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This article is about
the religious order. For the state, see State of the Teutonic
Order. For the historical novel, see The Knights of the Cross. For the film,
see Knights of the Teutonic
Order (film).
The Order
of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem[2](official
names: Latin: Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ Theutonicorum Hierosolymitanorum, German: Orden der Brüder vom Deutschen Haus der Heiligen Maria in
Jerusalem), commonly the Teutonic Order (Deutscher Orden, Deutschherrenorden or Deutschritterorden), is a Catholic religious order founded as
a military order c. 1190
in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.
The Teutonic Order was formed to aid Christians on
their pilgrimages to
the Holy Land and to
establish hospitals. Its members
have commonly been known as the Teutonic Knights, having a small
voluntary and mercenarymilitary membership,
serving as a crusading military
order for protection of Christians in the Holy Land and
the Baltics during
the Middle Ages.
Purely religious
since 1929, the Teutonic Order still confers limited honorary knighthoods.[3] The Bailiwick of Utrecht of
the Teutonic Order, a Protestantchivalric order, is
descended from the same medieval military order and also continues to award
knighthoods and perform charitable work.[4]
Contents
·
1Name
·
2History
o
2.1Timeline
o
2.2Foundation
o
2.3Transylvania, Kingdom of
Hungary
o
2.4Prussia
o
2.5Livonia
o
2.6Against Lithuania
o
2.7Against Poland
o
2.8Height of power
o
2.9Decline
o
2.10Medieval organisation
§ 2.10.1Administrative structure
about 1350
§ 2.10.2Universal leadership
§ 2.10.2.1Generalkapitel
§ 2.10.2.2Hochmeister
§ 2.10.2.3Großgebietiger
§ 2.10.3National leadership
§ 2.10.3.1Landmeister
§ 2.10.4Regional leadership
§ 2.10.5Local leadership
§ 2.10.5.1Komtur
§ 2.10.6Special offices
·
3Modern organization
o
3.1Catholic religious order
§ 3.1.1Honorary Knights
o
3.2Protestant Bailiwick of
Utrecht
·
4Insignia
·
5Influence on German and
Polish nationalism
·
6External Link
·
7See also
·
8Notes
·
9References
·
10External links
The full name of the Order in German is Orden der Brüder vom Deutschen Haus
St. Mariens in Jerusalem or in Latin Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ
Theutonicorum Hierosolymitanorum (engl. "Order of the House of St.
Mary of the Germans in Jerusalem"). Thus, the term 'Teutonic'
refers to the German origins of the order in Latin.[5] It is
commonly known in German as the Deutscher
Orden(official
short name, engl. "German
Order"), historically also as Deutscher
Ritterorden ("German Order of
Knights"), Deutschherrenorden, Deutschritterorden ("Order of the German
Knights") or "Die Herren im weißen Mantel" ("The
lords in white capes").
The Teutonic
Knights have been known as Zakon Krzyżacki in Polish ("Order
of the Cross") and as Kryžiuočių
Ordinas in Lithuanian, Vācu Ordenis in Latvian, Saksa Ordu or,
simply, Ordu ("The Order")
in Estonian, as well as
various names in other languages.
Extent of the Teutonic Order in 1300.
Formed in the
year 1190[6] in Acre, in the Levant, the medieval
Order played an important role in Outremer (the
general name for the Crusader states), controlling
the port tolls of Acre. After Christian forces were defeated in the Middle
East, the Order moved to Transylvania in 1211 to
help defend the South-Eastern borders of the Kingdom of Hungaryagainst the Cumans. The Knights
were expelled by force of arms by King Andrew II of Hungary in 1225,
after attempting to place themselves under papal instead of
the original Hungarian sovereignty and thus to become independent.[7]
In 1230,
following the Golden Bull of Rimini, Grand Master Hermann von Salza and Duke Konrad I of Masovia launched the Prussian Crusade, a joint
invasion of Prussia intended
to Christianize the Baltic Old Prussians. The Knights
had quickly taken steps against their Polish hosts and
with the Holy Roman Emperor's support, had
changed the status of Chełmno Land (also Ziemia Chelminska or Kulmerland), where they were invited by the Polish prince,
into their own property. Starting from there, the Order created the independent Monastic State of the
Teutonic Knights, adding continuously the conquered Prussians'
territory, and subsequently conquered Livonia. Over time, the
kings of Poland denounced the Order for expropriating their lands, specifically
Chełmno Land and later the Polish lands of Pomerelia (also Pomorze Gdańskie or
Pomerania), Kujawy, and Dobrzyń Land.
The Order
theoretically lost its main purpose in Europe with the Christianization of
Lithuania. However, it initiated numerous campaigns against
its Christian neighbours, the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Novgorod Republic(after
assimilating the Livonian Order). The Teutonic
Knights had a strong economic base which enabled them to hire mercenaries from
throughout Europe to augment their feudal levies, and they also became a naval
power in the Baltic Sea. In 1410, a
Polish-Lithuanian army decisively defeated the Order and broke its military
power at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg).
However, the capital of the Teutonic Knights was successfully defended in the
following Siege of Marienburg and the Order was saved from
collapse.
In 1515, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I made a
marriage alliance with Sigismund I of
Poland-Lithuania. Thereafter, the empire did not support the Order against
Poland. In 1525, Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg resigned
and converted to Lutheranism, becoming Duke of Prussia as a
vassal of Poland. Soon after, the Order lost Livonia and its holdings in the
Protestant areas of Germany.[8] The Order
did keep its considerable holdings in Catholic areas of Germany until 1809,
when Napoleon Bonaparteordered its dissolution
and the Order lost its last secular holdings.
However, the Order continued to exist as a charitable and
ceremonial body. It was outlawed by Adolf Hitler in 1938,[9] but
re-established in 1945.[10] Today it
operates primarily with charitable aims in Central Europe.
The Knights wore
white surcoats with a
black cross. A cross pattée was
sometimes used as their coat of arms; this image was
later used for military decoration and insignia by the Kingdom of Prussia and
Germany as the Iron Cross and Pour le Mérite. The motto of the Order was: "Helfen, Wehren, Heilen" ("Help, Defend, Heal").[11]
The
Order's Marienburg Castle, Monastic state of the
Teutonic Knights, now Malbork, Poland
Timeline[edit]
Reliquary made in Elbing in 1388 for Teutonic komtur
Thiele von Lorich, military trophy of Polish king Wladislaus in 1410.
·
1198 Formation
·
1218 Siege of Damietta
·
1228–1229 The Sixth Crusade
·
1237 absorption of The Livonian Brothers of the
Sword
·
1242 The Battle on the Ice
·
1242–1249 First Prussian Uprising
·
1249 Treaty of Christburg with the pagan Prussians signed
on February 9
·
1249 Battle of Krücken
·
1260 Battle of Durbe
·
1260–1274 Great Prussian Uprising
·
1262 Siege of Königsberg
·
1263 Battle of Löbau
·
1264 Siege of Bartenstein
·
1270 Battle of Karuse
·
1271 Battle of Pagastin
·
1279 Battle of Aizkraukle
·
1291 Siege of Acre (1291)
·
1308–1309 Teutonic takeover of
Danzig and Treaty of Soldin
·
1326–1332 First Polish–Teutonic War, for Kuyavia, with
involvement of Lithuania and Hungary
·
1331 Battle of Płowce
·
1343 Treaty of Kalisz, exchange of Kuyavia for Kulm and other territories
·
1343–1345 St. George's Night
Uprising
·
1346 Purchase of Duchy of Estonia from
Denmark
·
1348 Battle of Strėva
·
1370 Battle of Rudau
·
1409–1411 Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic
War, the Teutonic knights are defeated by Polish king Władysław II Jagiełło
and Lithuanian Grand duke Vytautas the Great at
the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg)
(1410)
·
1414 Hunger War
·
1422 Gollub War ending
with the Treaty of Melno
·
1431–1435 Second Polish–Teutonic War
·
1454–1466 Thirteen Years' War
·
1466 Second Peace of Thorn
(1466)
·
1467–1479 War of the Priests
·
1519–1521 Third Polish–Teutonic War
·
1525 the Livonian Order buys
itself de facto independent from the Teutonic Order
·
1525 Order loses State of the Teutonic
Order due to the Prussian Homage, it
becomes Ducal Prussia
Foundation[edit]
In 1143 Pope Celestine II ordered
the Knights Hospitaller to take over management
of a German hospital in Jerusalem, which,
according to the chronicler Jean d’Ypres,
accommodated the countless German pilgrims and crusaders who could neither
speak the local language nor Latin (patriæ linguam ignorantibus atque Latinam).[12] Although
formally an institution of the Hospitallers, the pope
commanded that the prior and the brothers of the domus
Theutonicorum (house of the Germans) should
always be Germans themselves, so a tradition of a German-led religious institution
could develop during the 12th century in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[13]
Hermann von Salza, the fourth Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
(1209–1239)
After the loss
of Jerusalem in 1187, some merchants from Lübeck and Bremen took up
the idea and founded a field hospital for the duration of the Siege of Acre in 1190,
which became the nucleus of the order; Celestine III recognized
it in 1192 by granting the monks Augustinian Rule. However, based
on the model of the Knights Templar, it was transformed
into a military order in 1198 and the head of the order became known as
the Grand Master(magister hospitalis). It received papal orders for
crusades to take and hold Jerusalem for Christianity and defend
the Holy Land against
the Muslim Saracens. During the
rule of Grand Master Hermann von Salza (1209–1239) the Order changed
from being a hospicebrotherhood for pilgrims to
primarily a military order.
The Order was
founded in Acre, and the Knights purchased Montfort (Starkenberg), northeast of
Acre, in 1220. This castle, which defended the route between Jerusalem and
the Mediterranean Sea, was made the
seat of the Grand Masters in 1229, although they returned to Acre after losing
Montfort to Muslim control in 1271. The Order also had a castle at Amouda in Armenia Minor. The Order
received donations of land in the Holy Roman Empire (especially
in present-day Germany and Italy), Frankish Greece, and the
Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Emperor Frederick II elevated his close friend Hermann von Salza to the status of Reichsfürst, or "Prince of the Empire", enabling the Grand
Master to negotiate with other senior princes as an equal. During Frederick's
coronation as King of Jerusalem in 1225, Teutonic Knights served as his escort in
the Church of the Holy Sepulchre; von Salza read the emperor's
proclamation in both French and German. However, the Teutonic Knights were never as influential
in Outremer as the older Templars and Hospitallers.
Transylvania, Kingdom
of Hungary[edit]
Tannhäuser in the habit of the Teutonic Knights, from the Codex Manesse
In 1211, Andrew II of Hungary accepted
the services of the Teutonic Knights and granted them the district of Burzenland in Transylvania, where they
would be immune to fees and duties and could enforce their own justice. Andrew
had been involved in negotiations for the marriage of his daughter with the son
of Hermann, Landgrave of Thuringia, whose vassals
included the family of Hermann von Salza. Led by a
brother called Theoderich, the Order defended the
South-Eastern borders of the Kingdom of Hungary against the neighbouring Cumans. Many forts of
wood and mud were built for defence. They settled new
German peasants among the existing inhabitants, who were known as the Transylvanian Saxons. The Cumans had
no fixed settlements for resistance, and soon the Teutons
were expanding into their territory. By 1220, The Teutonics
Knights had built five castles, some of them made of stone. Their rapid
expansion made the Hungarian nobility and clergy, who were previously
uninterested in those regions, jealous and suspicious. Some nobles claimed
these lands, but the Order refused to share them, ignoring the demands of the
local bishop. After the Fifth Crusade, King Andrew
returned to Hungary and found his Kingdom full of grudge because of the expenses
and losses of the failed military campaign. When the nobles demanded that he
cancel the concessions made to the Knights, he concluded that they had exceeded
their task and that the agreement should be revised, but did not revert the
concessions. However, Prince Béla, heir to the
throne, was allied with the nobility. In 1224, the Teutonic Knights, seeing
that they would have problems when the Prince inherited the Kingdom,
petitioned Pope Honorius III to be
placed directly under the authority of the Papal See, rather than
that of the King of Hungary. This was a grave mistake, as King Andrew, angered and
alarmed at their growing power, responded by expelling the Teutonic Knights in
1225, although he allowed the commoners and peasants (the Transylvanian Saxons)
to remain. Lacking the military organization and experience of the Teutonic
Knights, the Hungarians did not replace them with adequate defenses and stopped
the attacks against the Cumans. Soon, the steppe warriors would be a threat
again. [14]
Prussia[edit]
Main article: Prussian Crusade
In 1226, Konrad I, Duke of Masovia in
north-eastern Poland, appealed to
the Knights to defend his borders and subdue the pagan Baltic Prussians, allowing the
Teutonic Knights use of Chełmno Land (Culmerland) as a base for their campaign. This being a time
of widespread crusading fervor throughout Western Europe, Hermann von Salza considered Prussia a good
training ground for his knights for the wars against the Muslims in Outremer.[15] With
the Golden Bull of Rimini, Emperor
Frederick II bestowed on the Order a special imperial privilege for the
conquest and possession of Prussia, including Chełmno
Land, with nominal papal sovereignty. In 1235 the Teutonic Knights assimilated
the smaller Order of Dobrzyń, which had been
established earlier by Christian, the first
Bishop of Prussia.
Frederick II allows the order to invade Prussia, by P. Janssen
The conquest of Prussia was
accomplished with much bloodshed over more than fifty years, during which
native Prussians who remained unbaptised were subjugated,
killed, or exiled. Fighting between the Knights and the Prussians was
ferocious; chronicles of the Order state the Prussians would "roast
captured brethren alive in their armour, like
chestnuts, before the shrine of a local god".[16]
The native
nobility who submitted to the crusaders had many of their privileges affirmed
in the Treaty of Christburg. After the Prussian uprisings of
1260–83, however, much of the Prussian nobility emigrated or were
resettled, and many free Prussians lost their rights. The Prussian nobles who
remained were more closely allied with the German landowners and gradually
assimilated.[17] Peasants
in frontier regions, such as Samland, had more
privileges than those in more populated lands, such as Pomesania.[18] The
crusading knights often accepted baptism as a form
of submission by the natives.[19] Christianity
along western lines slowly spread through Prussian culture. Bishops were
reluctant to have Prussian religious practices integrated into the new faith,[20] while the
ruling knights found it easier to govern the natives when they were semi-pagan
and lawless.[21] After
fifty years of warfare and brutal conquest, the end result meant that most of
the Prussian natives were either killed or deported.[22]
Map of the
Teutonic state in 1260
The Order ruled
Prussia under charters issued by
the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor as a sovereign monastic state, comparable to
the arrangement of the Knights Hospitallers in Rhodes and later
in Malta.
To make up for losses from the plague and to
replace the partially exterminated native population, the Order
encouraged immigration from the
Holy Roman Empire (mostly Germans, Flemish, and Dutch) and from Masovia (Poles), the
later Masurians. These included
nobles, burghers, and peasants, and the surviving Old Prussians were gradually
assimilated through Germanization. The settlers
founded numerous towns and cities on former Prussian settlements. The Order
itself built a number of castles (Ordensburgen) from which it
could defeat uprisings of Old
Prussians, as well as continue its attacks on the Grand Duchy
of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, with which the Order was often at war
during the 14th and 15th centuries. Major towns founded by the Order
included Allenstein (Olsztyn), Elbing (Elbląg), Klaipėda (Memel), and Königsberg, founded in
1255 in honor of King Otakar II of Bohemia on the
site of a destroyed Prussian settlement.
In 1236
the Knights of Saint Thomas, an English
order, adopted the rules of the Teutonic Order. A contingent of
Teutonic Knights of indeterminate number is traditionally believed to have
participated at the Battle of Legnica in 1241
against the Mongols. However,
recent analysis of the 15th-century Annals of Jan Długosz by
Labuda suggests that the German crusaders may have
been added to the text (listing the Allied Army) after the chronicler Długosz had
completed the work.[23] Legnica is
the furthest west the Mongol expansion would reach in Poland.
Livonia[edit]
Main article: Livonian Crusade
Teutonic Order
castle in Paide, Estonia
The Livonian Brothers of the
Sword were absorbed by the Teutonic Knights in 1237, after
the former had suffered a devastating defeat in the Battle of Saule. The Livonian branch subsequently
became known as the Livonian Order.[24] Attempts
to expand into Rus failed when the knights suffered a
major defeat in 1242 in the Battle of the Ice at the
hands of Prince Alexander Nevsky of Novgorod. Over the next
decades the Order focused on the subjugation of the Curonians and Semigallians. In 1260 it
suffered a disastrous defeat in the Battle of Durbe against Samogitians, which inspired
rebellions throughout Prussia and Livonia. After the Teutonic Knights won a
crucial victory in the Siege of Königsberg from 1262 to 1265, the war had
reached a turning point. The Curonians were finally
subjugated in 1267 and the Semigallians in 1290.[24] The Order
suppressed a major Estonian rebellionin 1343-1345, and
in 1346 purchased the Duchy of Estonia from Denmark.
Against Lithuania[edit]
The Teutonic Knights began to direct their campaigns against
pagan Lithuania (see Lithuanian mythology), due to the
long existing conflicts in the region (including constant incursions into the
Holy Roman Empire's territory by pagan raiding parties) and the lack of a
proper area of operation for the Knights, after the fall of the Kingdom of
Jerusalem at Acre in 1291 and their
later expulsion from Hungary [25]. At first the
knights moved their headquarters to Venice, from which
they planned the recovery of Outremer [26], this plan was,
however, shortly abandoned, and the Order later moved its headquarters to Marienburg, so it could better focus its efforts on the
region of Prussia. Because "Lithuania Propria" remained non-Christian until
the end of the 14th century, much later than the rest of eastern Europe, the
conflicts stretched out for a longer time, and many Knights from western
European countries, such as England and France, journeyed to
Prussia to participate in the seasonal campaigns (reyse)
against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1348, the Order won a great victory
over the Lithuanians in the Battle of Strėva, severely weakening them.
The Teutonic Knights won a decisive victory over Lithuania in the Battle of Rudau in 1370.
Warfare between
the Order and the Lithuanians was especially brutal. It was common practice for
Lithuanians to torture captured enemies and civilians, it is recorded by a
Teutonic chronicler that they had the habit of tying captured Knights to their
horses and having both of them burned alive, while sometimes a stake would be
driven into their bodies, or the Knight would be flayed. Lithuanian pagan
customs included ritualistic human sacrifice, the hanging of widows, and the
burying of a warrior's horses and servants with him after his death [27]. The Knights
would also, on occasion, take captives from defeated Lithuanians, whose
condition (as that of other war captives in the Middle Ages) was extensively
researched by Jacques Heers [28]. The conflict
had much influence in the political situation of the region, and was the source
of many rivalries between Lithuanians or Poles and Germans, the degree to which
it impacted the mentalities of the time can be seen in the lyrical works of men
such as the contemporary Austrian poet Peter
Suchenwirt.
The conflict in its entirety lasted over 200 years
(although with varying degrees of aggression during that time), with its front
line along both banks of the Neman River, with as many
as twenty forts and castles between Seredžius and Jurbarkas alone.
Against Poland[edit]
Main article: Teutonic takeover of
Danzig
Pomerelia (Pommerellen) while part of the monastic state of the
Teutonic Knights
A dispute over the succession to the
Duchy of Pomerelia embroiled
the Order in further conflict at the beginning of the 14th century. The
Margraves of Brandenburg had claims
to the duchy that they acted upon after the death of King Wenceslaus of Poland
in 1306. Duke Władysław I the Elbow-high of Poland
also claimed the duchy, based on inheritance from Przemysław II, but he was
opposed by some Pomeranians nobles.
They requested help from Brandenburg, which subsequently occupied all of Pomerelia except for the citadel of Danzig (Gdańsk) in 1308.
Because Władysław was unable to come to the
defense of Danzig, the Teutonic Knights, then led by Hochmeister Siegfried von Feuchtwangen, were called to
expel the Brandenburgers.
The Order, under a Prussian Landmeister Heinrich von Plötzke, evicted the Brandenburgers
from Danzig in September 1308 but then refused to yield the town to the Poles,
and according to some sources massacred the town's
inhabitants; although the exact extent of the violence is
unknown, and widely recognized by historians to be an unsolvable mystery. The
estimates range from 60 rebellious leaders, reported by dignitaries of the
region and Knight chroniclers, to 10,000 civilians, a number cited in a papal
bull (of dubious procedence) that was used in a legal
process installed to punish the Order for the event; the legal dispute went on
for a time, but the Order was eventually absolved of the charges. In the Treaty of Soldin, the Teutonic Order purchased
Brandenburg's supposed claim to the castles of Danzig, Schwetz
(Świecie), and Dirschau (Tczew) and their
hinterlands from the margraves for 10,000 marks on 13 September 1309.[29]
Control of Pomerelia allowed the Order to connect their monastic state
with the borders of the Holy Roman Empire. Crusading reinforcements and
supplies could travel from the Imperial territory of Hither Pomerania through Pomerelia to Prussia, while Poland's access to the Baltic
Sea was blocked. While Poland had mostly been an ally of the knights against
the pagan Prussians and Lithuanians, the capture of Pomerelia
turned the kingdom into a determined enemy of the Order.[30]
The capture of
Danzig marked a new phase in the history of the Teutonic Knights. The
persecution and abolition of the powerful Knights Templar, which began in 1307,
worried the Teutonic Knights, but control of Pomerelia
allowed them to move their headquarters in 1309 from Venice to Marienburg (Malbork) on
the Nogat River, outside the
reach of secular powers. The position of Prussian Landmeister
was merged with that of the Grand Master. The Pope began investigating
misconduct by the knights, but no charges were found to have substance. Along
with the campaigns against the Lithuanians, the knights faced a vengeful Poland
and legal threats from the Papacy.[31]
The Treaty of Kalisz of 1343 ended open
war between the Teutonic Knights and Poland. The Knights relinquished Kuyavia and Dobrzyń Land to Poland,
but retained Culmerland and Pomerelia with Danzig.
Height of power[edit]
Map of the
Teutonic state in 1410
In 1337,
Emperor Louis IV allegedly
granted the Order the imperial privilege to conquer all Lithuania and Russia.
During the reign of Grand Master Winrich von Kniprode (1351–1382),
the Order reached the peak of its international prestige and hosted numerous
European crusaders and nobility.
King Albert of Sweden ceded Gotland to the
Order as a pledge (similar to a fiefdom), with the
understanding that they would eliminate the pirating Victual Brothers from this
strategic island base in the Baltic Sea. An invasion
force under Grand Master Konrad von Jungingenconquered the island in
1398 and drove the Victual Brothers out of Gotland and the Baltic Sea.
In 1386, Grand Duke Jogaila of
Lithuania was baptised into
Christianity and married Queen Jadwiga of Poland, taking the
name Władysław II Jagiełło
and becoming King of Poland. This created a personal union between
the two countries and a potentially formidable opponent for the Teutonic
Knights. The Order initially managed to play Jogaila
and his cousin Vytautas against
each other, but this strategy failed when Vytautas
began to suspect that the Order was planning to annex parts of his territory.
The baptism of Jogaila began the
official conversion of Lithuania to Christianity. Although the crusading
rationale for the Order's state ended when Prussia and Lithuania had become
officially Christian, the Order's feuds and wars with Lithuania and Poland
continued. The Lizard Union was
created in 1397 by Prussian nobles in Culmerland to
oppose the Order's policy.
In 1407, the Teutonic Order reached its greatest
territorial extent and included the lands of Prussia, Pomerelia, Samogitia, Courland, Livonia, Estonia, Gotland, Dagö, Ösel, and the Neumark, pawned by
Brandenburg in 1402.
Decline[edit]
Battle of Grunwald
In 1410, at the Battle of Grunwald (German: Schlacht bei Tannenberg) — known in Lithuanian as the
Battle of Žalgiris — a combined
Polish-Lithuanian army, led by Vytautas and Jogaila, decisively
defeated the Order in the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic
War. Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen and most of the Order's higher
dignitaries fell on the battlefield (50 out of 60). The Polish-Lithuanian army
then began the Siege of Marienburg, the capital of the Order, but was
unable to take Marienburg owing to
the resistance of Heinrich von Plauen. When the First Peace of Thorn was signed
in 1411, the Order managed to retain essentially all of its territories,
although the Knights' reputation as invincible warriors was irreparably
damaged.
While Poland and Lithuania were growing in power, that of
the Teutonic Knights dwindled through infighting. They were forced to impose
high taxes to pay a substantial indemnity but did not give the cities
sufficient requested representation in the administration of their state. The
authoritarian and reforming Grand Master Heinrich von Plauen was forced from
power and replaced by Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg, but the new Grand
Master was unable to revive the Order's fortunes. After the Gollub War the
Knights lost some small border regions and renounced all claims to Samogitia in the
1422 Treaty of Melno. Austrian and Bavarian knights
feuded with those from the Rhineland, who likewise
bickered with Low German-speaking Saxons, from whose
ranks the Grand Master was usually chosen. The western Prussian lands of
the Vistula River
Valley and the Brandenburg Neumark were ravaged by
the Hussites during
the Hussite Wars.[32] Some
Teutonic Knights were sent to battle the invaders, but were defeated by
the Bohemian infantry.
The Knights also sustained a defeat in the Polish-Teutonic War
(1431-1435).
Map of the
Teutonic state in 1466
In 1454,
the Prussian Confederation, consisting of
the gentry and
burghers of western Prussia, rose up against the Order, beginning the Thirteen Years' War. Much of
Prussia was devastated in the war, during the course of which the Order
returned Neumark to Brandenburg in 1455. In the Second Peace of Thorn
(1466), the defeated Order recognized the Polish crown's rights over
western Prussia (subsequently Royal Prussia) while
retaining eastern Prussia under nominal Polish overlordship.
Because Marienburg Castle was handed over to
mercenaries in lieu of their pay, the Order moved its base to Königsberg in Sambia.
After the Polish–Teutonic War
(1519–1521), the Order was completely ousted from Prussia when
Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg converted
to Lutheranism in 1525.
He secularized the Order's remaining Prussian territories and assumed from his
uncle Sigismund I the Old, King of
Poland, the hereditary rights to the Duchy of Prussia as a
vassal of the Polish Crown, the Prussian Homage. The Protestant
Duchy of Prussia was thus a fief of Catholic Poland.
Although it had
lost control of all of its Prussian lands, the Teutonic Order retained its
territories within the Holy Roman Empire and Livonia, although the
Livonian branch retained considerable autonomy. Many of the Imperial
possessions were ruined in the German Peasants' War from 1524
to 1525 and subsequently confiscated by Protestant territorial princes.[33] The
Livonian territory was then partitioned by neighboring powers during the Livonian War; in 1561 the
Livonian Master Gotthard Kettler secularized the southern
Livonian possessions of the Order to create the Duchy of Courland, also a vassal
of Poland.
After the loss
of Prussia in 1525, the Teutonic Knights concentrated on their possessions in
the Holy Roman Empire. Since they held no contiguous territory, they developed
a three-tiered administrative system: holdings were combined into commanderies that were
administered by a commander (Komtur). Several commanderies
were combined to form a bailiwick headed by
a Landkomtur. All of the Teutonic
Knights' possessions were subordinate to the Grand Master, whose seat was in
Bad Mergentheim.
Castle of the
Teutonic Order in Bad Mergentheim
There were
twelve German bailiwicks:
·
Thuringia;
·
Alden Biesen (in
present-day Belgium);
·
Hesse;
·
Saxony;
·
Westphalia;
·
Franconia;
·
Koblenz;
·
Alsace-Burgundy;
·
An der Etsch und im Gebirge (in Tyrol);
·
Utrecht;
·
Lorraine; and
·
Austria.
Outside of
German areas were the bailiwicks of
·
Sicily;
·
Apulia;
·
Lombardy;
·
Bohemia;
·
"Romania" (in Greece); and
·
Armenia-Cyprus.
The Order
gradually lost control of these holdings until, by 1809, only the seat of the
Grand Master at Mergentheim remained.
Following the
abdication of Albert of Brandenburg, Walter von Cronberg became Deutschmeister in
1527, and later Administrator of Prussia and Grand Master in 1530.
Emperor Charles V combined
the two positions in 1531, creating the title Hoch- und Deutschmeister, which also had the rank of Prince of the Empire.[34] A new
Grand Magistery was established in Mergentheim in Württemberg, which was
attacked during the German Peasants' War. The Order also helped Charles V
against the Schmalkaldic League. After
the Peace of Augsburg in 1555,
membership in the Order was open to Protestants, although the majority of
brothers remained Catholic.[35] The
Teutonic Knights became tri-denominational, with Catholic, Lutheran and
Reformed bailiwicks.
The Grand Masters, often members of the great German families (and, after
1761, members of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine), continued to
preside over the Order's considerable holdings in Germany. Teutonic
Knights from Germany, Austria, and Bohemia were used as battlefield commanders
leading mercenaries for the Habsburg Monarchy during
the Ottoman wars in Europe.
The military history of the Teutonic Knights was to be
ended in 1805 by the Article XII of the Peace of Pressburg, which ordered the German
territories of the Knights converted into a hereditary domain and gave the
Austrian Emperor responsbility
for placing a Habsburg prince on its throne. These terms had not been fulfilled
by the time of the Treaty of Schönbrunn in 1809, and therefore Napoleon Bonaparte ordered
the Knights' remaining territory to be disbursed to his German allies, which
was completed in 1810.
Medieval organisation[edit]
Administrative structure about 1350[edit]
[36][37]
Universal leadership[edit]
Generalkapitel[edit]
The Generalkapitel (general
chapter) was the collection of all the priests, knights and half-brothers (German: Halbbrüder). Because of the logistical problems in
assembling the members, who were spread over large distances, only deputations
of the bailiwicks and commandries gathered
to form the General chapter. The General chapter was designed to meet annually,
but the conventions were usually limited to the election of a new Grandmaster.
The decisions of the Generalkapitel had
a binding effect on the Großgebietigers of
the order.
Hochmeister[edit]
Main article: Grand Masters of the
Teutonic Order
The Hochmeister (Grandmaster) was the
highest officer of the order. Until 1525, he was elected by the Generalkapitel. He had the rank of an
ecclesiastic imperial state leader and
was sovereign prince of Prussia until 1466. Despite this high formal position,
practically, he only was a kind of first among equals.
Großgebietiger[edit]
The Großgebietiger were
high officers with competence on the whole order, appointed by the Hochmeister. There were five offices.
·
The Großkomtur (Magnus
Commendator), the deputy of the Grandmaster
·
The Treßler, the
treasurer
·
The Spitler (Summus Hospitalarius),
responsible for all hospital affairs
·
The Trapier, responsible
for dressing and armament
·
The Marschall (Summus Marescalcus),
the chief of military affairs
National leadership[edit]
Landmeister[edit]
The order was divided in three national
chapters, Prussia, Livland and the
territory of the Holy Roman Empire of the
German Nation. The highest officer of each chapter was the Landmeister (country master). They were elected
by the regional chapters. In the beginning, they were only substitutes of the
Grandmaster but were able to create a power of their own so that, within their
territory, the Grandmaster could not decide against their will. At the end of
their rule over Prussia, the Grandmaster was only Landmeister of
Prussia. There were three Landmeisters:
·
The Landmeister in
Livland, the successor of the Herrenmeister (lords
master) of the former Livonian Brothers of the
Sword.
·
The Landmeister of
Prussia, after 1309 united with the office of the Grandmaster, who was situated
in Prussia from then.
·
The Deutschmeister,
the Landsmeister of the Holy Roman
Empire. When Prussia and Livland were lost, the Deutschmeisteralso became Grandmaster.
Regional leadership[edit]
Because the properties of the order
within the rule of the Deutschmeister did
not form a contiguous territory, but were spread over the whole empire and
parts of Europe, there was an additional regional structure, the
bailiwick. Kammerbaleien were
governed by the Grandmaster himself. Some of these bailiwicks had the rank of
imperial states
·
Deutschordensballei Thuringia (Zwätzen)
·
Deutschordensballei Hesse (Marburg)
·
Deutschordensballei Saxonia (Lucklum)
·
Brandenburg
·
Deutschordensballei Westfalia (Deutschordenskommende Mülheim)
·
Deutschordensballei Franconia (Ellingen)
·
Kammerballei Koblenz
·
Deutschordensballei Swabia-Alsace-Burgundy (Rouffach)
·
Deutschordensballei at the Etsch and in the Mountains (south Tyrol) (Bozen)
·
Utrecht
·
Lorraine (Trier)
·
Kammerballei Austria
·
Deutschordensballei Alden Biesen
·
Sicily
·
Deutschordensballei Apulia (San Leonardo)
·
Lombardy (also called Lamparten)
·
Kammerballei Bohemia
·
Deutschordensballei Romania
(Achaia, Greece)
·
Armenien-Zyprus
Local leadership[edit]
Komtur[edit]
The smallest administrative unit of the order was
the Kommende. It was ruled
by a Komtur, who had all
administrative rights and controlled the Vogteien (district
of a reeve) and Zehnthöfe (tithe
collectors) within his rule. In the commandry, all
kinds of brothers lived together in a monastic way. Noblemen served as
Knight-brothers or Priest-brothers. Other people could serve as Sariantbrothers, who were armed soldiers, and as
Half-brothers, who were working in economy and healthcare.
Special offices[edit]
·
The Kanzler (chancellor)
of the Grandmaster and the Deutschmeister. The
chancellor took care of the keys and seals and was also the recording clerk of
the chapter.
·
The Münzmeister (master
of the mint) of Thorn. In 1246, the order received the right to produce its own
coins - the Moneta Dominorum Prussiae – Schillingen.
·
The Pfundmeister (customs
master) of Danzig. The Pfund was a
local customs duty.
·
The Generalprokurator the
representative of the order at the Holy See.
·
The Großschäffer, a
trading representative with special authority.
Catholic religious order[edit]
The Roman Catholic order
continued to exist in Austria, out of
Napoleon's reach. From 1804 until 1923 (when Archduke Eugen of Austria resigned
the grandmastership), the order was headed by members
of the Habsburg dynasty.
All the subsequent Grand Masters were priests.
In 1929, that branch
of the Teutonic knights was converted to a purely spiritual Roman Catholic religious order and
renamed the Deutscher Orden ("German Order").[citation needed] After Austria's annexation by
Nazi Germany in 1938, the Teutonic Order was suppressed
throughout the Großdeutsches Reich until
defeat of that regime, although the Nazis used
imagery of the medieval Teutonic knights for propagandistic purposes.[38] The Roman
Catholic order survived in Italy, however, and was reconstituted in Germany and
Austria in 1945.
By the end of
the 20th century, this part of the Order had developed into a charitable organization and
established numerous clinics, as well as sponsoring excavation and tourism
projects in Israel. In 2000, the
German chapter of the Teutonic Order declared bankruptcy and its upper
management was dismissed; an investigation by a special committee of the Bavarian parliament in 2002
and 2003 to determine the cause was inconclusive.
The Catholic branch now consists of approximately 1,000
members, including 100 Roman Catholic priests, 200 nuns, and 700
associates. While the priests are organized into six provinces (Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany,
Italy, Slovakia, and Slovenia) and
predominantly provide spiritual guidance, the nuns primarily care for the ill
and the aged. Associates are active in Austria, Belgium, the Czech
Republic, Germany, and Italy. Many of the priests care for German-speaking
communities outside of Germany and Austria, especially in Italy and Slovenia;
in this sense the Teutonic Order has returned to its 12th-century roots: the
spiritual and physical care of Germans in foreign lands.[39] The
current General Abbot of the
Order, who also holds the title of Grand Master, is Bruno Platter.
The current seat
of the Grand Master is the Deutschordenskirche ("Church
of the German Order") in Vienna.[40] Near
the Stephansdom in the
Austrian capital is the Treasury of the Teutonic Order, which is open to the
public, and the Order's Central Archive. Since 1996, there has also been a
museum dedicated to the Teutonic Knights at their former castle in Bad Mergentheim in Germany, which was the seat of the Grand
Master from 1525–1809.
Honorary Knights[edit]
See also: Category:Honorary Knights of the Teutonic
Order
Honorary Knights of the
Teutonic Order include Otto von Habsburg, Konrad Adenauer, and others.
Protestant
Bailiwick of Utrecht[edit]
A portion of the Order retains more
of the character of the knights during the height of its power and prestige.
Der Balije van Utrecht("Bailiwick of Utrecht") of
the Ridderlijke Duitsche
Orde ("Chivalric German [i.e.,
'Teutonic'] Order") became Protestant at
the Reformation, and it
remained an aristocratic society. The relationship of the Bailiwick of Utrecht
to the Roman Catholic Deutscher Orden resembles that of the Protestant Bailiwick of Brandenburg to the
Roman Catholic Order of Malta: each is an
authentic part of its original order, though differing from and smaller than
the Roman Catholic branch.[41]
The Knights wore white surcoats with
a black cross, granted by Innocent III in 1205.
A cross pattée was
sometimes used.[year needed] The motto
of the Order was "Helfen, Wehren,
Heilen" ("Help, Defend, Heal").[year needed][11]
The coat of arms
representing the grand master (Deutschmeisterwappen)[42] is shown
with a golden cross fleury or cross potentsuperimposed on the black cross, with the imperial eagle as a
central inescutcheon. The golden cross fleury overlaid on the black cross
became widely used in the 15th century. A legendary account attributes its
introduction to Louis IX of France, who on 20 August
1250 granted the master of the order this cross as a variation of the Jerusalem cross, with the fleur-de-lis symbol
attached to each arm. While this legendary account cannot be traced back
further than the early modern period (Christoph Hartknoch,
1684), there is some evidence that the design does indeed date to the mid 13th century.[43]
The black cross pattée was later used for military decoration and insignia
by the Kingdom of Prussia and
Germany as the Iron Cross and Pour le Mérite.
·
Cross of the
Teutonic Order
·
14th-century brass stamp with the shield insignia.
·
In the 16th
century, officers of the order would quarter their family arms with the order's
arms.[44]
·
Example of
the Deutschmeisterwappenon the gate of
the Bad Mergentheim residence
·
Coat of arms of Prince Charles Alexander
of Lorraine, Grand Master from 1761 to 1780.
·
Modern (20th
century) medal
·
Procession in honour
of Saint Liborius of Le Mans with Knights of the Holy Sepulchre together with Teutonic Knights in Paderborn, Germany.
A German National People's Partyposter from 1920
showing a Teutonic knight being attacked by Poles and socialists. The caption
reads "Rescue the East".
Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany
posed for a photo in 1902 in the garb of a monk from the Teutonic Order,
climbing the stairs in the reconstructed Marienburg Castle as a
symbol of Imperial German policy.[45][unreliable source?]
The German historian Heinrich von Treitschke used
imagery of the Teutonic Knights to promote pro-German and anti-Polish rhetoric. Many
middle-class German nationalists adopted this imagery and its symbols. During
the Weimar Republic, associations
and organisations of this nature contributed to
laying the groundwork for the formation of Nazi Germany.[45][unreliable source?]
Before and during World War II, Nazi propaganda and ideology made
frequent use of the Teutonic Knights' imagery, as the Nazis sought to depict
the Knights' actions as a forerunner of the Nazi conquests for Lebensraum. Heinrich Himmler tried to idealise the SSas a 20th-century
re-incarnation of the medieval Order.[46] Yet,
despite these references to the Teutonic Order's history in Nazi propaganda,
the Order itself was abolished in 1938 and its members were persecuted by the
German authorities. This occurred mostly due to Hitler's and Himmler's belief
that, throughout history, Roman Catholic military-religious orders had been
tools of the Holy See and as such constituted a threat to the Nazi regime.[47]
The converse was
true for Polish nationalism (see: Sienkiewicz "The Knights of the Cross"), which
used the Teutonic Knights as symbolic shorthand for Germans in general,
conflating the two into an easily recognisable image
of the hostile. Similar associations were used by Soviet propagandists, such as the
Teutonic knight villains in the 1938 Sergei Eisenstein film Aleksandr Nevskii.
·
"Massive Ceremonial
Hall Discovered Under Crusader Castle in Northern Israel" - Haaretz, Nov.22, 2018
·
Teutonic Knights in
popular culture
·
Iron Cross
1.
Jump up^ "The Grand
Masters". Teutonic
Order, Order of the Teutonic Knights of St. Mary's Hospital in Jerusalem.
Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2011-01-30. Abbot
Dr. Bruno Platter 2000–
2.
Jump up^ Van Duren, Peter (1995). Orders of Knighthood and
of Merit.
C. Smythe. p. 212. ISBN 0-86140-371-1.
3.
Jump up^ Redazione. "La Santa Sede e gli Ordini
Cavallereschi: doverosi chiarimenti (Seconda parte)".
4.
Jump up^ Riley-Smith, Jonathan Simon Christopher
(1999). The Oxford History of the Crusades. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192853646. Teutonic knights are still to be found only in
another interesting survival, Ridderlijke Duitse Orde Balije
van Utrecht (The Bailiwick of Utrecht of the Teutonic Order). Like the Hospitaller Bailiwick of Brandenburg, this commandery turned itself into a noble Protestant
confraternity at the time of the Reformation.
5.
Jump up^ Innes-Parker 2013, p. 102.
6.
Jump up^ "The Order of the
Teutonic Knights of St. Mary's Hospital in Jerusalem - 1190-2017". www.imperialteutonicorder.com.
Retrieved 6 April 2017.
7.
Jump up^ American Historical Association, National Board for
Historical Service, National Council for the Social Studies – 1918 :
Historical outlook: a journal for readers, students and teachers
8.
Jump up^ "History of the
German Order". Teutonic Order, Order of the Teutonic Knights of
St. Mary's Hospital in Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2011-01-30. The
15th and early 16th century brought hard times for the Order. Apart from the
drastic power loss in the East as of 1466, the Hussite attacks imperilled the continued existence of the bailwick of Bohemia. In Southern Europe, the Order had to
renounce important outposts – such as Apulia and Sicily. After the coup d’état
of Albrecht von Brandenburg, the only territory of the Order remained were the bailwicks in the empire.
9.
Jump up^ Sainty, Guy
Stair. "The Teutonic Order
of Holy Mary in Jerusalem". Almanach de la Cour. www.chivalricorders.org.
Retrieved 2011-01-30. This tradition was further perverted by the
Nazis who, after the occupation of Austria suppressed it by an act of 6
September 1938 because they suspected it of being a bastion of pro-Habsburg
legitimism.
10.
Jump up^ "Restart of the
Brother Province in 1945". Teutonic Order, Order of the Teutonic Knights of
St. Mary's Hospital in Jerusalem. deutscher-orden.de.
Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
11.
^ Jump up to:a b Demel, Bernhard (1999). Vogel, Friedrich,
ed. Der Deutsche Orden Einst
Und Jetzt: Aufsätze Zu Seiner Mehr Als 800jahrigen Geschichte. Europäische Hochschulschriften:
Geschichte und ihre Hilfswissenschaften. 848.
Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany: Peter Lang. p. 80. ISBN 978-3-631-34999-1.
12.
Jump up^ Monumenta Germaniae Historica, SS Bd. 25, S. 796.
13.
Jump up^ Kurt Forstreuter.
"Der Deutsche Orden am Mittelmeer". Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens, Bd II. Bonn 1967, S. 12f.
14.
Jump up^ The Teutonic Knights: A Military History by William
Urban
15.
Jump up^ Seward, p. 100
16.
Jump up^ Seward, p. 104
17.
Jump up^ Christiansen, pp. 208–09
18.
Jump up^ Christiansen, pp. 210–11
19.
Jump up^ Barraclough, p. 268
20.
Jump up^ Urban, p. 106
21.
Jump up^ Christiansen, p. 211
22.
Jump up^ The German Hansa P. Dollinger, page 34, 1999 Routledge
23.
Jump up^ The Battle of Liegnitz (Legnica), 1241, AllEmpires.com. Accessed July 17, 2015.
24.
^ Jump up to:a b Plakans, Andrejs
(2011). A Concise History of the Baltic States. Cambridge University
Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 9780521833721.
25.
Jump up^ SEWARD, Desmond (1995). The monks of war : the military religious orders (Second,
Revised ed.). England: Penguin Books. p. 98. ISBN 0140195017.
26.
Jump up^ Christiansen, p. 150
27.
Jump up^ SEWARD, Desmond (1995). The monks of war : the military religious orders (Second,
Revised ed.). England: Penguin Books. p. 100. ISBN 0140195017.
28.
Jump up^ HEERS, Jacques (1981). Esclaves
et domestiques au Moyen Age dans le monde méditerranéen (First ed.). France: Fayard. ISBN 2213010943.
29.
Jump up^ The New Cambridge
medieval history. McKitterick, Rosamond. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge
University Press. 1995–2005. p. 752. ISBN 0521362911. OCLC 29184676.
30.
Jump up^ Urban, p. 116
31.
Jump up^ Christiansen, p. 151
32.
Jump up^ Westermann, p. 93
33.
Jump up^ Christiansen, p. 248
34.
Jump up^ Seward, p. 137
35.
Jump up^ Urban, p. 276
36.
Jump up^ Dieter Zimmerling: Der
Deutsche Orden, S. 166 ff.
37.
Jump up^ Der Deutschordensstaat
38.
Jump up^ Sainty, Guy
Stair. "The Teutonic Order
of Holy Mary in Jerusalem". Almanach de la Cour. www.chivalricorders.org.
Retrieved 2011-01-30. [T]he nazis...after
the occupation of Austria suppressed [the Order] by an act of 6 September 1938
because they suspected it of being a bastion of pro-Habsburg legitimism. On
occupying Czechoslovakia the following year, it was also suppressed in Moravia although the hospitals and houses in Yugoslavia and
south Tyrol were able to continue a tenuous existence. The Nazis,
motivated by Himmler's fantasies of reviving a German military elite then
attempted to establish their own "Teutonic Order" as the highest
award of the Third Reich. The ten recipients of this included Reinhard Heydrich and several of
the most notorious Nazi criminals. Needless to say, although its badge was
modeled on that of the genuine Order, it had absolutely nothing in common with
it.
39.
Jump up^ Urban, p. 277
40.
Jump up^ Deutschordenskirche,
Wien 1 – an explanatory pamphlet (in German) of the Order available in
the Deutschordenskirche, by Franz R. Vorderwinkler, 1996, published by Kirche
& Kultur Verlag mediapress, A-4400, Steyr.
41.
Jump up^ Official website of the
Bailiwick of Utrecht, accessed March 15, 2010
42.
Jump up^ The offices of Hochmeister (grand master, head of the order)
and Deutschmeister (Magister Germaniae) were united in 1525. The title of Magister
Germaniae had been introduced in 1219 as the
head of the bailiwicks in the Holy Roman Empire, from 1381 also those in Italy,
raised to the rank of a prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1494, but merged
with the office of grand master under Walter von Cronberg
in 1525, from which time the head of the order had the title of Hoch-
und Deutschmeister.Bernhard Peter (2011)
43.
Jump up^ Helmut Nickel, "Über
das Hochmeisterwappen des Deutschen
Ordens im Heiligen Lande", Der
Herold 4/1990, 97–108 (mgh-bibliothek.de). Marie-Luise Heckmann, "Überlegungen zu einem heraldischen
Repertorium an Hand der Hochmeisterwappen des Deutschen Ordens" in: Matthias Thumser,
Janusz Tandecki, Dieter Heckmann (eds.) Edition deutschsprachiger
Quellen aus dem Ostseeraum (14.-16. Jahrhundert), Publikationen
des Deutsch-Polnischen Gesprächskreises
für Quellenedition. Publikacje Niemiecko-Polskiej Grupy Dyskusyjnej do Spraw Edycij
Zrodel 1, 2001, 315–346 (online edition). "Die zeitgenössische Überlieferung verdeutlicht für dieses Wappen hingegen einen anderen Werdegang. Der Modelstein eines Schildmachers, der unter Hermann
von Salza zwischen 1229 und
1266 auf der Starkenburg (Montfort) im Heiligen
Land tätig war, und ein rekonstruiertes Deckengemälde in
der Burgkapelle derselben Festung erlaubten der Forschung den Schluss, dass sich die Hochmeister
schon im 13. Jahrhundert eines eigenen Wappens bedient hätten. Es zeigte ein
auf das schwarze Ordenskreuz
aufgelegtes goldenes Lilienkreuz mit dem bekannten Adlerschildchen.
Die Wappensiegel des Elbinger
Komturs von 1310 bzw. 1319,
ein heute in Innsbruck aufbewahrter Vortrageschild des Hochmeisters Karl von Trier von etwa
1320 und das schlecht erhaltene
Sekretsiegel desselben Hochmeisters von 1323 sind ebenfalls jeweils mit aufgelegtem goldenem Lilienkreuz ausgestattet."
44.
Jump up^ In this example (dated
1594), Hugo Dietrich von Hohenlandenberg, commander of the bailiwick of Swabia-Alsace-Burgundy, shows
his Landenberg family arms quartered with the order's black cross.
45.
^ Jump up to:a b (in
Polish) Mówią wieki.
"Biała leganda czarnego krzyżaArchived 2008-02-27
at the Wayback Machine.". Accessed 6 June 2006.
46.
Jump up^ Christiansen, p. 5
47.
Jump up^ Desmond Seward, Mnisi
Wojny, Poznań
2005, p. 265.
·
Christiansen, Erik (1997). The Northern Crusades.
London: Penguin Books. p. 287. ISBN 0-14-026653-4.
·
Seward, Desmond (1995). The Monks of War: The
Military Religious Orders. London: Penguin Books. p. 416. ISBN 0-14-019501-7.
·
Urban, William (2003). The Teutonic Knights: A
Military History. London: Greenhill Books. p. 290. ISBN 1-85367-535-0.
·
Selart, Anti
(2015). Livonia, Rus’ and the Baltic Crusades in
the Thirteenth Century. Leiden: Brill. p. 400. ISBN 978-9-00-428474-6.
·
Innes-Parker, Catherine (2013). Anchoritism
in the Middle Ages: Texts and Traditions. Cardiff:
University of Wales Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-7083-2601-5.
·
The order's homepage in
Germany (in
German)
·
The order's homepage in
Austria (in
German)
·
The order's homepage in
the Czech Republic (in
Czech)
·
Shop of Teutonic Order in
Germany (in
German)
·
Current photos and
history of the order´s towns and castles in Eastern Europe (in German)
·
Chivalric Orders.org
·
Territorial extent of the
Teutonic Knights in Europe (map)
·
An Historical Overview of
the Crusade to Livonia, by William Urban
·
"The Early Years of
the Teutonic Order", by William Urban
·
The Bailiwick of Utrecht
of the Teutonic Order,
by Guy Stair Sainty
·
Museum in the residential
castle of the Teutonic Order in Bad Mergentheim (in German)
·
Zwaetzen and the German Order in
Central Germany (in
German)
·
History of Teutonic Order (in German)
·
Memorialisation and the witnes testimonies in the trials between Poland and the
Teutonic Order (in
English)
·
Shlomo Lotan, Between the Latin Kingdom
of Jerusalem and Burzenland in Medieval Hungary – The
Teutonic Military Order status and rule in the poles of Christianity, Mirabilia 10, 2010, pp. 184–195.
·
An illustrated timeline
of the Teutonic Order
·
Teutonic Order
Interactive Museum in Działdowo, Poland
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