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1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting
on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and
a common
year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1918th year of
the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the
918th year of the 2nd millennium,
the 18th year of the 20th century,
and the 9th year of the 1910s decade. As of
the start of 1918, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian
calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Contents ·
1Events ·
2Births ·
3Deaths This year is famous for
the end of the First World War, on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of
the eleventh month, as well as for the Spanish flu pandemic, that killed
50-100 million people worldwide. Events[edit] Below, events of World War I have the "WWI"
prefix. February 16: The Act of
Independence of Lithuania January[edit] Main article: January 1918 ·
January – 1918 flu pandemic:
The "Spanish flu" (influenza) is first
observed in Haskell County,
Kansas.[1] ·
January 4 – The Finnish
Declaration of Independence is recognized by Russia, Sweden,
Germany and France. ·
January 8 – Woodrow Wilson delivers his Fourteen Points speech. ·
January 9 – Battle of Bear
Valley: U.S. troops engage Yaqui Indian warriors in a minor
skirmish in Arizona, and one of the last battles of the American Indian Wars between
the United States and Native Americans. ·
January 12 – Finland enacts a "Mosaic
Confessors" law, granting Finnish Jews civil rights. ·
January 15 – The keel of HMS Hermes is laid in
Britain, the first purpose-designed aircraft carrier to be laid down. ·
The Russian
Constituent Assembly meets. ·
The Historic Concert for the Benefit of
Widows and Orphans of Austrian and Hungarian Soldiers is held at the Konzerthaus, Vienna.[2] ·
January 19 – The Russian Constituent
Assembly proclaims the Russian
Democratic Federative Republic, but is dissolved by the Bolshevik
government on the same day. ·
January 22 – The Ukrainian
People's Republic declares independence from Bolshevik Russia. ·
January 27 – The Finnish Civil War begins
with the Battle of Kämärä. February[edit] Main article: February 1918 ·
February 1 – Cattaro Mutiny: Austrian sailors in the Gulf
of Cattaro (Kotor), led by two Czech Socialists, mutiny. ·
February 5 – The SS Tuscania is
torpedoed off the Irish coast; it is the first ship carrying American troops
to Europe to be torpedoed and sunk. February 23: Estonian
Declaration of Independence ·
February 6 – Women's
suffrage in the United Kingdom: Representation
of the People Act gives most women over 30 the vote.[3] ·
February 14 – Russia switches
from the Julian calendar to
the Gregorian calendar;
the date skips from January 31 to February 14. ·
February 16 – The Council of Lithuania adopts
the Act of
Independence of Lithuania, declaring Lithuania's independence from
the Russian
Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. ·
February 19 – WWI: The Capture of Jericho by
the Egyptian
Expeditionary Force begins the British
occupation of the Jordan Valley. ·
February 19-25 – WWI: The Imperial Russian
Navy evacuates Tallinn through
thick ice, over the Gulf of Finland. ·
February 21 – The last captive Carolina parakeet (the
last breed of parrot native to the
eastern United States) dies at the Cincinnati Zoo. ·
February 24 – Estonia declares
its independence from Russia,
after seven centuries of foreign rule; German forces capture Tallinn the following day. March[edit] Main article: March 1918 ·
March 1 – WWI: German submarine U-19 sinks HMS Calgarian off Rathlin Island, Northern Ireland. ·
March 3 – WWI: The Central Powers and Bolshevist
Russia sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending Russia's
involvement in the war. ·
March 6 ·
The Finnish Army Corps of Aviation is
founded as a forerunner of the Finnish Air Force (established
on 4 May 1928). The blue swastika is adopted as its symbol, as a
tribute to the Swedish explorer and aviator Eric von Rosen, who donated the first plane.
Von Rosen had painted the Viking symbol on the plane as his personal lucky
insignia.[4] ·
The first pilotless drone, the Hewitt-Sperry
Automatic Airplane developed by Elmer Sperry and Peter Cooper Hewitt,
is test-flown in Long Island, New
York, but development is scrapped in 1925,
after its guidance system proves unreliable. ·
March 7 – WWI: Finland forms an alliance with Germany. ·
March 8 – WWI: The Battle of Tell 'Asur is
launched by units of the British Army's Egyptian
Expeditionary Forceagainst Ottoman defences from the Mediterranean Sea,
across the Judaean Mountains to
the edge of the Jordan Valley; it ends on March 12, with the move of much of the front
line north into Ottoman territory. ·
March 12 – Moscow becomes the capital of Soviet
Russia. ·
March 19 – The United States
Congress establishes time zones, and approves daylight saving time (DST
goes into effect on March 31). ·
March 21–July 18 – WWI: The Spring Offensive by the German Army along the Western Front fails
to make a breakthrough, despite large losses on each side, including nearly
20,000 British Army dead on the first day, Operation Michael. ·
March 21 – WWI: The First
Transjordan attack on Amman by units of the Egyptian
Expeditionary Force begins, with the passage of the Jordan River. ·
March 23 ·
WWI: The giant German cannon, the 'Paris Gun' (Kaiser Wilhelm Geschütz),
begins to shell Paris from 114 km (71 mi) away. ·
In London at the Wood Green Empire, Chung Ling Soo (William E. Robinson,
U.S.-born magician) dies during his trick, where he is supposed to
"catch" two separate bullets (but one of them perforates his lung).
He dies the following morning in a hospital. ·
March 25 ·
The Belarusian
People's Republic declares independence. ·
Dr. Karl Muck, music director of the Boston Symphony
Orchestra, is arrested under the Alien Enemies Act,
and imprisoned for the duration of WWI. ·
March 26 – Dr. Marie Stopes publishes her influential
book Married Love in
the U.K. ·
March 27 – WWI: The First Battle of
Amman is launched by units of the Egyptian Expeditionary
Force, during the First Transjordan attack on Amman; it ends with their
withdrawal on 31 March, back to the
Jordan Valley. ·
March 30 – March Days: Bolshevik and Armenian
Revolutionary Federation forces suppress a Muslim revolt
in Baku, Azerbaijan, resulting in up to 30,000
deaths. April[edit] Main article: April 1918 Styles of Lucy, Lady
Duff-Gordon, as presented in a vaudeville circuit pantomime and
sketched by Marguerite Martyn of
the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in April 1918 ·
April 1 – The Royal Flying Corps and
the Royal Naval Air
Service in Britain are merged to form the Royal Air Force, the first autonomous Air
Force in the world. ·
April 5 – Sālote succeeds
as Queen of Tonga; she will remain on the throne until
her death in 1965. ·
April 9 – Union of
Bessarabia with Romania: Bessarabia votes to become part of
the Kingdom of Romania. ·
April 21 – WWI: Manfred von
Richthofen, "The Red Baron", the war's most successful
fighter pilot, dies in combat at Morlancourt Ridge near the Somme River. ·
April 22 –Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia declare
their independence from Russia as the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. ·
April 23 – WWI: ·
Conscription
Crisis of 1918 in Ireland: A general strike is held here against
conscription. ·
Zeebrugge Raid: The British Royal Navy
attempts to seal off the German U-boat base there.[5] ·
First Ostend Raid:
The British Royal Navy unsuccessfully attempts to seal off the German U-boat
base there. ·
April 28 – WWI: Gavrilo Princip, assassin of Archduke
Franz Ferdinand of Austria, dies in Terezin, Austria-Hungary, after three years in
prison. ·
April 30 – WWI: The Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt,
launched by units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, ends on 4 May, with their withdrawal back to the
Jordan Valley. May[edit] Main article: May 1918 ·
May 1 – WWI: German troops enter Don Host Oblast; they take Rostov on May 8. ·
May 2 – General Motors acquires the Chevrolet Motor
Company of Delaware. ·
May 7 – WWI: The British capture Kirkuk. ·
May 9 – WWI – Second Ostend Raid:
The British Royal Navy unsuccessfully attempts, for a second time, to seal
off the German U-boat base there. ·
May 11 – The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus is
officially established. ·
May 14 – The Three Minute Pause,
initiated by the daily firing of the Noon Gun on Signal Hill,
is instituted by Cape Town Mayor
Sir Harry Hands. It
will inspire the introduction of the two-minute silence in November 1919.[6] ·
May 15 ·
The Finnish Civil War ends. ·
The United
States Post Office Department begins the world's third
regular airmail service, between New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C..[7] ·
May 16 – The Sedition Act of 1918 is
approved by the U.S. Congress. ·
May 20 – The small town of Codell, Kansas is hit for the third
year in a row, on the same date, by a tornado. ·
May 21 – The United States Army
Aviation Section is separated from the Signal
Corps, and divided into the Division
of Military Aeronautics and the Bureau of Aircraft Production. ·
May 24 – Canadian women
(excluding Quebec) are granted the right to vote in federal elections.[8] ·
May 26 – The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic is
abolished; Georgia declares its independence as the Democratic
Republic of Georgia. ·
May 27 – WWI: The Third Battle of
the Aisne commences. ·
May 28 – Armenia and Azerbaijan declare their independence
as the First Republic
of Armenia and the Azerbaijan
Democratic Republic respectively. ·
May 29 – WWI: The week-long Battle of Sardarabad concludes
with defending Armenian forces victorious over the Ottomans. ·
May 29–30 – WWI: Battle of Skra di
Legen – The Greek National
Defence Army Corps defeats the Bulgarians. June[edit] June 10: Austro-Hungarian battleship Szent István sunk
by Italian torpedo boats Main article: June 1918 ·
June – August – The "Spanish 'flu"
becomes pandemic.[9] Over 30 million people die in the
following 6 months. ·
June 1 – WWI: The Battle of Belleau
Wood begins. ·
June 4 – RMS Kenilworth Castle,
one of the Union-Castle Line steamships,
collides with her escort destroyer HMS Rivalwhile
trying to avoid her other escort, the cruiser HMS Kent. ·
June 5 – The Afrikaner
Broederbond, a confidential cultural organisation, is founded
in Johannesburg. ·
June 8 – V603 Aquilae, the brightest nova observed
since Kepler's of 1604,
is discovered. ·
June 10 – WWI: The Austro-Hungarian dreadnought battleship SMS Szent István is
sunk by two Italian MAS motor torpedo boats, off the Dalmatian coast. ·
June 12 ·
Grand
Duke Michael of Russia is murdered, thereby becoming the
first of the Romanovs to be murdered by the Bolsheviks. ·
WWI: The first airplane bombing raid by
an American unit in France is carried out. ·
June 16 – The Declaration to
the Seven, a British government response to a
memorandum issued anonymously by seven Syrian notables, is published. ·
June 22 – Suspects in the Chicago Restaurant Poisonings are
arrested, and more than 100 waiters are taken into custody, for poisoning
restaurant customers with a lethal powder called Mickey Finn. July[edit] Main article: July 1918 ·
July 3 – Allied
intervention in the Russian Civil War: The Siberian
Intervention is launched by the Allies,
to extract the Czechoslovak Legion from
the Russian Civil War. ·
July 4 – Mehmed VI succeeds as Sultan of
the Ottoman Empire on the death of his half-brother Mehmed V (Reşâd, who has reigned
since 1909), himself reigning until the Sultanate
is abolished in 1922. ·
July 9 – Great Train
Wreck of 1918: in Nashville, Tennessee,
an inbound local train collides with an outbound express, killing 101. ·
July 12 – The Imperial Japanese
Navy battleship Kawachi blows
up off Tokuyama, Yamaguchi,
western Honshu, Japan, killing at least 621. ·
July 13 – The National Czechoslovak
Committee is established. ·
July 14 – The film The
Glorious Adventure is released in the United States,
featuring Mammy Lou, who
becomes one of the oldest people ever to star in a film, at a claimed age of
114. ·
July 15 – WWI: Second Battle
of the Marne: The battle begins near the River Marne, with a German attack. July 17: Execution
of the Romanov family ·
July 17 ·
WWI: RMS Carpathia (famed for
rescuing survivors of the RMS Titanic) is torpedoed and
sunk off the east coast of Ireland, by Imperial German Navy submarine U-55; 218 of the 223 on board are
rescued.[10] ·
Execution
of the Romanov family: By order of the Bolshevik Party, and carried out by
the Cheka, former emperor Nicholas II,
his wife Alexandra
Feodorovna, their children, Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, Alexei and
retainers are shot at the Ipatiev House, in Ekaterinburg, Russia. August[edit] Main article: August 1918 ·
August 2 – North Russia
Intervention: British anti-Bolshevik forces occupy Arkhangelsk. ·
August 3 – WWI: Australian hospital
ship HMAT Warilda is
torpedoed and sunk in the English Channel on passage from Le Havre to Southampton by German submarine SM UC-49 with the loss of
123 of the 801 people on board.[11] ·
August 8 – WWI: Battle of Amiens –
British, Canadian and Australian troops begin a string of almost continuous
victories, the 'Hundred Days
Offensive', with an 8-mile push through the German front lines,
taking 12,000 prisoners. German General Erich Ludendorff later calls this the
"black day of the German Army".[12] ·
August 10 – Russian Revolution:
The British commander in Archangel is told to help the White Russians. ·
August 16 – The Battle of Lake
Baikal is fought by the Czechoslovak legion,
against the Red Army. ·
August 21 – WWI: The Second
Battle of the Somme begins. ·
August 23 – The Bessarabian
Peasants' Party is created. ·
August 27 – Battle of Ambos
Nogales: U.S. Army forces skirmish against Mexican Carrancistas and their German advisors at Nogales, Arizona, in the only battle of WWI
fought on United States soil. ·
20,000 London
policemen strike for increased pay and union recognition. ·
In response to the October Revolution in
Russia, Vladimir Lenin is
shot and wounded by Fanny Kaplan in
Moscow, but survives. ·
Moisei Uritsky, the Petrograd head of
the Cheka, is assassinated. August 30: Attempted assassination of Lenin, depicted by Vladimir Pchelin September[edit] Main article: September 1918 ·
September – WWI: British armies and
their Arab allies roll into Syria. ·
September 3 – The Bolshevik government of Russia
published the first official announcement of the Red Terror, a period of repression against
political opponents, as an "Appeal to the Working Class" in the
newspaper Izvestia.[13] ·
September 5 – Russian Civil War:
The Kazan Operation begins.
The event continues for 5 days, and solidifies the Red Army's power in Russia
over the White Army. ·
September 14 – WWI: The Balkan front
offensive by the Serbian Army begins. ·
September 15–18 – WWI – Battle of Dobro Pole in
the Vardar Offensive of
the Balkans
Campaign: The Allied Army of
the Orient defeats Bulgarian defenders. ·
September 19 – WWI: ·
The British Army's Egyptian
Expeditionary Force launches the Battle of
Megiddo, incorporating the Battle of Sharon, and the Battle of Nablus,
an attack in the Judaean Mountains.
This day are fought the Battle of Tulkarm,
and the Battle of Arara,
which break the Ottoman front line stretching from the Mediterranean coast to
the Judaean Mountains, while the Battle of Tabsor extends into September 20. ·
The Third
Transjordan attack in the Jordan Valley begins. ·
September 20 – WWI: The British Army's
Desert Mounted Corps launches the ·
Battle of Nazareth by 5th
Cavalry Division (British Indian Army); ·
Capture of
Afulah and Beisan by the 4th
Cavalry Division (British Indian Army); ·
Capture of Jenin by the Australian
Mounted Division, almost encircling the Yildirim Army Group still
in the Judaean Mountains. ·
September 25 – WWI: ·
The Battle of Megiddo ends with the Battle of Haifa, Battle of Samakh, and Capture of Tiberias. ·
The Third
Transjordan attack ends with ANZAC Mounted
Division victory at the Second Battle of
Amman, with the subsequent capture at Ziza of the Ottoman II
Corps, and more than 10,000 Ottoman and German prisoners. ·
September 26 – WWI: The Capture of
Damascus begins, with the Charge at Irbid by the 4th Cavalry
Division. ·
September 27 – WWI: The Battle of Jisr
Benat Yakub, launched by the Australian Mounted Division,
continues the advance towards Damascus. ·
September 29 – WWI: ·
Allied forces break through the Hindenburg Line. ·
Bulgaria requests an armistice. ·
September 30 – WWI: ·
The Charge at Kaukab is begun by units of
the Australian Mounted Division. ·
The Charge at Kiswe is begun by 4th Cavalry
Division, continuing the Desert Mounted Corps' advance to Damascus. October[edit] Main article: October 1918 ·
October 1 – WWI: The Desert Mounted
Corps captures
Damascus. ·
October 2 – WWI: The Charge at Khan Ayash is
begun north of Damascus, by the 3rd Light Horse
Brigade. ·
Kaiser Wilhelm II of
Germany appoints Max von Baden Chancellor
of Germany. ·
King Ferdinand I of
Bulgaria abdicates in the wake of the Bulgarian military
collapse in WWI. He is succeeded by his son, Boris III. ·
WWI: The Pursuit to Haritan by
the Desert Mounted Corps begins. ·
Wilhelm II of
Germany forms a new more liberal government, to sue for
peace. ·
The T. A. Gillespie Company Shell Loading Plant explosion in
New Jersey kills 100+, and destroys enough ammunition to supply the Western
Front for 6 months. ·
October 7 – The Regency Council
(Poland) declares Polish independence from the German Empire, and demands that Germany cede
the Polish provinces of Poznań, Upper Silesia and Polish Pommerania. ·
October 8–10 – WWI: Second Battle of
Cambrai: British and Canadian troops take Cambrai from the Germans. ·
October 8 – WWI: In the Forest of Argonne in
France, U.S. Corporal Alvin C. York almost single-handedly
kills 25 German soldiers, and captures 132. ·
October 9 – Landgrave Prince
Frederick Charles of Hesse is elected King of Finland. ·
October 11 – The 7.1 Mw San Fermín
earthquake shakes Puerto Rico with a maximum Mercalli
intensity of IX (Violent), killing 76–116 people. A
destructive tsunami contributes to the damage and loss of life. ·
October 12 – Cloquet Fire:
The city of Cloquet, Minnesota,
and nearby areas are destroyed in a fire, killing 453. ·
October 18 – The Washington Declaration
proclaims the independent Czechoslovak
Republic. ·
October 24 – WWI: The Battle of
Vittorio Veneto opens. ·
WWI: Aleppo is
captured, by Prince Feisal's Sheifial
Forces. ·
The steamer Princess Sophia sinks
on Vanderbilt Reef near Juneau, Alaska; 353 people die, in the
greatest maritime disaster in the Pacific Northwest. ·
October 26 – WWI – Charge at Haritan:
Units of the Desert Mounted Corps battle with Ottoman forces for the last
time in WWI. ·
Czechoslovakia declares its
independence from Austria-Hungary. ·
A new Polish government is declared in
Western Galicia (Eastern
Europe). ·
The Wilhelmshaven mutiny of
the German High Seas Fleet breaks
out. ·
The State
of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs declares its independence from
Austria-Hungary. ·
The Martin Declaration is
published, including Slovakia in the
formation of the Czecho-Slovak state. ·
The Armistice of Mudros ends
conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War
I, and grants independence to the Mutawakkilite
Kingdom of Yemen. ·
October 31 – The Hungarian government
terminates the personal union with Austria, officially dissolving the Austro-Hungarian
Empire. November[edit] Main article: November 1918 ·
The Polish–Ukrainian War is
inaugurated, by the proclamation of the West
Ukrainian People's Republic in Galicia,
with a capital at Lwów. ·
Serbian forces recapture Belgrade. ·
Malbone Street Wreck:
The worst rapid transit accident
in world history occurs under the intersection of Malbone Street and Flatbush
Avenue, in Brooklyn, New York
City, with at least 93 dead. ·
WWI: Austria-Hungary enters an armistice
with the Allies, at
the Villa Giusti in Padua. ·
Poland declares its independence from
Russia. ·
German
Revolution: Sailors in the German fleet at Kiel mutiny,
and throughout northern Germany soldiers and workers begin to
establish revolutionary councils, on the Russian soviet model. ·
November 4 – WWI: The Armistice of
Villa Giusti ends warfare between Italy and Austria-Hungary,
on the Italian Front. ·
November 6 – A new Polish government is
proclaimed in Lublin. ·
November 7 – King Ludwig of Bavaria flees
his country. ·
November 8 – The German army withdraws
its support of the Kaiser. The German Armistice delegation arrives at Compiègne Forest in
France. November 9: Proclamation of German Republic
by Philipp Scheidemann in
Berlin on the Reichstag balcony ·
Kaiser Wilhelm II of
Germany abdicates and chooses to live in exile in the
Netherlands. ·
The German Republic is proclaimed
by Philipp Scheidemann in Berlin, on the Reichstag balcony. ·
Provisional National Council
Minister-President Kurt Eisner declares Bavaria to be a republic. ·
British battleship HMS Britannia is
sunk by a German submarine off Trafalgar, with the loss of around fifty
lives (the last major naval engagement of WWI). November 11: Signatories to the Armistice
with Germany (Compiègne), ending WWI, pose outside Marshal Foch's
railway carriage November 11: Front page
of The New York Times on Armistice Day ·
End of WWI – Armistice
with Germany (Compiègne): Germany signs an armistice agreement with the Allies,
between 5:12 AM and 5:20 AM, in Marshal Foch's railroad car in Compiègne Forest in
France. It becomes official on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th
month.[14] ·
Poland regains independence, after 123
years of partitions. Józef Piłsudski is
appointed Commander-in-Chief. ·
Emperor Charles I of Austria gives
up his absolute power, but does not abdicate. ·
November 12 – Austria becomes
a republic. ·
The Allied Occupation
of Constantinople begins. ·
Frederick
II, Grand Duke of Baden, relinquishes all governing duties. ·
German East African troops
are informed of the armistice on 11 November. ·
The provisional government of Baden
proclaims the Freie Volksrepublik Baden ("Free
Peoples' Republic of Baden"). ·
Czechoslovakia becomes a republic. ·
Józef Piłsudski is
appointed head of state of Poland. ·
November 16 – The Hungarian
Democratic Republic is declared, marking Hungary's independence from Austria. ·
November 18 – Latvia declares
its independence from Russia. ·
November 20 – U-boats start to rendezvous off Harwich, to begin the surrender of the High Seas Fleet to the British Royal Navy; in the following week the German
warships are escorted to internment in Scapa Flow.[15] ·
November 21 – Lwów pogrom: Polish troops,
volunteers and freed criminals massacre at least 320 Ukrainian Christians
and Jews in Lwów, Galicia. ·
The Spartacist League founds
the German Communist Party. ·
The Belgian royal family returns
to Brussels after the war, King Albert I having
commanded the Allied Army group in the autumn Courtrai offensive, which liberated his
country. ·
Frederick
II, Grand Duke of Baden, abdicates; the Grand Duchy of Baden gives
way to the Republic of Baden. ·
November 23 – British military
government of Palestine begins.[16] ·
November 25 – General Paul von
Lettow-Vorbeck, German commander in German East Africa,
signs a ceasefire at Abercorn in Northern Rhodesia. ·
November 26 – The Podgorica Assembly votes for a
"union of the people", declaring its union with the Kingdom
of Serbia. ·
November 28 – Estonian War
of Independence: The Red Army invades Estonia, starting the war. The Commune
of the Working People of Estonia is established as a Soviet
puppet state in Narva on the next
day. ·
November 29 – Serbia annexes Montenegro. ·
November 30 – Ernest Ansermet conducts the first
concert by the Orchestre
de la Suisse Romande. December[edit] Main article: December 1918 ·
Iceland regains independence, but
remains in personal union with the King of Denmark, who also becomes the King
of Iceland until 1944. ·
New voting laws in Sweden makes votes no longer dependent
on taxable assets, each adult having one vote. ·
The Union
of Alba Iulia is proclaimed: Following the March 27 incorporation of Bessarabia and Bucovina, Transylvania unites with the Kingdom of Romania. ·
The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
(which later becomes the Kingdom of
Yugoslavia) is proclaimed. Flag of the Kingdom of
Serbs, Croats and Slovenes ·
December 4 – President Woodrow Wilson departs by ship to
the Paris Peace
Conference, becoming the first United States President to travel
to Europe while holding office. ·
December 5 – Estonian War
of Independence: The British light cruiser HMS Cassandra strikes
a mine and sinks near Saaremaa in the Baltic Sea, killing 11 sailors.[17] ·
Prince
Frederick Charles of Hesse renounces the Finnish throne. ·
Portuguese President Sidónio Pais is assassinated. ·
December 16 – Vincas
Mickevičius-Kapsukas declares the formation of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic,
a puppet state created
by the Russian
SFSR to justify the Lithuanian–Soviet
War. ·
December 17 – Darwin Rebellion in Australia:
Disaffected workers march on Government
House, Darwin, demanding the resignation of the Administrator
of the Northern Territory, John A. Gilruth. ·
December 20 – Tomáš Garrigue
Masaryk returns to the Czechoslovak Republic. ·
December 21 – Estonian War
of Independence: The Red Army captures Tartu, Estonia. ·
December 27 – Greater
Poland Uprising (1918–19): Poles in Greater Poland (the former Grand Duchy of Posen)
rise up against the Germans, ignited by a patriotic speech made in Poznań by pianist and
politician Ignacy Jan
Paderewski. ·
December 28 – Sinn Féin enjoys a landslide victory in
Irish seats in the Irish
general election (part of the United
Kingdom general election, 1918), following the counting of votes,
winning 73 of the 105 seats in Ireland. In accordance with their manifesto,
Sinn Féin members will not take their seats in the Palace of
Westminster but will form the First Dáil in Dublin. Countess Constance Markievicz,
while detained in Holloway Prison (London),
becomes the first woman elected to (but does not take her seat in) the
British House
of Commons.[18] ·
December 31 – A British-brokered
ceasefire ends the two weeks of fighting in the Georgian–Armenian
War. Date unknown[edit] ·
The Native American
Church is formally founded in Oklahoma. ·
The Association Against the Prohibition Amendment is
founded to promote repeal of
Prohibition in the United States. ·
United Business
Media is founded in London, as United Newspapers Ltd. ·
Around 1,000 pilot whales strand in
the Chatham Islands. Births[edit] January[edit] ·
January 1 – Patrick Anthony
Porteous, Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross (d. 2000) ·
January 2 – Gudrun Zapf-von
Hesse, German typographer, calligrapher and book-binder ·
January 9 – Alma Ziegler, American female professional
baseball player (d. 2005) ·
January 10 – Arthur Chung, 1st President of Guyana (d. 2008) ·
January 11 – Kassim Al-Rimawi, Prime Minister of Jordan
(d. 1982) ·
January 12 – Mike Laffin, Canadian politician, dentist ·
January 14 – Dimitri Tsafendas,
South African criminal (d. 1999) ·
João Figueiredo,
30th President of Brazil (d. 1999) ·
Ira B. Harkey Jr.,
American newspaper editor (d. 2006) ·
Gamal Abdel Nasser,
2nd President of Egypt (d. 1970) ·
Deryck Stapleton, British Royal Air Force
officer (d. 2018) ·
Nel Benschop, Dutch poet (d. 2005) ·
Allan Ekelund, Swedish film producer
(d. 2009) ·
Stirling Silliphant,
American writer, producer (d. 1996) ·
Kamal Amrohi, Indian director, screenwriter
(d. 1993) ·
George M. Leader, American politician
(d. 2013) ·
Peter Hobbs,
American actor (d. 2011) ·
John H. Johnson, African-American publisher,
founder of Ebony (d. 2005) ·
Juan García Esquivel,
Mexican bandleader (d. 2002) ·
Nevin S. Scrimshaw,
American food scientist (d. 2013) ·
Chichay, Filipino actress (d. 1993) ·
Richard D. Winters,
U.S. Army officer (d. 2011) ·
January 22 – Elmer Lach, Canadian ice hockey player
(d. 2015) ·
January 23 – Gertrude B. Elion,
American scientist, recipient of the Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1999) ·
January 24 – Oral Roberts, American neo-Pentecostal
televangelist (d. 2009) ·
January 25 – Ernie Harwell, American baseball sportscaster
(d. 2010) ·
Nicolae
Ceaușescu, Romanian dictator (d. 1989) ·
Philip José Farmer,
American writer (d. 2009) ·
Vito Scotti, American character actor
(d. 1996) ·
Skitch Henderson, English-born musician,
bandleader (d. 2005) ·
Elmore James, American musician (d. 1963) ·
Luis Aguilar,
Mexican actor, singer (d. 1997) ·
John Forsythe, American actor (Dynasty)
(d. 2010) ·
January 30 – Bazilije
Pandžić, Croatian historian, archivist and orientalist ·
January 31 – Millie Dunn Veasey,
African-American civil rights activist (d. 2018) February[edit] ·
Carlos Fayt, Argentine lawyer, politician
and academic (d. 2016) ·
Dame Muriel Spark, Scottish author (d. 2006) ·
February 2 – Hella Haasse, Dutch writer (d. 2011) ·
Joey Bishop, American entertainer, member of
the "Rat Pack" (d. 2007) ·
Martin Greenberg,
American poet and translator ·
Helen Stephens, American runner (d. 1994) ·
Ida Lupino, Anglo-American actress,
screenwriter, director and producer (d. 1995) ·
Clive Bossom, British politician (d. 2017) ·
February 6 – Lothar-Günther
Buchheim, German author (d. 2007) ·
February 7 – Markey Robinson, Irish painter (d. 1999) ·
Fred Blassie, American professional
wrestler, novelty singer (Pencil Neck Geek) (d. 2003) ·
Walter Newton Read,
American lawyer, second chairman of the New
Jersey Casino Control Commission (d. 2001) ·
February 12 – Julian Schwinger, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 1994) ·
Allan Arbus, American actor (M*A*S*H)
(d. 2013) ·
Smilja Avramov, Serbian academic, authority
and educator in international law (d. 2018) ·
William T. Young, American businessman
(d. 2004) ·
February 16 – Patty Andrews, American singer (The Andrews Sisters)
(d. 2013) ·
February 17 – William Bronk, American poet (d. 1999) ·
February 19 – Fay McKenzie, American silent film actress ·
February 21 – Robert E. Thacker,
American aviator and test pilot ·
Charlie Finley, American owner of the
Oakland A's (1960–80) (d. 1996) ·
Don Pardo, American television announcer (Saturday Night Live)
(d. 2014) ·
Robert Pershing
Wadlow, American tallest man record-holder (d. 1940) ·
Barney Ewell, American athlete (d. 1996) ·
Bobby Riggs, American tennis player
(d. 1995) ·
Herbert Blaize, 6th Prime Minister
of Grenada (d. 1989) ·
Otis R. Bowen, American politician (d. 2013) ·
Lloyd Geering, New Zealand theologian ·
Theodore Sturgeon,
American writer (d. 1985) ·
February 28 – Alfred Burke, English actor (d. 2011) March[edit] ·
March 1 ·
Franz Becker, German footballer ·
Roger Delgado, British actor (d. 1973) ·
João Goulart, 24th President of Brazil (d. 1976) ·
James N. Morgan, American economist
(d. 2018) ·
March 2 – Martin Flannery, British politician
(d. 2006) ·
March 3 ·
Arthur Kornberg, American biochemist,
recipient of the Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2007) ·
Fritz Thiedemann, German equestrian
(d. 2000) ·
March 4 – Margaret Osborne
duPont, American female tennis player (d. 2012) ·
March 5 ·
Shlomo Lorincz, member of Israeli Knesset for Agudat Yisrael (d. 2009) ·
James Tobin, American economist, Nobel
Prize laureate (d. 2002) ·
March 9 ·
George Lincoln
Rockwell, American Nazi leader (d. 1967) ·
Mickey Spillane, American writer (d. 2006) ·
March 10 – Günther Rall, German ace fighter pilot
(d. 2009) ·
March 11 – Jack Coe, American evangelist (d. 1956) ·
March 12 – Elaine de Kooning,
American artist (d. 1989) ·
March 13 – Eddie Pellagrini, American baseball player,
coach (d. 2006) ·
March 14 – John McCallum,
Australian actor (d. 2010) ·
March 15 – William McIntyre,
Canadian Puisne Justice (d. 2009) ·
March 16 – Frederick Reines, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 1998) ·
March 17 – Viviane Gauthier, Haitian dancer (d. 2017) ·
March 18 – Bob Broeg, American sports writer (d. 2005) ·
March 20 – Jack Barry,
American television game show host, producer (d. 1984) ·
March 22 – Cheddi Jagan, 4th President of Guyana (d. 1997) ·
March 23 ·
Stick McGhee, American jump blues singer, guitarist, and
songwriter (d. 1961) ·
Émile Derlin Zinsou,
President of Benin (d. 2016) ·
March 25 – Howard Cosell, American attorney, lecturer,
and sports journalist (d. 1995) ·
March 26 – Lloyd McCuiston, American politician ·
March 28 – Gonzalo Facio
Segreda, Costa Rican lawyer, politician, and diplomat (d. 2018) ·
March 29 ·
Pearl Bailey, African-American singer,
actress (d. 1990) ·
Shirley Jameson, American female baseball
player (d. 1993) ·
Sam Walton, founder of Wal-Mart (d. 1992) April[edit] ·
April 1 – Milt Earnhart, American politician ·
April 6 ·
Alfredo Ovando
Candía, President of Bolivia (d. 1982) ·
George Corones, Australian senior swimmer ·
April 7 – Bobby Doerr, American baseball player
(d. 2017) ·
April 8 ·
Betty Ford, First
Lady of the United States (d. 2011) ·
Charles P. Roland,
American historian ·
April 9 – Jørn Utzon, Danish architect (d. 2008) ·
April 10 – H. S. Doreswamy, Indian activist, journalist ·
April 11 – Jean-Claude
Servan-Schreiber, French journalist, politician (d. 2018) ·
April 14 – Mary Healy,
American actress, variety entertainer and singer (d. 2015) ·
April 15 – Edmund Jones, American politician ·
April 16 ·
Spike Milligan, Irish comedian (d. 2002) ·
Murray Westgate, Canadian actor (d. 2018) ·
April 17 ·
William Holden, American actor (d. 1981) ·
Frank Popper, French historian ·
Anne Shirley,
American actress (d. 1993) ·
April 18 ·
Gabriel Axel, Danish film director (d. 2014) ·
Claudio Teehankee,
Filipino lawyer (d. 1989) ·
Shinobu Hashimoto,
Japanese screenwriter (d. 2018) ·
Clifton Hillegass,
American author, founder of CliffsNotes (d. 2001) ·
April 20 ·
Edward L. Beach, Jr.,
American naval officer, author (d. 2002) ·
Kai Siegbahn, Swedish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 2007) ·
April 22 ·
Mickey Vernon, American baseball player
(d. 2008) ·
William Jay Smith,
American poet (d. 2015) ·
April 24 – Lou Dorfsman, American graphic designer
(d. 2008) ·
April 26 – Fanny Blankers-Koen,
Dutch athlete (d. 2004) ·
April 27 – John Rice,
American baseball umpire (d. 2011) ·
April 28 ·
Mildred Persinger,
American feminist ·
Karl-Eduard
von Schnitzler, East German journalist, host of the television
show Der schwarze Kanal (d. 2001) ·
Rodger Wilton Young, United States Army soldier,
remembered in the song "The Ballad of
Rodger Young" (d. 1943) ·
April 29 – George
Allen, American football coach (d. 1990) May[edit] ·
May 1 ·
Jack Paar, American television show host (The
Tonight Show) (d. 2004) ·
Li Yaowen, Chinese politician, general and
diplomat (d. 2018) ·
May 3 – Richard Dudman, American reporter, editorial
writer (St. Louis Post-Dispatch) (d. 2017) ·
May 4 ·
Kakuei Tanaka, former Prime Minister of
Japan (d. 1993) ·
Ana Enriqueta Terán,
Venezuelan poet (d. 2017) ·
May 5 – Egidio Galea, Maltese Roman Catholic priest
(d. 2005) ·
May 6 ·
Henrietta Boggs, Costa Rican-American
author, journalist and activist ·
Zayed bin
Sultan Al Nahyan, 1st President of the United Arab Emirates
(d. 2004) ·
May 9 ·
Russell M. Carneal,
American politician, judge (d. 1998) ·
Orville Freeman, American politician
(d. 2003) ·
Mike Wallace, American journalist (d. 2012) ·
May 10 ·
T. Berry Brazelton,
American pediatrician (d. 2018) ·
George Welch,
American aviator (d. 1954) ·
May 11 – Richard Feynman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 1988) ·
May 12 – Julius Rosenberg, American-born Soviet spy
(d. 1953) ·
May 15 ·
Eddy Arnold, American country music singer
(d. 2008) ·
Joseph Wiseman, Canadian actor (d. 2009) ·
May 16 – Wilf Mannion, English footballer (d. 2000) ·
May 17 ·
A. C. Lyles, American film producer
(d. 2013) ·
Bolesław
Gładych, Polish World War II flying ace (d. 2011) ·
Birgit Nilsson, Swedish soprano (d. 2005) ·
May 18 ·
Claudia Bryar, American actress (d. 2011) ·
Joe Krush,
American illustrator ·
May 19 – Abraham Pais, Dutch-born American physicist
(d. 2000) ·
May 20 – Edward B. Lewis, American geneticist,
recipient of the Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004) ·
May 23 ·
Frank Mancuso, American major league
baseball player, politician (d. 2007) ·
Naomi Replansky, American poet ·
May 27 – Yasuhiro Nakasone,
45th Prime Minister of
Japan ·
May 28 ·
Johnny Wayne, Canadian comedian (d. 1990) ·
Norbert Franck, Luxembourgian swimmer
(d. 2006) ·
May 30 ·
Károly Doncsecz,
Slovenian potter (d. 2002) ·
Martin Lundstrom, Swedish Olympic
cross-country skier (d. 2016) ·
May 31 – Margaret Todd,
Canadian female golfer June[edit] ·
June 2 – Kathryn Tucker
Windham, American writer, storyteller (d. 2011) ·
June 3 – Charlie Aldrich, American country musician ·
June 4 – Johnny Klein, American drummer (d. 1997) ·
June 6 ·
Kenneth Connor, English comedy stage, radio,
film and television actor (d. 1993) ·
Edwin G. Krebs, American biochemist,
recipient of the Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2009) ·
June 8 – Robert Preston,
American actor (The Music Man) (d. 1987) ·
June 9 – John Hospers, American philosopher (d. 2011) ·
June 10 ·
Wood Moy, American actor (d. 2017) ·
Patachou, French singer (d. 2015) ·
June 11 – Hugo Scheltema, Dutch diplomat (d. 1996) ·
June 12 – Jerry A. Moore Jr.,
American politician (d. 2017) ·
June 15 – François Tombalbaye,
1st President of Chad (d. 1975) ·
June 17 ·
Raúl Padilla (alias El Chato),
Mexican actor (d. 1994) ·
Derek
Barber, Baron Barber of Tewkesbury, British life peer (d. 2017) ·
Ajahn Chah Subaddho, Buddhist teacher
(d. 1992) ·
June 18 ·
Jerome Karle, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 2013) ·
Franco Modigliani,
Italian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 2003) ·
Angel Martín Taboas,
Puerto Rican-American politician ·
Elisabeth Waldo, American violinist,
composer ·
June 21 ·
Adriana Sivieri, Argentine-born Italian film
actress ·
Josephine Webb, American engineer ·
Dee Molenaar, American mountaineer, author
and artist ·
Allan Lindberg, Swedish pole vaulter
(d. 2004) ·
June 22 – Cicely Saunders, English Anglican nurse,
social worker, physician and writer (d. 2005) ·
June 23 – Paul Ashbee, British archaeologist (d. 2009) ·
June 24 ·
Yong Nyuk Lin, Singaporean politician
(d. 2012) ·
Myroslav Ivan
Lubachivsky, Ukrainian Catholic bishop (d. 2000) ·
June 25 ·
Lady Cynthia Postan, English horticulturist
(d. 2017) ·
Sid Tepper, American songwriter (d. 2015) ·
June 26 ·
Helmut Kuhny, German politician ·
Leo Rosner, Polish-born Austrian Jewish
musician (d. 2008) ·
Raleigh Rhodes, American combat fighter
pilot (d. 2007) ·
June 27 ·
Willy Breinholst, Danish humorist, writer
(d. 2009) ·
Adolph Kiefer, American former competition
swimmer (d. 2017) ·
June 28 – Marshall
Brown, American professional basketball player (d. 2008) ·
June 29 ·
Francis W. Nye, United States Air Force
major general ·
Jeanne Manet, French actress ·
Gene La Rocque, U.S. admiral (d. 2016) ·
Heini Lohrer, Swiss ice hockey player
(d. 2011) ·
June 30 – Des Case, Welsh rugby union, professional rugby
league footballer July[edit] ·
July 1 ·
Ralph Young,
American singer, actor (d. 2008) ·
Ahmed Deedat, South African writer, public
speaker (d. 2005) ·
Pedro Yap, Filipino lawyer (d. 2003) ·
July 2 ·
Athos Bulcão, Brazilian painter, sculptor
(d. 2008) ·
Indumati
Bhattacharya, Indian politician ·
July 3 ·
Shirley Adelson
Siegel, American activist and lawyer ·
Johnny Palmer, American golfer (d. 2006) ·
Benjamin C. Thompson,
American architect (d. 2002) ·
Lorenzo Robledo, Spanish actor (d. 2006) ·
July 4 ·
King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV of
Tonga (d. 2006) ·
Alec Bedser, English cricketer (d. 2010) ·
Eric Bedser, English cricketer (d. 2006) ·
Ann Landers, American advice columnist
(d. 2002) ·
Joe Fortunato,
American football, basketball, and baseball coach (d. 2004) ·
Pauline Phillips, American advice columnist,
popularly known as Abigail Van Buren (d. 2013) ·
July 5 ·
Zakaria Mohieddin,
Egyptian general, politician (d. 2012) ·
Brian James,
Australian actor (d. 2009) ·
George Rochberg, American composer (d. 2005) ·
Miguel Ángel Sanz
Bocos, Spanish fighter pilot (d. 2018) ·
Nikos Papatakis, Greek Ethiopian-born
naturalised French filmmaker (d. 2010) ·
July 6 ·
Sebastian Cabot,
English actor (d. 1977) ·
J. Dewey Daane, American economist (d. 2017) ·
Herm Fuetsch, American professional
basketball player (d. 2010) ·
Francisco Moncion,
Dominican-American dancer, charter member of New York City Ballet (d. 1995) ·
July 7 ·
Bob Vanatta, American head basketball coach
(d. 2016) ·
Jing Shuping, Chinese businessman (d. 2009) ·
July 8 ·
Edward B. Giller, U.S. major general
(d. 2017) ·
Julia Pirie, British spy working for MI5
(d. 2008) ·
Oluf Reed-Olsen, Norwegian resistance
member, pilot (d. 2002) ·
Craig Stevens,
American actor (d. 2000) ·
Paul B. Fay, American businessman, soldier,
and diplomat, 12th United
States Secretary of the Navy (d. 2009) ·
July 9 – Jarl Wahlström,
Salvation Army general (d. 1999) ·
July 10 ·
Chuck Stevens, American major baseball
(d. 2018) ·
Frank L. Lambert, American professor
emeritus of chemistry at Occidental College ·
July 11 – Venetia Burney, English woman known for
being the first person to suggest the name Pluto for the planet in 1930 (d. 2009) ·
July 12 ·
Doris Grumbach, American novelist,
memoirist, biographer, literary critic, and essayist ·
Mary Glen-Haig, British Olympic fencer
(d. 2014) ·
Alice
Van-Springsteen, American stuntwoman, jockey (d. 2008) ·
Vivian Mason, American actress (d. 2009) ·
Paul Stenn, American football offensive
tackle (d. 2003) ·
July 13 ·
Ted Oldfield, English footballer (d. 2006) ·
Alberto Ascari, Italian race car driver
(d. 1955) ·
July 14 ·
T. M. Aluko, Nigerian writer (d. 2010) ·
Ingmar Bergman, Swedish film director
(d. 2007) ·
Jay Wright Forrester,
American computer engineer, systems scientist (d. 2016) ·
July 15 ·
Paddy Bassett, New Zealand Scientist ·
Bertram Brockhouse,
Canadian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 2003) ·
Aubrey
Buxton, Baron Buxton of Alsa, British soldier, politician,
television executive and writer (d. 2009) ·
Arthur Dimmock, English writer, journalist
and historian (d. 2007) ·
Brenda Milner, Canadian neuropsychologist ·
July 16 ·
Pituka de Foronda,
Spanish actress (d. 1999) ·
Leonard T. Schroeder,
American colonel (d. 2009) ·
Paul Farnes, famed World War II Royal Air
Force (RAF) fighter pilot, one of "The Few" surviving pilots of the
Battle of Britain ·
Jim Vickers-Willis,
Australian journalist (d. 2008) ·
Samuel Victor Perry,
British biochemist (d. 2009) ·
Denis Edward Arnold,
English soldier (d. 2015) ·
July 17 ·
Chandler Robbins, American ornithologist
(d. 2017) ·
Carlos Manuel
Arana Osorio, President of
Guatemala (d. 2003) ·
July 18 ·
Lia Dorana, Dutch comedian, actress
(d. 2010) ·
James Duesenberry,
American economist (d. 2009) ·
Warren Hair, American professional
basketball player (d. 2006) ·
Nelson Mandela, 1st President of
South Africa and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2013) ·
July 20 ·
Auður Laxness, Icelandic writer,
craftsperson (d. 2012) ·
Eric Longworth, British actor (d. 2008) ·
Cindy Walker, American songwriter (d. 2006) ·
Edward S. Little, American diplomat
(d. 2004) ·
July 21 – Elsa Kobberstad, Norwegian schoolteacher,
politician (d. 2007) ·
July 22 ·
Lila Zali, Georgian-born American prima
ballerina (d. 2003) ·
Stanley Lebergott,
American government economist (d. 2009) ·
July 23 ·
Abraham Bueno
de Mesquita, Dutch comedian, actor (d. 2005) ·
Carl T. Langford, American politician
(d. 2011) ·
July 24 ·
Ruggiero Ricci, Italian-born violinist
(d. 2012) ·
Antonio Candido, Brazilian literary critic,
sociologist (d. 2017) ·
Irving London, American hematologist and
geneticist (d. 2018) ·
July 25 ·
Jane Frank, American artist (d. 1986) ·
Alexander McKee,
British journalist, military historian and diver, discoverer of the Mary Rose (d. 1992) ·
July 26 – Marjorie Lord, American actress (d. 2015) ·
July 27 – Leonard Rose, American cellist (d. 1984) ·
July 28 – Penaia Ganilau, 1st President of Fiji
(d. 1993) ·
July 29 ·
Frank Miller,
American singer ·
Edwin O'Connor, American novelist, Pulitzer Prize
for Fiction winner (d. 1968) ·
July 30 ·
John L. Cason, American actor (d. 1961) ·
Jimmy Robinson,
American actor (d. 1967) ·
July 31 ·
Paul D. Boyer, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 2018) ·
Vicente Almeida
d'Eça, Portuguese colonial administrator (d. 2018) ·
Hank Jones, American pianist (d. 2010) August[edit] ·
August 1 ·
Artur Brauner, German film producer and
entrepreneur ·
Zhou Xuan, Chinese singer, actress (d. 1957) ·
August 2 – Dada Vaswani, Indian spiritual leader
(d. 2018) ·
August 3 ·
Sidney Gottlieb, American Central
Intelligence Agency official (d. 1999) ·
Cheng Kaijia, Chinese nuclear physicist and
engineer (d. 2018) ·
August 4 – Noel Willman, Irish actor (d. 1988) ·
August 5 ·
Kondapalli
Koteswaramma, Indian communist leader, feminist, revolutionary,
and writer (d. 2018) ·
Betty Oliphant, co-founder of National
Ballet of Canada (d. 2004) ·
August 6 – Charles
Coulston Gillispie, American historian (d. 2015) ·
August 11 – Thomas A. Bird, British WWII army officer,
architect (d. 2017) ·
August 12 – Roy C. Bennett, American songwriter
(d. 2015) ·
Noor Hassanali, 2nd President
of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 2006) ·
Tao Porchon-Lynch,
American yoga master and author ·
Frederick Sanger, English biochemist, two
time Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 2013) ·
August 19 – Shankar Dayal Sharma,
9th President of India (d. 1999) ·
August 20 – Crystal Bennett, British archaeologist,
pioneering researcher on Jordan (d. 1987) ·
August 21 – Bruria Kaufman, American-born Israeli
physicist (d. 2010) ·
Said Mohamed Djohar,
former President of the
Comoros (d. 2006) ·
Martin Pope, American physical chemist ·
August 23 – Bernard Fisher,
American surgeon ·
August 25 – Leonard Bernstein,
American composer, conductor (d. 1990) ·
Hutton Gibson, American religion writer,
father of actor Mel Gibson ·
Katherine Johnson,
African-American physicist, space scientist, and mathematician ·
Maria
Isaura Pereira de Queiróz, Brazilian sociologist ·
Jelle Zijlstra, Dutch politician, Prime
Minister of the Netherlands from 1966 until 1967 (d. 2001) ·
Simeon Booker, American journalist (d. 2017) ·
August 28 – Alejandro
Agustín Lanusse, 37th President of
Argentina (d. 1996) ·
Clemens C. J.
Roothaan, Dutch physicist ·
Brian Stonehouse, English painter, WWII spy
(d. 1998) ·
August 30 – Ted Williams, American baseball player
(d. 2002) ·
Alan Jay Lerner, American lyricist,
librettist (d. 1986) ·
Griffin Bell, American politician (d. 2009) September[edit] ·
James D. Martin, American politician
(d. 2017) ·
Phyllis Wallbank, English educationalist ·
September 3 – Helen Wagner, American soap opera actress
(d. 2010) ·
John
Carrick, Australian politician (d. 2018) ·
Paul Harvey, American radio broadcaster
(d. 2009) ·
Gerald Wilson, American jazz trumpeter
(d. 2014) ·
September 6 – Hugh Gillis, American politician (d. 2013) ·
September 8 – Derek Barton, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 1998) ·
September 9 – Oscar Luigi Scalfaro,
9th President of Italy (d. 2012) ·
Eric McClintock, Australian businessman,
public servant (d. 2018) ·
Ray
Charles, American musician, singer and songwriter (d. 2015) ·
Rosemary Kennedy, sister of President
of the United States John F. Kennedy (d. 2005) ·
September 14 – James George,
Canadian diplomat ·
September 15 – Nipsey Russell, African-American comedian
(d. 2005) ·
September 16 – Ismail Mohd Ali, Malaysian politician
(d. 1998) ·
September 17 – Chaim Herzog, 6th President of Israel 1983–1993
(d. 1997) ·
September 19 – Joseph Zeller, American politician ·
September 21 – John Gofman, American Manhattan Project scientist,
advocate (d. 2007) ·
September 22 – Henryk Szeryng, Polish-born violinist
(d. 1988) ·
September 24 – Emerante Morse, Haitian singer, dancer and
folklorist (d. 2018) ·
Peng Chang-kuei, Taiwanese chef (d. 2016) ·
Harry Yee, American bartender ·
Martin Ryle, English radio astronomer,
recipient of the Nobel Prize in
Physics (d. 1984) ·
Sotero Laurel, Filipino politician and
educator (d. 2009) ·
Ángel Labruna, Argentine soccer player,
manager (d. 1983) ·
Ida Schuster, Scottish actress ·
September 29 – Peter Arne, British actor (d. 1983) ·
Giovanni Canestri,
Italian cardinal (d. 2015) ·
Aldo Parisot, Brazilian-American cellist and
educator October[edit] ·
October 4 – Kenichi Fukui, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 1998) ·
October 6 – Goh Keng Swee, former Deputy Prime Minister
of Singapore (d. 2010) ·
October 8 – Jens Christian Skou,
Danish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 2018) ·
October 9 – E. Howard Hunt, American Watergate break-in
coordinator (d. 2007) ·
October 13 – Robert
Walker, American actor (d. 1951) ·
October 14 – Thelma Coyne Long,
Australian tennis player (d. 2015) ·
Louis Althusser, French philosopher
(d. 1990) ·
Henri Vernes, Belgian author ·
October 17 – Rita Hayworth, American actress (d. 1987) ·
Konstantinos
Mitsotakis, former Greek Prime Minister (d. 2017) ·
Bobby Troup, American singer-songwriter and
actor, known for his role in Emergency! (d. 1999) ·
October 19 – Robert S. Strauss,
American politician, Democratic National Committee Chairman (d. 2014) ·
Fred Caligiuri, American baseball player
(d. 2018) ·
René de Obaldia,
French playwright and poet ·
October 23 – Augusta Dabney, American actress (d. 2008) ·
Francisco Griéguez,
Spanish WWII soldier (d. 2018) ·
Milton Selzer, American actor (d. 2006) ·
October 26 – Marc Hodler, Swiss lawyer (d. 2006) ·
Mihkel Mathiesen, Estonian statesman
(d. 2003) ·
Gérard Tremblay,
Canadian Roman Catholic bishop ·
Teresa Wright, American actress (d. 2005) ·
October 29 – Diana Serra Cary, American actress ·
October 31 – Ian Stevenson, American parapsychologist
(d. 2007) November[edit] ·
November 2 – Raimon Panikkar, Spanish theologian
(d. 2010) ·
Bob Feller, American baseball player
(d. 2010) ·
Ann Hutchinson Guest,
American movement, dance researcher ·
Elizabeth P.
Hoisington, American Brigadier General (d. 2007) ·
Russell B. Long, United States Senator from
Louisiana (d. 2003) ·
Dean Riesner, American film, television
screenwriter (d. 2002) ·
Art Carney, American actor, best known for
his role in The Honeymooners (d. 2003) ·
Cameron Mitchell,
American actor, best known for his role in The High Chaparral (d. 1994) ·
Paul Aussaresses, French general (d. 2013) ·
Fred Cusick, American ice hockey broadcaster
(d. 2009) ·
Billy Graham, American evangelist, spiritual
adviser to several U.S. Presidents (d. 2018) ·
Hermann Zapf, German typeface designer
(d. 2015) ·
Bob Schiller, American screenwriter
(d. 2017) ·
Teoh Seng Khoon, Malaysian badminton player
(d. 2018) ·
Spiro Agnew, 39th Vice
President of the United States (d. 1996) ·
Su Beng, Taiwanese dissident and political
activist ·
Thomas Ferebee, United States Air Force
colonel (d. 2000) ·
Choi Hong Hi, South Korean general, martial
artist (d. 2002) ·
Ernst Otto Fischer,
German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 2007) ·
John Henry Moss, American baseball
executive, politician (d. 2009) ·
November 11 – Louise Tobin, American singer ·
November 14 – John Bromwich, Australian tennis player
(d. 1999) ·
November 15 – Vittore Bocchetta,
Italian sculptor, painter and academic ·
November 18 – Nicolás Kingman
Riofrío, Ecuadorian journalist, writer and politician (d. 2018) ·
November 21 – Dorothy Maguire Chapman, American
professional baseball player (d. 1981) ·
November 26 – Patricio Aylwin, 32nd President of Chile (d. 2016) ·
November 27 – Borys Paton, Ukrainian scientist ·
November 28 – Jack H. Harris, American film producer,
distributor and actor (d. 2017) ·
November 29 – Madeleine L'Engle,
American author (d. 2007) ·
November 30 – Efrem Zimbalist, Jr.,
American actor (The FBI)
(d. 2014) December[edit] ·
December 3 – Abdul Haris Nasution,
Indonesian general (d. 2000) ·
Tauba Biterman, Polish Holocaust survivor ·
Nick Drahos, American football player
(d. 2018) ·
Jórunn Viðar,
Icelandic pianist, composer (d. 2017) ·
Liu Yichang, Hong Kong writer and novelist
(d. 2018) ·
December 8 – Gérard Souzay, French baritone (d. 2004) ·
December 10 – Fergus Anckorn, British magician (d. 2018) ·
Aleksandr
Solzhenitsyn, Russian writer, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 2008) ·
John W. Reed, American legal scholar
(d. 2018) ·
December 12 – Joe Williams,
American jazz singer (d. 1999) ·
December 14 – B. K. S. Iyengar, Indian yoga teacher
(d. 2014) ·
December 15 – Jeff Chandler,
American actor (d. 1961) ·
December 17 – Dusty Anderson, American actress, model ·
December 19 – Georgina Cookson, British actress (d. 2011) ·
December 20 – Joseph Payne Brennan,
American poet, author (d. 1990) ·
Fred Gloden, American football player ·
Donald Regan, American Treasury
Secretary, White House
Chief of Staff (d. 2003) ·
Kurt Waldheim, President of Austria, Secretary-General
of the United Nations (d. 2007) ·
José Greco, Italian-born flamenco dancer
(d. 2001) ·
Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor
of Germany (d. 2015) ·
December 24 – Dave Bartholomew, American musician,
songwriter and music producer ·
Bertie Mee, English football player, manager
(d. 2001) ·
Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt,
recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1981) ·
George S. Vest, American diplomat ·
December 26 – Butch Ballard, American jazz drummer
(d. 2011) ·
December 29 – Leo J. Dulacki, American general ·
Al Lakeman, American Major League Baseball
catcher (d. 1976) ·
Kyra Petrovskaya
Wayne, Russian-American author (d. 2018) Date Unknown[edit] ·
Khondaker Mostaq
Ahmad, 5th President of Bangladesh (d. 1996) ·
Louis Wienholt, Australian public servant
(d. 1973) Deaths[edit] January[edit] María
Dolores Rodríguez Sopeña ·
January 6 – Georg Cantor, German mathematician (b. 1845) ·
Johannes Pääsuke,
Estonian photographer, filmmaker (b. 1892) ·
Ellis H. Roberts, American politician
(b. 1827) ·
Max Ritter von
Müller, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action)
(b. 1887) ·
Émile Reynaud, French inventor (b. 1844) ·
January 10 – María
Dolores Rodríguez Sopeña, Spanish Roman Catholic religious sister and
blessed (b. 1848) ·
January 26 – Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia (b. 1850) ·
January 28 – John McCrae, Canadian soldier, surgeon and
poet (b. 1872) February[edit] Sultan Abdul Hamid II ·
February 2 – John L. Sullivan, American boxer, World
Heavyweight Champion (b. 1858) ·
February 4 – Akiyama Saneyuki, Japanese admiral (b. 1868) ·
February 5 – Leonard
Monteagle Barlow, British fighter pilot (accident) (b. 1898) ·
February 6 – Gustav Klimt, Austrian painter (b. 1862) ·
February 8 – Louis Renault,
French jurist, educator and Nobel Prize laureate
(b. 1843) ·
Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire
(b. 1842) ·
Ernesto Teodoro
Moneta, Italian pacifist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1833) ·
February 11 – Alexey Kaledin, Russian general (suicide)
(b. 1861) ·
February 15 – Vernon Castle, American dancer (b. 1887) ·
February 16 – Károly Khuen-Héderváry,
2-time Prime Minister
of Hungary (b. 1849) ·
Adolphus Frederick VI, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1882) ·
Thomas
Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey, British politician and colonial
administrator (b. 1836) March[edit] ·
March 2 – Prince Mirko
of Montenegro (b. 1879) ·
March 9 – Frank Wedekind, German playwright (b. 1864) ·
March 10 ·
Hans-Joachim
Buddecke, German flying ace (killed in action) (b. 1890) ·
Jim McCormick,
Scottish-born American baseball player (b. 1856) ·
March 13 – César Cui, Lithuanian composer (b. 1835) ·
March 14 ·
Lucretia Garfield, First
Lady of the United States (b. 1832) ·
Gennaro Rubino, Italian anarchist who
unsuccessfully tried to assassinate King Leopold II of Belgium (b. 1859) ·
March 15 – Adolf Ritter
von Tutschek, German fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1891) ·
March 23 – T. P. Cameron Wilson,
English poet, novelist (b. 1888) ·
March 25 ·
Claude Debussy, French composer (b. 1862) ·
Walter Tull, first Black infantry officer to
serve in the British Army (b. 1888) ·
March 27 ·
Henry Adams, American historian (b. 1838) ·
Martin Sheridan, American Olympic athlete (b. 1881) April[edit] ·
April 1 ·
Paul von Rennenkampf,
Russian general (executed) (b. 1854) ·
Isaac Rosenberg, British war poet (killed in
action) (b. 1890) ·
April 4 – Hermann Cohen, German philosopher (b. 1842) ·
April 5 – King George Tupou II of Tonga (b. 1874) ·
April 18 – Otto Wagner, Austro-Hungarian architect,
urban planner (b. 1841) ·
April 20 ·
Karl Ferdinand Braun,
German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1850) ·
Paul
Gautsch von Frankenthurn, Austrian statesman, former Prime
Minister (b. 1851) ·
April 21 ·
Friedrich
II, Duke of Anhalt (b. 1856) ·
Manfred von
Richthofen, German fighter pilot, top-scoring ace of World War I
(killed in action) (b. 1892) ·
April 27 – Jacques Duchesne, French general (b. 1837) ·
April 28 – Gavrilo Princip, Yugoslav assassin (b. 1894) May[edit] ·
May 2 – Jüri Vilms, Estonian politician (b. 1889) ·
May 14 – James Gordon
Bennett, Jr., American newspaper publisher (b. 1841) ·
May 17 – William Drew Robeson,
African-American minister, father of singer and actor Paul Robeson (b. 1844) ·
May 18 – Maria Magdalena
Merten, German Roman Catholic religious professed and
blessed (b. 1883) ·
May 19 – Raoul Lufbery, Franco-American fighter pilot
(killed in action) (b. 1885) ·
May 23 – Mariano Ponce, Filipino diplomat, politician
and writer (b. 1863) ·
May 24 – József Kiss, Austro-Hungarian fighter pilot
(killed in action) (b. 1896) ·
May 30 – Georgi Plekhanov, Russian revolutionary,
philosopher (b. 1856) June[edit] ·
June 1 – Roderic Dallas, Australian fighter pilot
(killed in action) (b. 1891) ·
June 3 – Count Richard
von Bienerth-Schmerling, Austrian noble, statesman and former
Prime Minister (b. 1863) ·
June 4 – Charles W. Fairbanks, 26th Vice
President of the United States (b. 1852) ·
June 10 – Arrigo Boito, Italian poet, composer
(b. 1842) ·
June 13 – Grand
Duke Michael Romanov (assassinated) (b. 1878) ·
June 15 – Frank Miles Day, American architect
(b. 1861) ·
June 19 – Francesco Baracca,
Italian fighter pilot (air crash) (b. 1888) ·
June 25 – Jake Beckley, American baseball
player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1867) ·
June 26 – Kyrion II of Georgia,
Georgian Orthodox religious
leader, saint (b. 1855) ·
June 27 – Joséphin Péladan,
French occultist (b. 1858) July[edit] Sultan Mehmed V Emperor Nicholas II of
Russia ·
July 3 – Sultan Mehmed V of the Ottoman Empire
(b. 1844) ·
July 9 – James McCudden, British fighter pilot (air
crash) (b. 1895) ·
July 14 – Quentin Roosevelt,
youngest son of United States President Theodore Roosevelt,
fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1897) ·
July 17 – Executed members of the
Romanov family: ·
Former Emperor Nicholas II of Russia (b. 1868) ·
Former Empress Alexandra Feodorovna
of Russia (b. 1872) ·
Grand
Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1895) ·
Grand
Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1897) ·
Grand
Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1899) ·
Grand
Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1901) ·
Former Tsarevich
Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia (b. 1904) ·
July 18 ·
Prince
Constantine Constantinovich of Russia (b. 1891) ·
Prince
Igor Constantinovich of Russia (b. 1894) ·
Grand
Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia (b. 1869) ·
July 20 – Francis Lupo, American soldier (b. 1895) ·
July 22 ·
Indra Lal Roy, Indian fighter pilot
(b. 1898) ·
Manuel González
Prada, Peruvian politician, author (b. 1844) ·
July 26 ·
Henry Macintosh, British Olympic athlete
(killed in action) (b. 1892) ·
Edward Mannock, British fighter pilot
(killed in action) (b. 1887) ·
July 29 – Ernest William
Christmas, Australian painter (b. 1863) ·
July 30 ·
Joyce Kilmer, American journalist, poet
(killed in action) (b. 1886) ·
Frank Linke-Crawford,
Austro-Hungarian fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1893) ·
July 31 – George McElroy, British fighter pilot
(killed in action) (b. 1893) August[edit] ·
August 1 ·
John Riley Banister,
American policeman, cowboy (b. 1854) ·
Gabriel Guérin,
French World War I fighter ace (air crash) (b. 1892) ·
August 6 – Peter Strasser, German naval officer,
airship commander (killed in action) (b. 1876) ·
August 9 – Marianne Cope, German-born American Roman Catholic nun and saint (b. 1838) ·
Jean Brillant, Canadian soldier (b. 1890) ·
Erich Löwenhardt,
German World War I fighter ace (b. 1897) ·
Aleksander Uurits,
Estonian painter, graphic artist (b. 1888) ·
August 12 – Anna Held, French actress (b. 1873) ·
August 18 – Henry Norwest, Canadian sniper (b. 1884) ·
August 24 – Louis Bennett Jr.,
American World War I flying ace (killed in action) (b. 1894) ·
August 30 – William Duncan,
British missionary in Canada and the United States (b. 1832) September[edit] Prince
Erik, Duke of Vastmanland ·
September 2 – John Forrest, Australian explorer and
politician, 1st Premier of
Western Australia (b. 1847) ·
September 5 – Nikolay Maklakov, Russian politician, former
minister of the Interior (b. 1871) ·
September 6 – Elizabeth Yates,
New Zealand politician (b. 1845) ·
September 8 – Francis
Mary of the Cross Jordan, German Roman Catholic priest and venerable
(b. 1848) ·
September 12 – George
Reid, 4th Prime
Minister of Australia (b. 1845) ·
September 13 – Eduard, Duke of
Anhalt (b. 1861) ·
September 16 – Maurice Boyau, French World War I fighter
ace (killed in action) (b. 1888) ·
September 20 – Prince
Erik, Duke of Västmanland (b. 1889) ·
September 25 – Mikhail Alekseyev,
Russian general (b. 1857) ·
September 27 – Fritz Rumey, German World War I fighter ace
(killed in action) (b. 1891) ·
True Boardman, American actor (b. 1882) ·
Georg Simmel, German sociologist,
philosopher (b. 1858) ·
Freddie Stowers, American soldier (b. 1896) ·
September 29 – Frank Luke, American fighter pilot (killed
in action) (b. 1897) October[edit] ·
Roland Garros,
French fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1888) ·
Robbie Ross, British writer (b. 1869) ·
October 9 – Raymond
Duchamp-Villon, French sculptor (b. 1876) ·
October 11 – Wallace Lloyd Algie,
Canadian soldier (b. 1891) ·
October 14 – Nikolai Skrydlov, Russian admiral (executed)
(b. 1844) ·
October 15 – Sai Baba of Shirdi,
Indian guru, yogi (b. 1838) ·
October 16 – Felix Arndt, American pianist, composer
(b. 1889) ·
Radko Dimitriev, Bulgarian, Russian general
(executed) (b. 1859) ·
Daudo Okelo and Jildo Irwa, Ugandan Roman Catholic martyrs, saints (b.
Uganda nationality) ·
Harold Lockwood, American actor (b. 1887) ·
Prince
Umberto, Count of Salemi (b. 1889) ·
October 22 – Myrtle Gonzalez, American actress (b. 1891) ·
César Ritz, Swiss hotelier (b. 1850) ·
Daniel Burley
Woolfall, English administrator, 2nd President of FIFA (b. 1852) ·
October 28 – Michel Coiffard, French World War I fighter
ace (killed in action) (b. 1892) ·
October 29 – Rudolf Tobias, Estonian composer (b. 1873) ·
Egon Schiele, Austrian artist (b. 1890) ·
István Tisza, 2-time Prime
Minister of Hungary (assassinated) (b. 1861) November[edit] ·
November 2 – Hugh Cairns, Canadian soldier (b. 1896) ·
Wilfred Owen, British poet, soldier (killed
in action) (b. 1893) ·
Andrew Dickson White,
American academic, diplomat, and co-founder of Cornell University (b. 1832) ·
Samuel
Liddell MacGregor Mathers, British occultist (b. 1854) ·
William Shea,
British actor (b. 1856) ·
November 6 – Alan Arnett McLeod,
Canadian soldier (b. 1899) ·
Guillaume Apollinaire,
French poet (b. 1880) ·
Albert Ballin, German-Jewish shipping
magnate (b. 1857) ·
Sir Peter Lumsden, British general in the
Indian Army (b. 1829) ·
November 11 – George Lawrence
Price, last Commonwealth soldier to die in WWI (b. 1892) ·
November 15 – Sir
Robert Anderson, British police officer (b. 1841) ·
November 19 – Joseph F. Smith, 6th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1838) ·
November 20 – John Bauer,
Swedish painter (b. 1881) ·
November 22 – Rose Cleveland, de facto First
Lady of the United States (b. 1846) ·
November 23 – Fritz von Below, German general (b. 1853) ·
November 30 – Karl Petrovich
Jessen, Russian admiral (b. 1852) December[edit] Sultan Ali bin Hamud
of Zanzibar ·
December 2 – Edmond Rostand, French writer (b. 1868) ·
December 4 – Princess Teriivaetua of Tahiti (b. 1869) ·
December 5 – Schalk Willem Burger,
Boer military leader, lawyer, politician, statesman, and acting President
of the South African Republic(1900-1902) (b. 1852) ·
December 11 – Ivan Cankar, Slovenian writer (b. 1876) ·
December 14 – Sidónio Pais, Portuguese politician,
general, diplomat, 66th Prime Minister
of Portugal and 4th President of
Portugal (b. 1872) ·
December 20 – Sultan Ali bin Hamud
of Zanzibar (b. 1884) ·
December 21 – Prince Konrad of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst,
Austrian statesman, former Prime Minister (b. 1863) ·
December 28 – Olavo Bilac, Brazilian poet (b. 1865) Nobel Prizes[edit] ·
Physics – Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck ·
Chemistry – Fritz Haber ·
Medicine –
not awarded ·
Literature –
not awarded ·
Peace –
not awarded References[edit] 1. ^ Barry, John M. (2005). The Great
Influenza; The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History. New York: Penguin
Books. ISBN 978-0143036494. 2. ^ "Historical Concert for the Benefit of Widows and
Orphans". World Digital Library. 2014-02-10.
Retrieved 2014-06-22. 3. ^ Penguin Pocket
On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0. 4. ^ Shores, Christopher
(1969). Finnish Air Force, 1918–1968. Reading, Berkshire, UK: Osprey
Publications Ltd. p. 3. ISBN 978-0668021210. 5. ^ Palmer, Alan; Veronica
(1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd.
pp. 355–356. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2. 6. ^ Royal Canadian Legion Branch # 138."2-Minute
Wave of Silence" Revives a Time-honoured Tradition. Accessed
on 5 June 2014. 7. ^ The first was from Allahabad to
Naini Junction in India on 18 February1911,
and the second from London to Windsor Castle on 22 June 1911. 8. ^ "Women's Right to Vote in Canada". lop.parl.ca.
Retrieved 2018-02-22. 9. ^ "La Grippe Espagnole de 1918". Institut Pasteur. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011.
Retrieved 3 May 2011. 10. ^ "Carpathia Sunk; 5 of Crew Killed" (PDF). The New York Times.
20 July 1918. p. 4. 11. ^ "Warilda".
Uboat.net. Retrieved 2012-12-17. 12. ^ Lichfield, John
(2014-07-07). "A History of the First World War in 100 Moments:
The 'blackest day' of the German army". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2014-07-07. 13. ^ Werth, Nicolas; Bartosek, Karel;
Panne, Jean-Louis; Margolin, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Courtois,
Stephane (1999). The Black
Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Cambridge,
MA: Harvard
University Press. p. 74. ISBN 0-674-07608-7. 14. ^ Pitt, Barrie (2003). 1918:
The Last Act. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. ISBN 0-85052-974-3. 15. ^ Massie, Robert K. (2004). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of
the Great War at Sea. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-40878-0. 16. ^ Biger, Gideon (2004). The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947. London:
Routledge. pp. 55, 164. ISBN 978-0-7146-5654-0.
Retrieved 2009-05-02. 17. ^ Wainwright, Martin (23
August 2010). "British warships sunk 90 years ago found off
Estonian coast". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-08-24. 18. ^ Ward, Margaret
(1983). Unmanageable Revolutionaries: Women and Irish nationalism.
London: Pluto Press. p. 137. ISBN 0-86104-700-1. Further reading[edit] ·
Williams, John. The Other
Battleground The Home Fronts: Britain, France and Germany 1914-1918 (1972)
pp 243-92. Primary sources and year books[edit] ·
New International Year Book 1918 (1919), Comprehensive coverage of
world and national affairs, 904 pp ·
Wickware. Francis Graham (1919). The American Year Book: A Record of Events and Progress... T.
Nelson & Sons. |
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