1937) ·
January 6 – Vittorio Monti, Italian composer (d. 1922) ·
January 9 – S. P. L. Sørensen,
Danish chemist (d. 1939) ·
January 11 – Cai Yuanpei, Chinese educator (d. 1940) ·
January 12 – Ioannis Trilivas, Greek general (d. ? ) ·
January 15 – Otto von Lossow, Bavarian and German general
(d. 1938) ·
January 18 – Kantarō Suzuki,
29th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1948) ·
January 21 – Felix Hoffmann, German chemist (d. 1946) ·
January 31 – Theodore
William Richards, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 1928) ·
February 4 – Constance Markievicz,
Irish politician (d. 1927) ·
February 5 – Maxine Elliott, American actress (d. 1940) ·
February 10 – William Allen White,
American journalist (d. 1944) ·
February 12 – William Faversham,
English actor (d. 1940) ·
February 16 – Edward S. Curtis, American photographer,
ethnologist, and film director (d. 1952) ·
February 20 – John Nathan Cobb, American author,
naturalist, conservationist, fisheries researcher and educator (d. 1930) ·
February 23 – W. E. B. Du Bois, African American civil
rights leader (d. 1963) ·
February 26 – Venceslau Brás,
Brazilian president (d. 1966) ·
March 1 – Adolf von Trotha, German admiral (d. 1940) ·
March 5 – Agnes von Konow, Finnish animal rights
advocate (d. 1944) ·
March 14 – Emily Murphy, Canadian woman's rights
activist (d. 1933) ·
March 22 – Robert Andrews
Millikan, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 1953) ·
March 25 – William
Lockwood, English cricketer (d. 1932) ·
March 28 – Maxim Gorky, Russian author (d. 1936) ·
March 29 – Joseph Cawthorn, American actor (d. 1949) April–June[edit]
·
April 1 – Edmond Rostand, French poet and playwright
(d. 1918) ·
April 8 – Herbert Jennings, American zoologist
(d. 1947) ·
April 10 ·
George Arliss, English actor (d. 1946) ·
Asriel Günzig, Moravian rabbi (d. 1931) ·
April 12 ·
Annie Stevens
Perkins, American author (unknown year of death) ·
Akiyama Saneyuki, Japanese admiral (d. 1918) ·
April 25 ·
John Moisant, American aviator (d. 1910) ·
Willie Maley, Scottish football player and
manager (d. 1958) ·
April 28 – Lucy Booth, fifth daughter of William and Catherine Booth (d. 1953) ·
May 6 ·
Gaston Leroux, French writer (d. 1927) ·
Nicholas II of
Russia (d. 1918) ·
May 12 – Al Shean, German-born actor (d. 1949) ·
May 21 – John L. Hines, American general,
former Chief of
Staff of the U.S. Army (d. 1968) ·
May 29 – Abdülmecid II, last Caliph of the Ottoman
Empire (d. 1944) ·
June 5 – James Connolly, Irish-Scots socialist
(d. 1916) ·
June 6 – Robert Falcon Scott,
Antarctic Explorer (d. 1912) ·
June 7 ·
Charles Rennie
Mackintosh, Scottish architect (d. 1928) ·
John Sealy Townsend,
Irish mathematical physicist (d. 1957) ·
June 14 – Karl Landsteiner, Austrian biologist and
physician, recipient of the Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1943) ·
June 18 ·
Miklós Horthy, Austro-Hungarian admiral and
regent of the Kingdom of Hungary (d. 1957) ·
Georges Lacombe,
French artist (d. 1916) July–September[edit] ·
July 4 – Henrietta Swan
Leavitt, American astronomer (d. 1921) ·
July 12 – Stefan George, German poet (d. 1933) ·
July 14 – Gertrude Bell, English archaeologist,
writer, spy and administrator (d. 1926) ·
July 15 – Nobuyoshi Mutō,
Japanese field marshal and ambassador (d. 1933) ·
July 17 – Henri Nathansen, Danish writer and stage
director (d. 1944) ·
July 19 – Florence Foster
Jenkins, American socialite and amateur operatic soprano (d. 1944) ·
July 20 – Miron Cristea, 38th Prime Minister of
Romania (d. 1939) ·
July 24 – Princess Srivilailaksana The Princess of
Suphanburi daughter of King Chulalongkorn of Siam and Chao Chom
Manda Pae Bunnag (d.1904) ·
July 28 – Theodor Wulf, German physicist and Jesuit
(d. 1946) ·
August 5 – Oskar Merikanto, Finnish composer (d. 1924) ·
August 10 – Hugo Eckener, German dirigible engineer,
Commander of Graf Zeppelin I (d. 1954) ·
August 23 – Edgar Lee Masters,
American poet, biographer and dramatist (d. 1950) ·
August 26 – Charles
Stewart, Premier of Alberta (d. 1946) ·
Henri Bourassa, Canadian politician and
publisher (d. 1952) ·
Victor Villiger, Swiss-German chemist
(d. 1934) ·
September 6 – Heinrich Häberlin,
Swiss politician, member of the Federal Council (d. 1947) ·
September 8 – Seth Weeks, African American jazz
mandolinist, composer, arranger and bandleader (d. 1953) ·
September 9 – Mary Hunter Austin,
American writer of fiction and non-fiction (d. 1934) ·
September 17 – James Alexander
Calder, Canadian politician (d. 1956) ·
September 22 – John T. Raulston, American state judge
(Scopes Monkey Trial) (d. 1956) October–December[edit]
·
October 4 – Marcelo
Torcuato de Alvear, President of Argentina (d. 1942) ·
October 10 – Anne Hazen McFarland,
American physician and medical journal editor (unknown year of death) ·
October 18 – Ernst Didring, Swedish writer (d. 1931) ·
October 21 – Ernest Swinton, British Army general
(d. 1951) ·
October 23 – William Rylands, English businessman and
baronet (d. 1948) ·
November 7 – Delfim Moreira, Brazilian president
(d. 1920) ·
November 8 – Felix Hausdorff, German mathematician
(d. 1942) ·
November 9 – Marie Dressler, Canadian actress (d. 1934) ·
November 14 – Arthur Hoey Davis, Australian author
(d. 1935) ·
November 17 – Korbinian Brodmann,
German neurologist (d. 1918) ·
November 22 – John Nance Garner, 32nd Vice
President of the United States (d. 1967) ·
November 23 – Mary Brewster
Hazelton, American portrait painter (d. 1953) ·
November 30 – Ernest Newman, English music critic
(d. 1959) ·
December 5 – Arnold Sommerfeld,
German theoretical physicist (d. 1951) ·
Fritz Haber, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 1934) ·
Ivan Regen, Slovenian biologist (d. 1947) ·
December 19 – Eleanor Hodgman
Porter, American novelist (d. 1920) ·
December 20 – Arturo Alessandri,
Chilean statesman, 3-Time President of Chile (d. 1950) ·
December 21 – George W. Fuller, American sanitation
engineer (d. 1934) ·
December 22 – Jaan Tõnisson, 2nd Prime Minister of Estonia
(d. 1941?) ·
December 25 – Eugenie Besserer, American silent film
actress (d. 1934) Unknown date[edit] ·
Harriet Ford, American actress and
playwright (d. 1949) ·
Helena Theresa
Goessmann, American academic (d. 1926) ·
Early ?
(or November 24?) – Scott Joplin,
African American ragtime composer and pianist (d. 1917) Deaths[edit] January–June[edit] ·
January 20 – Damien Marchesseault,
7th Mayor of Los Angeles (suicide)
(b. 1818) ·
January 23 – János Erdélyi,
Hungarian poet and ethnographer (b. 1814) ·
January 28 – Adalbert Stifter, Austrian writer (b. 1805) ·
February 8 – Lai Wenguang, Chinese leader of the Taiping Rebellion and Nien Rebellion (b. 1827) ·
February 10 – David Brewster, Scottish physicist (b. 1781) ·
February 11 – Léon Foucault, French physicist (b. 1819) ·
February 19 – Venancio Flores, Uruguayan general and
president of Uruguay (b. 1808) ·
February 29 – King Ludwig I of Bavaria (b. 1786) ·
March 4 – Jesse Chisholm, American pioneer (b. 1805) ·
March 28 – James
Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan, British military leader (b. 1797) ·
April 3 – Franz Berwald, Swedish composer (b. 1796) ·
April 7 – Thomas D'Arcy McGee,
Canadian father of confederation (assassinated) (b. 1825) ·
April 12 – James Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury,
British politician and peer (b. 1791) ·
April 13 – Emperor Theodore or Tewodros II of Ethiopia by suicide (b. 1818) ·
April 21 – Henry O'Farrell, Irish-Australian criminal
(executed) (b. 1833) ·
May 7 – Henry
Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux, Lord
High Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1778) ·
May 10 – Henry
Bennett, American politician (b. 1808)
·
May 11 – John Crawfurd, Scottish physician, colonial
administrator, diplomat and author. Last British Resident of Singapore
(b. 1783) ·
May 17 – Isami Kondo, Commander of the Shinsengumi (b. 1834) ·
May 22 – Julius Plücker,
German mathematician and physicist (b. 1801) ·
May 23 – Kit Carson, American trapper, scout, and
Indian agent (b. 1809) ·
June 1 – James Buchanan, 15th President
of the United States (b. 1791) ·
June 22 – Heber C. Kimball, Latter
Day Saint leader (b. 1801) ·
June 29 – Sir John Lillie,
British army officer, entrepreneur and inventor (b. 1790) July–December[edit]
·
July 6 – Harada Sanosuke, Shinsengumi Captain (b. 1840) ·
July 6 – Samuel Lover, Irish writer and composer
(b. 1797) ·
July 19 – Okita Sōji, Shinsengumi Captain (b. 1842 or 1844) ·
July 21 – William Bland, Australian politician
(b. 1789) ·
July 26 – Robert
Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth, English Lord
High Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1791) ·
July 29 – John Elliotson, English physician (b. 1791) ·
August 3 – Edward Welch, Welsh architect (b. 1806) ·
August 10 – Adah Isaacs Menken,
American actress (b. 1835) ·
August 11 – Thaddeus Stevens, American politician
(b. 1792) ·
August 25 – Charlotte
Birch-Pfeiffer, German actress, writer and theater director
(b. 1799) ·
August 29 – Christian
Friedrich Schönbein, a German chemist (b. 1799) ·
September 11 – Maria James,
Welsh-born American poet (b. 1793) ·
September 19 – William
Sprague, American minister and politician from Michigan (b. 1809) ·
September 26 – August Ferdinand
Möbius, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1790) ·
October 1 – Mongkut, Rama IV, King of Siam (b. 1804) ·
October 9 – Howell Cobb, American politician (b. 1815) ·
October 17 – Laura Secord, Canadian patriot (b. 1775) ·
October 27 – Charles Longley, Archbishop of
Canterbury (b. 1794) ·
November 13 – Gioachino Rossini,
Italian composer (b. 1792) ·
November 15 – James Mayer de
Rothschild, German-born banker (b. 1792) ·
November 27 – Chief Black Kettle, Southern Cheyenne Peace Chief,
Survivor of Sand Creek massacre (b. 1803) ·
December 6 – August Schleicher,
German linguist (b. 1821) ·
December 23 – Sir Herbert
Edwardes, British army general and colonial administrator
(b. 1819) ·
December 25 – Linus Yale, Jr., American inventor (b. 1821) ·
December 31 – Cyrus Kingsbury, American missionary and
Choctaw linguist (b.1786) References[edit] 1.
^ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin
Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0. 2.
^ Satow, Ernest (1921). A
Diplomat in Japan: the inner history of the critical years in the evolution
of Japan when the ports were opened and the monarchy restored. London:
Seeley, Service. 3.
^ Jansen, Marius B. (2000). The Making of Modern
Japan. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 4.
^ Polak, Christian (2001). Soie et
lumières: l'âge d'or des échanges franco-japonais (des origines aux années
1950). Tokyo: Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie Française du Japon.
p. 75. 5.
^ Keene, Donald (2002). Emperor
of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852-1912. New York: Columbia University
Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2. OCLC
46731178 6.
^ Rice, Daniel (2011). "The 'Uniform Rule' and its exceptions: a history
of Congressional naturalization legislation" (PDF). Ozark Historical Review. 40. Archived
from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2012. 7.
^ Kochhar, R. K. (1991). "French astronomers in
India during the 17th –19th centuries". Journal of the British
Astronomical Association. 101 (2): 95–100. Bibcode:1991JBAA..101...95K. 8.
^ "Nagodba". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. 9.
^ Hampel, Clifford A. (1968). The Encyclopedia of
the Chemical Elements. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
pp. 256–268. ISBN 0-442-15598-0. 10.
^ "The man who gave us traffic lights".
Nottingham: BBC. July 2009. Retrieved 2012-08-13. 11.
^ Coe, Brian (1978). Colour Photography: the first
hundred years 1840-1940. London: Ash & Grant. ISBN 0-904069-24-9. 12.
^ Ley, Willy (1959). Exotic Zoology. New York: Viking Press. ·
American
Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1868. 8.
New York: D. Appleton and Company. 1871 – via Hathi Trust. + via Google Books |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
.jpg)
