Venice
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This article is about the
city in Italy. For the place in California, USA, see Venice, California. For other uses,
see Venice (disambiguation).
"Venezia"
redirects here. For other uses, see Venezia (disambiguation).
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Venice Italian: Venezia |
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Comune di Venezia |
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A collage of Venice: at the top left is
the Piazza San Marco, followed by a view of the city, then
the Grand Canal, and (smaller) the interior of La Fenice and, finally, the Island of San Giorgio Maggiore. |
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Location of Venice |
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Venice Location of Venice in Veneto
Venice Venice (Veneto) |
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Coordinates: 45°26′15″N 12°20′9″ECoordinates: 45°26′15″N 12°20′9″E |
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Country |
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Venice (VE) |
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Chirignago, Favaro
Veneto,Mestre, Marghera, Murano,Burano, Giudecca, Lido, Zelarino |
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Government |
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• Mayor |
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Area |
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• Total |
414.57 km2 (160.07 sq mi) |
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Elevation |
1 m (3 ft) |
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Population (2018) |
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• Total |
260,897 |
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• Density |
630/km2 (1,600/sq mi) |
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(it) Veneziano, pl.
Veneziani |
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• Summer (DST) |
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Postal code |
30100 |
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041 |
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ISTAT code |
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Patron saint |
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Saint day |
25 April |
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Website |
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Venice and its Lagoon |
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Venice in fall, with the Rialto Bridge in the background |
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Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi |
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Reference |
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Inscription |
1987 (11th Session) |
Venice (/ˈvɛnɪs/, VEN-iss; Italian: Venezia [veˈnɛttsja] (
listen); Venetian: Venesia, Venexia [veˈnɛsja]) is a city in
northeastern Italy and the capital of
the Veneto region.
It is situated across a
group of 118 small islands[1] that are separated
by canals and linked by over 400 bridges.[2][3] The islands are
located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon, an enclosed bay that
lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave rivers (more
exactly between the Brenta and the Sile). Parts of Venice are
renowned for the beauty of their settings, their architecture, and artwork.[2] The lagoon and a
part of the city are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[2]
In 2018,
260,897 people resided in Comune di Venezia, of whom around 55,000
live in the historical city of Venice (Centro storico). Together
with Padua and Treviso, the city is included in
the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area(PATREVE), which is
considered a statistical metropolitan area, with a total population of
2.6 million.[4]
The name is derived from
the ancient Veneti people who
inhabited the region by the 10th century BC.[5][6] The city was historically
the capital of the Republic of Venice. Venice has been known
as the "La Dominante", "Serenissima", "Queen of
the Adriatic", "City of
Water", "City of Masks", "City of Bridges", "The
Floating City", and "City of Canals."
The 697-1797 Republic of
Venice was a major financial and maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto, as well as a very
important center of commerce (especially silk, grain, and spice) and art in the 13th
century up to the end of the 17th century. The city-state of Venice is
considered to have been the first real international financial center which
gradually emerged from the 9th century to its peak in the 14th century.[7] This made Venice a wealthy
city throughout most of its history.[8]
It is also known for its
several important artistic movements, especially the Renaissance period. After the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna, the Republic was
annexed by the Austrian Empire, until it became part of
the Kingdom of Italy in 1866, following
a referendum held as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence. Venice has played an
important role in the history of symphonic and operatic music, and it is the
birthplace of Antonio Vivaldi.[9] Although the city
is facing some major challenges (including financial difficulties, pollution,
an excessive number of tourists and problems caused by cruise ships sailing
close to the buildings),[10][11][12] Venice remains a
very popular tourist destination, an iconic Italian city, and has been ranked
the most beautiful city in the world.[13][14]
Contents
·
2History
·
5Economy
§ 5.1.1Minimising
the effects of tourism
o 5.2Foreign
words of Venetian origin
§ 6.2.2Lido
and Pellestrina islands
o 6.4Ports
·
7Sport
§ 10.1.1In
literature and adapted works
o 10.3Venetian
gothic architecture
o 10.4Rococo
architectural style
o 10.6Cinema,
media, and popular culture
o 12.1Twin
towns and sister cities
Etymology[edit]
The name of the city,
deriving from Latin forms Venetia and Venetiae, is
most likely taken from "Venetia et Histria", the Roman name of Regio X of Roman Italy, but applied to the
coastal part of the region that remained under Roman Empire outside of Gothic,
Lombard, and Frankish control. The name Venetia, however, derives
from the Roman name for the people known as the Veneti, and called by the
Greeks Enetoi (Ἐνετοί). The
meaning of the word is uncertain, although there are other Indo-European tribes
with similar-sounding names, such as the Celtic Veneti and the Slavic Vistula Veneti. Linguists suggest that
the name is based on an Indo-European root *wen ("love"),
so that *wenetoi would mean "beloved",
"lovable", or "friendly". A connection with the Latin
word venetus, meaning the color 'sea-blue', is also possible.
Supposed connections of Venetia with the Latin verb venire (to
come), such as Marin Sanudo's veni etiam ("Yet,
I have come!"), the supposed cry of the first refugees to the Venetian
lagoon from the mainland, or even with venia ("forgiveness") are fanciful. The alternative obsolete
form is Vinegia [viˈnɛːdʒa];[15] (Venetian: Venčxia[veˈnɛzja]; Latin: Venetiae; Slovene: Benetke).
History[edit]
Main articles: History of the Republic of Venice and Timeline of (the city of) Venice
Origins[edit]
Historical affiliations
Western Roman Empire 421–476
Kingdom of Odoacer 476–493
Ostrogothic Kingdom 493–553
Eastern Roman Empire 553–584
Exarchate of Ravenna 584–697
Republic of Venice 697–1797
Habsburg Monarchy 1797–1805
Kingdom of Italy 1805–1815
Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 1815–1848
Republic of San Marco 1848–1849
Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 1849–1866
.svg){kind=small}
Kingdom of Italy 1866–1946
Italian Republic 1946–present
Grand
Canal from Rialto to Ca'Foscari
.jpg)
Venice
view from the Bridge Foscari, to the Bridge Santa Margherita
Gondola
Punta and Basilica Salute
St Mark's Basilica houses the relics
of St Mark the Evangelist
The Doge's Palace, the former residence of
the Doge of Venice
Although no surviving
historical records deal directly with the founding of Venice,[16] tradition and the
available evidence have led several historians to agree that the original
population of Venice consisted of refugees from Roman cities near Venice such
as Padua, Aquileia, Treviso, Altino, and Concordia
(modern Portogruaro) and from the undefended
countryside, who were fleeing successive waves of Germanic and Hun invasions.[17]This is further supported
by the documentation on the so-called 'apostolic families', the twelve founding
families of Venice who elected the first doge, who in most cases trace their
lineage back to Roman families.[18][19] Some late Roman
sources also reveal the existence of fishermen on the islands in the original
marshy lagoons. They were referred to as incolae lacunae ("lagoon
dwellers"). The traditional founding is identified with the dedication of
the first church, that of San Giacomo on the islet of Rialto (Rivoalto,
"High Shore") — said to have taken place at the stroke of noon on 25
March 421 (the Feast of the Annunciation).[20][21]
Beginning as early as
AD 166–168, the Quadi and Marcomanni destroyed the main
center in the area, the current Oderzo. The Roman defences were
again overthrown in the early 5th century by the Visigoths and, some
50 years later, by the Huns led by Attila. The last and most
enduring immigration into the north of the Italian peninsula,
that of the Lombards in
568, left the Eastern Roman Empirea small
strip of coast in the current Veneto, including Venice. The Roman/Byzantine
territory was organized as the Exarchate of Ravenna, administered from that
ancient port and overseen by a viceroy (the Exarch) appointed by the
Emperor in Constantinople, but Ravenna and Venice
were connected only by sea routes; and with the Venetians' isolated position
came increasing autonomy. New ports were built, including those at Malamoccoand Torcello in the Venetian
lagoon. The tribuni maiores, the earliest central standing
governing committee of the islands in the Lagoon, dated from c. 568.[22]
The traditional
first doge
of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto (Anafestus
Paulicius), was elected in 697, as written in the oldest chronicle by John, deacon of Venice in ca. 1008.
Some modern historians claim Paolo Lucio Anafesto was actually Exarch Paul, and his
successor, Marcello Tegalliano, was Paul's magister militum (General:
literally, "Master of Soldiers"). In 726 the soldiers and citizens of
the Exarchate rose in a rebellion over the iconoclastic controversy at the urging
of Pope
Gregory II.
The Exarch, held responsible for the acts of his master Byzantine Emperor Leo III, was murdered and many officials put to
flight in the chaos. At about this time, the people of the lagoon elected their
own independent leader for the first time, although the relationship of this to
the uprisings is not clear. Ursus was the first of
117 "doges" (doge is
the Venetian dialect development of the
Latin dux ("leader");
the corresponding word in English is duke, in standard
Italian duce.) Whatever his original
views, Ursus supported Emperor Leo III's successful military expedition to
recover Ravenna, sending both men and ships. In recognition of this, Venice was
"granted numerous privileges and concessions" and Ursus, who had
personally taken the field, was confirmed by Leo as dux[23] and given the added
title of hypatus (Greek for "Consul".)[24]
In 751 the Lombard
King Aistulf conquered most of
the Exarchate of Ravenna, leaving Venice a lonely and increasingly autonomous
Byzantine outpost. During this period, the seat of the local Byzantine governor
(the "duke/dux", later "doge"), was situated in Malamocco. Settlement on the islands
in the lagoon probably increased with the Lombard conquest of other Byzantine
territories, as refugees sought asylum there. In 775/6 the episcopal seat of Olivolo (San Pietro di Castello; Helipolis[citation needed]) was created. During the
reign of duke Agnello Particiaco (811–827) the ducal
seat moved from Malamocco to the highly protected Rialto, the current location
of Venice. The monastery of St. Zachary and the first ducal palace and basilica of St. Mark, as well as a walled
defense (civitatis murus) between Olivolo and Rialto, were subsequently
built here.
Charlemagne sought to subdue
the city to his own rule. He ordered the Pope to expel the Venetians from
the Pentapolis along the Adriatic
coast,[25] and Charlemagne's
own son Pepin
of Italy, king of the Lombards under the authority
of his father, embarked on a siege of Venice itself. This, however, proved a
costly failure. The siege lasted six months, with Pepin's army ravaged by the
diseases of the local swamps and eventually forced to withdraw in 810. A few
months later, Pepin himself died, apparently as a result of a disease contracted
there. In the aftermath, an agreement between Charlemagne and the Byzantine
Emperor Nicephorusin 814 recognized Venice
as Byzantine territory and granted the city trading rights along the Adriatic
coast.
In 828 the new city's
prestige increased with the acquisition of the claimed relics of St Mark the Evangelist from Alexandria, which were placed in the new basilica. (Winged lions, visible
throughout Venice, are the heraldic crests of St. Mark.)
The patriarchal seat also moved to Rialto. As the community continued to
develop and as Byzantine power waned, its autonomy grew, leading to eventual
independence.[26]
Expansion[edit]
Monument
to Bartolomeo Colleoni, he was captain-general
of the Republic of Venice.
From the 9th to the 12th
century, Venice developed into a city state (an Italian thalassocracy or Repubblica Marinara: the other three of
these were Genoa, Pisa, and Amalfi). Its strategic position
at the head of the Adriatic made Venetian naval and commercial power almost
invulnerable.[citation needed] With the
elimination of pirates along the Dalmatian coast, the city became a
flourishing trade center between Western Europe and the rest of the world
(especially the Byzantine Empire and Asia) with a naval power protecting
sea routes from piracy.[27]
The Republic of Venice seized a number of
places on the eastern shores of the Adriatic before 1200, mostly for commercial
reasons, because pirates based there were a
menace to trade. The Doge already carried the titles of Duke of Dalmatia and Duke of Istria. Later mainland
possessions, which extended across Lake Garda as far west as
the Adda
River,
were known as the "Terraferma", and were acquired partly as a buffer
against belligerent neighbours, partly to guarantee Alpine trade routes, and
partly to ensure the supply of mainland wheat, on which the city depended. In
building its maritime commercial empire, the Republic dominated the trade in
salt,[28] acquired control of
most of the islands in the Aegean, including Crete, and Cyprus in the
Mediterranean, and became a major power-broker in the Near East. By the standards of the
time, Venice's stewardship of its mainland territories was relatively
enlightened and the citizens of such towns as Bergamo, Brescia and Verona rallied to the
defence of Venetian sovereignty when it was threatened by invaders.
Venice remained closely
associated with Constantinople, being twice granted trading privileges in the
Eastern Roman Empire, through the so-called Golden Bulls or
"chrysobulls" in return for aiding the Eastern Empire to resist
Norman and Turkish incursions. In the first chrysobull, Venice acknowledged its
homage to the Empire; but not in the second, reflecting the decline of Byzantiumand the rise of Venice's
power.[29][30]
Venice became an imperial
power following the Fourth Crusade, which, having veered
off course, culminated in 1204 by capturing and
sacking Constantinople and establishing
the Latin
Empire.
As a result of this conquest, considerable Byzantine plunder was brought back
to Venice. This plunder included the gilt bronze horses from the Hippodrome of Constantinople, which were originally
placed above the entrance to the cathedral of Venice, St Mark's Basilica, although the originals
have been replaced with replicas and are now stored within the basilica. After
the fall of Constantinople, the former Roman Empire was partitioned among the
Latin crusaders and the Venetians. Venice subsequently carved out a sphere of
influence in the Mediterranean known as the Duchy of the Archipelago, and captured Crete.[31]
Piazza San Marco in Venice,
with St Mark's Campanile and Basilica in the
background
The seizure of
Constantinople proved as decisive a factor in ending the Byzantine Empire as the loss of
the Anatolian themes after Manzikert. Although the Byzantines recovered control
of the ravaged city a half-century later, the Byzantine Empire was terminally
weakened, and existed as a ghost of its old self until Sultan Mehmet The
Conqueror took
the city in 1453.
View
of San Giorgio Maggiore Island from St. Mark's Campanile
Situated on the Adriatic
Sea, Venice always traded extensively with the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world. By the late 13th
century, Venice was the most prosperous city in all of Europe. At the peak of
its power and wealth, it had 36,000 sailors operating 3,300 ships, dominating
Mediterranean commerce. Venice's leading families vied with each other to build
the grandest palaces and support the work of the greatest and most talented
artists. The city was governed by the Great Council, which was made up of
members of the noble families of Venice. The Great Council appointed all public
officials and elected a Senate of 200 to 300 individuals. Since this group was
too large for efficient administration, a Council of Ten (also called the
Ducal Council or the Signoria), controlled much of the administration of the
city. One member of the great council was elected "Doge", or duke, the
chief executive, who usually held the title until his death; although several
Doges were forced by pressure from their oligarchical peers to resign and
retire into monastic seclusion when they
were felt to have been discredited by political failure.
The Venetian government
structure was similar in some ways to the republican system of ancient Rome,
with an elected chief executive (the Doge), a senate-like assembly of nobles,
and a mass of citizens with limited political power, who originally had the
power to grant or withhold their approval of each newly elected Doge. Church
and various private properties were tied to military service, although there
was no knight tenure within the city itself. The Cavalieri di San Marco was
the only order of chivalry ever instituted in
Venice, and no citizen could accept or join a foreign order without the
government's consent. Venice remained a republic throughout its independent period,
and politics and the military were kept separate, except when on occasion the
Doge personally headed the military. War was regarded as a continuation of
commerce by other means (hence, the city's early production of large numbers of
mercenaries for service elsewhere, and later its reliance on foreign
mercenaries when the ruling class was preoccupied with commerce).
View
of San
Marco basin in
1697
The Grand Canal in Venice
from Palazzo Flangini to Campo San Marcuola, Canaletto, circa 1738, J. Paul Getty Museum
Although the people of
Venice generally remained orthodox Roman Catholics, the state of Venice was
notable for its freedom from religious fanaticism and executed nobody for
religious heresy during the Counter-Reformation. This apparent lack of
zeal contributed to Venice's frequent conflicts with the Papacy. In this context, the
writings of the Anglican divine William Bedell are particularly
illuminating. Venice was threatened with the interdicton a number of occasions
and twice suffered its imposition. The second, most noted, occasion was in
1606, by order of Pope Paul V.
Venetian ambassadors sent
home still-extant secret reports of the politics and rumours of European courts,
providing fascinating information to modern historians.
The newly invented
German printing
press spread
rapidly throughout Europe in the 15th century, and Venice was quick to adopt
it. By 1482, Venice was the printing capital of the world, and the leading
printer was Aldus
Manutius,
who invented paperback books that could be carried in a saddlebag. His Aldine
Editions included translations of nearly all the known Greek
manuscripts of the era.[32]
Decline[edit]
Francesco
Guardi, The Grand Canal, circa 1760 (Art Institute of Chicago)
Venice's long decline
started in the 15th century, when it first made an unsuccessful attempt to hold Thessalonica against the
Ottomans (1423–1430). It also sent ships to help defend Constantinople against
the besieging Turks (1453). After Constantinople fell to Sultan Mehmet II, he declared the first
of a series of Ottoman-Venetian wars that cost Venice
much of its eastern Mediterranean possessions. Next, Christopher Columbus
discovered the New World in 1492. Then Vasco da Gama of Portugal found a sea
route to India by rounding the Cape of Good Hope during his first voyage of
1497–99, destroying Venice's land route monopoly. France, England and the Dutch
Republic followed. Venice's oared galleys were at a disadvantage when it came
to traversing the great oceans, and therefore Venice was left behind in the
race for colonies.
The Black Death devastated Venice
in 1348 and once again between 1575 and 1577.[33] In three years,
the plague killed some 50,000 people.[34] In 1630, the Italian plague of 1629–31 killed a third of
Venice's 150,000 citizens.[35] Venice began to
lose its position as a center of international trade during the later
part of the Renaissance as Portugal became
Europe's principal intermediary in the trade with the East, striking at the
very foundation of Venice's great wealth; while France and Spain fought for hegemony over Italy in
the Italian
Wars,
marginalising its political influence. However, the Venetian empire was a major
exporter of agricultural products, and until the mid-18th century, a
significant manufacturing center.
Modern
age[edit]
1870s
panoramic view of Venice
During the 18th century,
Venice became perhaps the most elegant and refined city in Europe, greatly
influencing art, architecture and literature. But the Republic lost its
independence when Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Venice on
12 May 1797 during the War of the First Coalition. Napoleon was seen as
something of a liberator by the city's Jewish population,
although it can be argued they had lived with fewer restrictions in Venice. He
removed the gates of the Ghetto and ended the
restrictions on when and where Jews could live and travel in the city.
Venice became Austrian
territory when Napoleon signed the Treaty of Campo Formio on 12 October 1797.
The Austrians took control of the city on 18 January 1798. But Venice was taken
from Austria by the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 and became
part of Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy; however it was returned
to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, when it became part of the
Austrian-held Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. In 1848 and 1849, a
revolt briefly re-established the Venetian Republic under Daniele Manin. In 1866, after
the Third Italian War of Independence, Venice, along with the
rest of the Veneto, became part of the newly created Kingdom of Italy.
Morning
Impression along a Canal in Venice, Veneto, Italy by Rafail Levitsky (1896)
,_Venice_Italy.jpg)
View
from the Bridge of Sighs
During the Second World War, the historic city was
largely free from attack, the only aggressive effort of note being Operation Bowler, a successful Royal Air Force precision strike on
the German naval operations in the city in March 1945. The targets were
destroyed with virtually no architectural damage inflicted on the city itself.[36] However the
industrial areas in Mestre and Marghera and the railway lines to Padua, Trieste
and Trento were repeatedly bombed.[37] On 29 April 1945, a
force of British and New Zealand troops under
Lieutenant General Freyberg of the British Eighth Army liberated Venice,
which had been a hotbed of anti-Mussolini Italian partisan activity.[38][39]
Subsidence[edit]
Acqua alta ("high
water") in Venice, 2008
.jpg)
Venice and surroundings in false colour, from Terra. The picture is oriented
with North at the top.
Subsidence, the gradual lowering of
the surface of Venice, has led to the seasonal Acqua alta when much of the
city's surface is occasionally covered at high tide.
Foundations[edit]
The buildings of Venice
are constructed on closely spaced wooden piles. Most of these piles are
still intact after centuries of submersion. The foundations rest on plates
of Istrian
limestone placed
on top of the piles,[40] and buildings of
brick or stone sit above these
footings. The piles penetrate a softer layer of sand and mud until they reach a
much harder layer of compressed clay.
Submerged by water, in
oxygen-poor conditions, wood does not decay as rapidly as on
the surface.
Most of these piles were
made from trunks of alder trees,[41] a wood noted for
its water resistance.[42] The alder came from
the westernmost part of today's Slovenia (resulting in the
barren land of the Kras region), in two
regions of Croatia, Lika and Gorski kotar(resulting in the barren
slopes of Velebit) and south of Montenegro.[citation needed]
History[edit]
The city is often
threatened by flood tides pushing in from
the Adriatic between autumn and
early spring. Six hundred years ago, Venetians protected themselves from
land-based attacks by diverting all the major rivers flowing into the lagoon
and thus preventing sediment from filling the area around the city.[43] This created an
ever-deeper lagoon environment.
In 1604, to defray the
cost of flood relief, Venice introduced what could be considered the first
example of a 'stamp
tax'.[citation needed] When the revenue fell
short of expectations in 1608, Venice introduced paper with the superscription
'AQ' and imprinted instructions, which was to be used for 'letters to
officials'. At first, this was to be a temporary tax, but it remained in effect
until the fall of the Republic in 1797. Shortly after the introduction of the
tax, Spain produced similar paper for general taxation purposes, and the
practice spread to other countries.
During the 20th century,
when many artesian wells were sunk into the periphery of the
lagoon to draw water for local industry, Venice began to subside. It was realized that
extraction of water from the aquifer was the cause. The
sinking has slowed markedly since artesian wells were banned in the 1960s.
However, the city is still threatened by more frequent low-level floods (called Acqua
alta, "high water") that creep to a
height of several centimetres over its quays, regularly following certain
tides. In many old houses, the former staircases used to unload goods are now
flooded, rendering the former ground floor uninhabitable.
Studies indicate that the
city continues sinking at a relatively slow rate of 1–2 mm per annum;[44][45] therefore, the
state of alert has not been revoked. In May 2003, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi inaugurated
the MOSE
project (Modulo
Sperimentale Elettromeccanico), an experimental model for evaluating the
performance of hollow floatable gates; the idea is to fix a series of 78
hollow pontoons to the sea bed
across the three entrances to the lagoon. When tides are predicted to rise
above 110 centimetres, the pontoons will be filled with air, causing them to
float and block the incoming water from the Adriatic Sea.[46] This engineering
work is due to be completed by 2018.[47]
The project is not
guaranteed to be successful and the cost has been very high, according to a
spokesman for the FAI (similar to a National Trust). "Mose is a pharaonic
project that should have cost €800m [Ł675m] but will cost at least €7bn [Ł6bn].
If the barriers are closed at only 90cm of high water, most of St Mark’s will
be flooded anyway; but if closed at very high levels only, then people will
wonder at the logic of spending such sums on something that didn’t solve the
problem. And pressure will come from the cruise ships to keep the gates
open."[48] Approximately €2
billion of the cost has been lost to corruption.[49]
Geography[edit]
Sestieri[edit]
Sestieri of Venice
Venice
viewed from the International Space Station
The whole pensolon (municipality)
is divided into 6 boroughs. One of these (the historic city) is divided into
six areas called sestieri: Cannaregio(including San Michele), San Polo, Dorsoduro(including Giudecca and Sacca Fisola), Santa Croce, San Marco (including San Giorgio Maggiore) and Castello (including San Pietro di Castello and Sant'Elena). Each sestiere was
administered by a procurator and his staff. Now,
each sestiere is a statistical and historical area without any
degree of autonomy. The six fingers or phalanges of the ferro on
the bow of a gondola represent the
six sestieri.
The sestieri are
divided into parishes – initially 70 in 1033, but reduced under Napoleon and now numbering
just 38. These parishes predate the sestieri, which were created in
about 1170. Each parish exhibited unique characteristics but also belonged to
an integrated network. The community chose its own patron saint, staged its own
festivals, congregated around its own market center, constructed its own bell
towers and developed its own customs.[50]
Other islands of
the Venetian
Lagoon do
not form part of any of the sestieri, having historically enjoyed a
considerable degree of autonomy.
Each sestiere has
its own house
numbering system.
Each house has a unique number in the district, from one to several thousand,
generally numbered from one corner of the area to another, but not usually in a
readily understandable manner.
Climate[edit]
According to the Köppen climate classification, Venice has a Humid subtropical climate (Cfa), with
cool winters and very warm summers. The 24-hour average in January is 3.3 °C
(37.9 °F), and for July this figure is 23.0 °C (73.4 °F).
Precipitation is spread relatively evenly throughout the year, and averages 748
millimetres (29.4 in).
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Climate data for Venice (1971–2000) |
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|
Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
|
Average high °C (°F) |
6.6 |
8.6 |
12.5 |
16.1 |
21.5 |
24.9 |
27.7 |
27.5 |
23.5 |
18.0 |
11.6 |
7.4 |
17.2 |
|
Daily mean °C (°F) |
3.3 |
4.7 |
8.3 |
12.0 |
17.1 |
20.5 |
23.0 |
22.6 |
18.9 |
13.8 |
7.8 |
4.0 |
13.0 |
|
Average low °C (°F) |
−0.1 |
0.8 |
4.1 |
7.8 |
12.7 |
16.1 |
18.3 |
17.7 |
14.3 |
9.6 |
4.0 |
0.6 |
8.8 |
|
Average precipitationmm (inches) |
47.0 |
48.3 |
48.8 |
70.0 |
66.0 |
78.0 |
63.9 |
64.8 |
72.0 |
73.5 |
65.5 |
50.6 |
748.4 |
|
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) |
6.0 |
5.2 |
5.7 |
8.3 |
8.2 |
8.6 |
5.9 |
6.1 |
5.9 |
6.7 |
5.8 |
5.9 |
78.3 |
|
Average relative humidity (%) |
81 |
77 |
75 |
75 |
73 |
74 |
71 |
72 |
75 |
77 |
79 |
81 |
75.8 |
|
Mean monthly sunshine hours |
80.6 |
107.4 |
142.6 |
174.0 |
229.4 |
243.0 |
288.3 |
257.3 |
198.0 |
151.9 |
87.0 |
77.5 |
2,037 |
|
Average sea temperature:[53] |
||||||||||||
|
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
|
9.9 °C |
8.7 °C |
9.9 °C |
13.5 °C |
18.6 °C |
23.4 °C |
25.4 °C |
25.4 °C |
23.6 °C |
19.3 °C |
16.0 °C |
13.2 °C |
17.2 °C |
Government[edit]
See also: Mayor of Venice
·
The
6 boroughs of the whole comune of Venice
·
.svg)
The
whole comune (red) in the Metropolitan City of Venice
·
Ca'
Loredan,
Venice's City Hall
The legislative body of
the municipality is the City Council
(Consiglio Comunale), which is composed of 45 councillors elected every
five years with a proportional system, contextually[clarification needed] to the mayoral
elections. The executive body is the City Committee (Giunta Comunale),
composed of 12 assessors nominated and
presided over by a directly elected Mayor.
Venice was governed by
center-left parties from the 1990s until the 2010s, when the mayor started to
be elected directly. Its region Veneto has long been a
conservative stronghold, with the coalition between the regionalist Lega Nord and the
center-right Forza Italia winning absolute majorities of the
electorate in many elections at communal, national, and regional levels.
After a corruption
scandal that forced the center-left mayor Giorgio Orsoni to resign, Venice
voted for the first time in June 2015 for a conservative directly elected
mayor: the center-right businessman Luigi Brugnaro won the election in
the second round of voting with the 53% of the votes against the leftist
magistrate and member of the Italian Senate Felice Casson, who led in the first
round with 38% of the votes.[54]
_(8150126764).jpg)
Villa
Bianca in the residential district of Lido
The municipality of
Venice is subdivided into six administrative Boroughs (Municipalitŕ). Each
Borough is governed by a Council (Consiglio) and a President, elected contextually[clarification needed] to the city Mayor.
The urban organization is governed by the Italian Constitution (art. 114). The
Boroughs have the power to advise the Mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large
spectrum of topics (environment, construction, public health, local markets)
and exercise the functions delegated to them by the City Council; in addition,
they are supplied with autonomous funding to finance local activities. The
Boroughs are:
Lagoon area:
·
Venezia (historic city)-Murano–Burano (also known
as Venezia insulare); population: 69,136;
·
Lido–Pellestrina (also known
as Venezia litorale); population: 21,664.
Mainland (terraferma), annexed with a Royal
Decree, in 1926, to the municipality of Venezia:
·
Favaro Veneto; population: 23,615;
·
Mestre-Carpenedo (also known
as Mestre centro); population: 88,952;
·
Chirignago-Zelarino; population: 38;179;
·
Marghera; population: 28;466.
After the 2015 elections,
five of the six boroughs are governed by the Democratic Party and its allies, and
one by the center-right mayoral majority.
Economy[edit]
Venice's economy has changed
throughout history. Although there is little specific information about the
earliest years, it is likely that an important source of the city's prosperity
was the trade in slaves, captured in central Europe and sold to North Africa
and the Levant. Venice's location at the head of the Adriatic, and directly
south of the terminus of the Brenner Pass over the Alps, would have given it a
distinct advantage as a middleman in this important trade. In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Venice was a major
center for commerce and trade, as it controlled a vast sea-empire, and became
an extremely wealthy European city, a leader in political and economic affairs
and a centre for trade and commerce.[55] From the 11th
century until the 15th century, pilgrimagesto the Holy Land were offered in
Venice. Other ports such as Genoa, Pisa, Marseille, Ancona and Dubrovnik were hardly able to
make any competition to the well organized transportation of pilgrims from
Venice.[56][57]
.jpg)
Like Murano, Burano is
also a tourist destination, usually reached via vaporetto
.jpg)
The
beach of Lido
di Venezia
Bridge
of Sighs,
one of the most visited sites in the city
Venetian Arsenal houses the Naval Historical Museum
This all changed by the 17th
century, when Venice's trade empire was taken over by other countries such as
Portugal, and its naval importance was reduced. In the 18th century, then, it
became a major agricultural and industrial exporter. The 18th century's biggest
industrial complex was the Venice Arsenal, and the Italian Army
still uses it today (even though some space has been used for major theatrical
and cultural productions, and spaces for art).[58] Since World War II
many Venetians have moved to Mestre and Marghera seeking employment as well as
affordable housing.[59]
Today, Venice's economy
is mainly based on tourism, shipbuilding (mainly done in the neighboring cities
of Mestre and Porto Marghera), services, trade and industrial exports.[55] Murano glass production in Murano and lace production
in Burano are also highly
important to the economy.[55]
The city is facing
financial challenges. In late 2016, it had a major deficit in its budget and
debts in excess of €400 million. "In effect, the place
is bankrupt", according to a report by The Guardian.[60] Many locals are leaving
the historic center due to rapidly increasing rental costs. The declining
native population affects the character of the city as an October 2016 National Geographic article pointed out
in its subtitle: "Residents are abandoning the city, which is in danger of
becoming an overpriced theme park".[49] The city is also
facing some major challenges including erosion, pollution, subsidence, an
excessive number of tourists in peak periods and problems caused by oversized
cruise ships sailing close to the banks of the historical city.[10]
In June 2017, Italy was
required to bail out two banks in Venice to prevent bankruptcies of the Banca Popolare di Vicenza and Veneto Banca.[61] Both companies will
be wound down and their assets with value will be taken over by another Italian
bank, Intesa Sanpaolo which received €5.2 billion as compensation. The Italian
government will be responsible for losses from any uncollectible loans from the
now-closed banks. The cost may be as high as €5.2 billion but the guarantees to
cover bad loans total €12 billion.[62]
Tourism[edit]
Piazza San Marco. Doge's
Palace.
Gondolas
share the waterway with other types of craft (including the vaporetti)
Venice is an important
tourist destination for its celebrated art and architecture.[63] The city gets up to
60,000 tourists per day (2017 estimate). Estimates as to the annual number of
tourists vary from 22 million to 30 million.[64][65][66] This 'overtourism' creates overcrowding
and environmental problems in its canal
ecosystem. By 2017, UNESCO was considering the
addition of Venice to its "In-Danger" list which,
includes historical ruins in war-torn countries. To reduce the number of
visitors that are causing irreversible changes in Venice, the agency supports
limiting the number of cruise ships[67][68] as well as creating
a full strategy for a more sustainable tourism.[69]
Cruise ship passing
bacino San Marco
Cruise ships access the port of Venice through the Giudecca Canal.
Tourism has been a major
sector of Venetian industry since the 18th century, when it was a major center
for the Grand
Tour,
with its beautiful cityscape, uniqueness, and rich musical and artistic
cultural heritage. In the 19th century, it became a fashionable centre for the
"rich and famous", often staying or dining at luxury establishments
such as the Danieli Hotel and the Caffč Florian. It continued being a
fashionable city in vogue right into the early 20th century.[63] In the 1980s,
the Carnival of Venice was revived and the
city has become a major centre of international conferences and festivals, such
as the prestigious Venice Biennale and the Venice Film Festival, which attract visitors
from all over the world for their theatrical, cultural, cinematic, artistic,
and musical productions.[63]
Today, there are numerous
attractions in Venice, such as St Mark's Basilica, the Doge's Palace, the Grand Canal, and the Piazza San Marco. The Lido di Venezia is also a popular
international luxury destination, attracting thousands of actors, critics,
celebrities, and mainly people in the cinematic industry. The city also relies
heavily on the cruise business.[63] The Cruise Venice
Committee has estimated that cruise ship passengers spend more than 150 million
euros (US$193 million) annually in the city according to a 2015 report.[70] Other reports,
however, point out that such day-trippers spend relatively little in the few
hours of their visits to the city.[60]
Venice is regarded by
some as a tourist trap, and by others as a "living museum".[63] Unlike most other
places in Western Europe, and the world, Venice has become widely known for its
element of elegant
decay.
The competition for foreigners to buy homes in Venice has made prices rise so
high that numerous inhabitants are forced to move to more affordable areas
of Veneto and Italy, the most
notable being Mestre.
Minimising
the effects of tourism[edit]
The need to balance the
jobs produced by cruise tourism with the protection of the city's historic
environment and fragile canals has seen the Italian Transport Ministry attempt
to introduce a ban on large cruise ships visiting the city. A 2013 ban would
have allowed only cruise ships smaller than 40,000-gross tons to enter the
Giudecca Canal and St Mark's basin.[71] In January, a
regional court scrapped the ban, but some global cruise lines indicated that
they would continue to respect it until a long-term solution for the protection
of Venice is found.[72]
For example, P&O
Cruises removed Venice from its summer schedule,
Holland America moved one of its ships from this area to Alaska and Cunard is
reducing (in 2017 and further in 2018) the number of visits by its ships. As a
result, the Venice Port Authority estimated an 11.4 per cent drop in cruise
ships arriving in 2017 versus 2016, leading to a similar reduction in income
for Venice.[73]
Gondoliers
on the Grand Canal
The city also considered
a ban on wheeled suitcases, but settled on banning
hard wheels for cargo from May 2015.[74]
In addition to
accelerating erosion of the ancient city's foundations and creating some
pollution in the lagoon,[49][75] cruise ships
dropping an excessive number of day trippers can make St. Marks Square and
other popular attractions too crowded to walk through during the peak season.
Government officials see little value to the economy from the "eat and
flee" tourists who stay for less than a day, which is typical of those
from cruise ships.[76]
Having failed in its 2013
bid to ban oversized cruise ships from the Giudecca canal, the city switched to
a new strategy in mid-2017, banning the creation of any additional hotels;
currently, there are over 24,000 hotel rooms. (The ban does not affect
short-term rentals in the historic center which is causing an increase in rent
for the native residents of Venice.)[60] The city had
already banned any additional fast food "take-away" outlets to retain
the historic character of the city; this was another reason for freezing the
number of hotel rooms.[77] Less than half the
millions of annual visitors stay overnight, however.[64][65]
Some locals were
aggressively lobbying for new methods that would reduce the number of cruise
ship passengers; their estimate indicated that there are up to 30,000 such
sightseers per day at peak periods,[66] while others
concentrate their effort on promoting a more responsible way of visiting the
city.[78] An unofficial
referendum to ban large cruise ships was held in June 2017. More than 18,000
people voted at 60 polling booths set up by activists and 17,874 chose to favor
the ban on ships from the lagoon. The population of Venice at the time was
about 50,000.[76] The organizers of
the referendum backed a plan to build a new cruise ship terminal at one of the
three entrances to the Venetian Lagoon. Passengers would be
transferred to smaller boats to take them to the historic area.[79][80]In 2014, the United
Nations warned the city that it may be placed on UNESCO's list of World Heritage
In Danger sites unless cruise ships are banned from the canals near the
historic centre.[75]
In November 2017, an
official Comitatone released a specific plan to keep the largest cruise ships
away from the Piazza San Marco and the entrance to the Grand Canal. [81] Ships over 55,000
tons will be required to follow a specified path through another canal to a new
passenger port to be built in Marghera, an industrial area of
the mainland. According to the officials, it will take four years in total to
work on the project. However, a lobby group, 'No Grandi Navi' (No big
Ships), argued that the effects of pollution caused by the ships can not be
diminished.[82]
In the last week of 2018,
Mayor Luigi Brugnaro announced that the "overnight" tax on visitors
(charged to those staying in hotels) would be extended. Every visitor to the
historic centre, including day-trippers, would be required to pay the tax. The
extra revenue would be used for cleaning and maintaining security, to reduce
the financial burden on residents of Venice and to "allow Venetians to
live with more decorum". The fee per person had not yet been set, but the
mayor was considering an amount somewhere between €2.50 and €10 per person,
with exemptions for a few types of travelers, including students. Since the
area gets roughly 30 million visitors per year, the total revenue will be of
great value.[83]
Foreign
words of Venetian origin[edit]
Some words with a
Venetian etymology include arsenal, ciao, ghetto, gondola, imbroglio, lagoon, lazaret, lido, Montenegro, and regatta.[84] The name "Venezuela" is a Spanish
diminutive of Venice (Veneziola).[85] Many additional
places around the world are named after Venice, e.g., Venice, Los Angeles, home of Venice
Beach; Venice,
Alberta in
Canada; Venice,
Florida,
a city in Sarasota County; Venice, New York.
Transportation[edit]
In
the historic centre[edit]
Aerial view of Venice
including the Ponte della Libertŕ bridge to the mainland.
Giudecca Canal. View from St Mark's Campanile.
_-_Sandolo_-_BEIC_6343165.jpg)
Sandolo in a picture of Paolo Montiof 1965. Fondo
Paolo Monti, BEIC.
P & O steamer,
circa 1870.
Venice is built on
an archipelago of 118 islands[1]formed by 177 canals in a
shallow lagoon, connected by 409 bridges.[86] In the old centre,
the canals serve the function of roads, and almost every form of transport is
on water or on foot. In the 19th century, a causeway to the mainland brought
the Venezia Santa Lucia railway station to Venice, and
the Ponte della Libertŕ road causeway and
parking facilities (in Tronchetto island and in piazzale Roma) were built
during the 20th century. Beyond the road and rail land entrances at the
northern edge of the city, transportation within the city remains (as it was in
centuries past) entirely on water or on foot. Venice is Europe's largest
urban car-free
area.
Venice is unique in Europe, in having remained a sizable functioning city in
the 21st century entirely without motorcars or trucks.
The classical Venetian
boat is the gondola, (plural: gondole)
although it is now mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or
other ceremonies, or as 'traghetti' (sing.: traghetto) to cross the Canale
Grande in the absence of a nearby bridge. The traghetti are operated by two
oarsmen; for some years there were seven such boats but by 2017, only three
remained.[87]
There are approximately
400 licensed gondoliers in Venice in their distinctive regalia and a similar
number of the boats, down from 10,000 that travelled the canals two centuries
ago.[88][89] Many gondolas are
lushly appointed with crushed velvet seats and Persian rugs. Less well-known is
the smaller sandolo. At the front of each
gondola that works in the city, there is a large piece of metal called
the fčro (iron). Its shape has evolved through the centuries,
as documented in many well-known paintings. Its form, topped by a likeness of
the Doge's hat, became gradually standardized, and was then fixed by local law.
It consists of six bars pointing forward representing the Sestieri of the city,
and one that points backwards representing the Giudecca.[89][90]
Waterways[edit]
Venice is a city of small
islands, enhanced during the Middle Ages by the
dredging of soils to raise the marshy ground above the tides. The resulting
canals encouraged the flourishing of a nautical culture which proved central to
the economy of the city. Today those canals still provide the means for
transport of goods and people within the city.
The maze of canals
threaded through the city requires the use of more than 400 bridges to permit
the flow of foot traffic. In 2011, the city opened Ponte della Costituzione, the fourth bridge
across the Grand Canal, connecting the Piazzale Roma bus terminal area
with the Stazione Ferroviaria (train station), the others being the
original Ponte
di Rialto,
the Ponte dell'Accademia, and the Ponte degli Scalzi.
Public
transport[edit]
Azienda del Consorzio Trasporti Veneziano (ACTV) is a public
company responsible for public transportation in Venice.
A
map of the waterbus routes in Venezia
Lagoon
area[edit]
The main public
transportation means are motorised waterbuses (vaporetti) which ply regular
routes along the Grand Canal and between the city's islands. The only gondole
still in common use by Venetians are the traghetti, foot
passenger ferries crossing the Grand
Canal at certain points without bridges. Other gondole target
tourists on an hourly basis.[89]
The Venice People Mover (managed by ASM) is
a cable-operated public transit system
connecting Tronchetto island with Piazzale Roma.
Water taxis are also active.
Lido
and Pellestrina islands[edit]
Lido and Pellestrina are two islands
forming a barrier between the southern Venetian Lagoon and the Adriatic Sea. In
those islands, road traffic is allowed. There are bus services on islands and
waterbus services linking islands with other islands (Venice, Murano, Burano) and with the peninsula
of Cavallino-Treporti.
Mainland[edit]
The mainland of Venice is
composed of 5 boroughs: Mestre-Carpenedo, Marghera, Chirignago-Zelarino and
Favaro Veneto. Mestre is the center and the most populated urban area of the
mainland of Venice. There are several bus routes and two Translohrtramway lines. Several bus routes and
one of the above tramway lines link the mainland with Piazzale Roma, the main bus station in
Venice, via Ponte della Libertŕ, a road bridge
connecting the mainland with the group of islands that comprise the historic
center of Venice. The average amount of time people spend commuting with public
transit in Venice, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 52 min. 12.2%
of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average
amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 10 min,
while 17.6% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The
average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is
7 km, while 12% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[91]
·
Vaporetti
(water buses) provide the primary means of transportation
·
People
Mover in Venice
·
Bus
in Mestre
·
Tram
in Venice leaving Piazzale Roma
Trains[edit]
Venice has regional and
national trains, including trains to Florence (1h53), Rome (3h33), Naples
(4h50), Milan (2h13) and Turin (3h10). In addition there are international day
trains to Zurich, Innsbruck, Munich and Vienna, plus overnight sleeper services
to Paris and Dijon (Thello), Munich and Vienna (ÖBB).
·
The St Lucia station is a few steps away
from a vaporetti stop in the historic city next to Piazzale Roma.
As well as many more local trains, this station is the terminus of the luxury
Venice Simplon Orient Express from Paris and London.
·
The Mestre station is on the mainland,
on the border between the boroughs of Mestre and Marghera.
Both stations are managed
by Grandi
Stazioni;
they are linked by the Ponte della Libertŕ (Liberty
Bridge) between the mainland and the islands.
Others small stations in
the municipality are Venezia Porto Marghera, Venezia Carpenedo, Venezia Mestre
Ospedale, Venezia Mestre Porta Ovest.
Ports[edit]
Cruise ships at the passenger
terminal in the Port of Venice (Venezia
Terminal Passeggeri)
Marco Polo International Airport(Aeroporto di
Venezia Marco
Polo)
The Port of Venice (Italian: Porto di Venezia) is the eighth-busiest
commercial port in Italy and is one of the most important in the Mediterranean
concerning the cruise sector, as a major hub for cruise ships. It is one of the major
Italian ports and is included in the list of the leading European ports which
are located on the strategic nodes of trans-European networks. In 2006,
30,936,931 tonnes passed through the port, of which 14,541,961 was the
commercial sector, and saw 1,453,513 passengers. In 2002, the port handled
262,337 containers.[92]
Airports[edit]
Venice is served by
the Marco Polo International Airport (Aeroporto di
Venezia Marco
Polo),
named in honor of its noted citizen. The airport is on the mainland and was
rebuilt away from the coast. Public transport from the airport takes one to:
·
Venice Piazzale Roma by ATVO (provincial
company) buses[93] and by ACTV (city
company) buses (route 5 aerobus);[94]
·
Venice, Lido and Murano by Alilaguna
(private company) motor boats;
·
Mestre, the mainland and Venice Mestre
railway station (convenient for connections to Milan, Padova, Trieste, Verona and the rest of
Italy) by ACTV lines (route 15 and 45)[94]and by ATVO lines;
·
regional destinations (Treviso,
Padua, the beach, ...) by ATVO buses and by Busitalia Sita Nord[95] buses (national
company).
Some airlines
market Treviso
Airport in Treviso, 30 kilometres
(19 mi) from Venice, as a Venice gateway. Some simply advertise flights to
"Venice", while naming the actual airport only in small print.[96] There are public
buses from this airport to Venice.
Venezia-Lido
"Giovanni Nicelli",[97] a public airport
suitable for smaller aircraft, is at the NE end of Lido di Venezia. It has a 994-metre
grass runway.
Sport[edit]
The most Venetian sport
is probably the "Voga alla Veneta", also commonly called
"Voga Veneta". The Venetian Rowing is a technique invented in the
Venetian Lagoon which has the particularity to see the rower(s), one or more,
rowing standing looking forward. Today, the Voga alla Veneta is
not only the way the Gondolier row tourists around Venice but also the way
Venetians row for pleasure and sport. Many races called regata(e) happen
throughout the year.[98] The culminating
event of the rowing season is the day of the "Regata Storica",
happening on the first Sunday of September each year.[99]
The main football club in
the city is Venezia
F.C.,
founded in 1907, which currently plays in the Serie B. Their ground, the Stadio Pierluigi Penzo situated in Sant'Elena, is one of the oldest
venues in Italy.
The local basketball club
is Reyer Venezia Mestre, founded in 1872 as
gymnastics club Societŕ Sportiva Costantino Reyer, and in 1907 as
the basketball club. Reyer currently plays in the Lega Basket Serie A. The men's team won the
Italian Championships in 1942, 1943 and 2017. Their arena is the Palasport Giuseppe Taliercio situated in Mestre. Luigi Brugnaro is both the
president of the club and the mayor of the city.
Education[edit]
Ca' Foscari University of Venice
Venice is a major
international centre for higher education. The city hosts the Ca' Foscari University of Venice, founded in 1868;[100] the Universitŕ Iuav di Venezia, founded in 1926;[101] the Venice International University, an international
research center, founded in 1995 and located on the island of San Servolo;[102] and the
EIUC-European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and Democratisation,
located on the island of Lido di Venezia.[103]
Other Venetian
institutions of higher education are: the "Accademia di Belle Arti"
(Academy of Fine Arts), established in 1750, whose first Chairman was Giovanni Battista Piazzetta;[104] and the Benedetto Marcello
Conservatory of Music, which, established in 1876 as High School
and Musical Society, later (1915) became "Liceo Musicale" and finally
(1940), when its Director was Gian Francesco Malipiero, State Conservatory of
Music.[105]
Demographics[edit]
|
Historical population |
||
|
Year |
Pop. |
±% |
|
1000 |
60,000 |
— |
|
1200 |
80,000 |
+33.3% |
|
1300 |
180,000 |
+125.0% |
|
1400 |
110,000 |
−38.9% |
|
1423 |
150,000 |
+36.4% |
|
1500 |
100,000 |
−33.3% |
|
1560 |
170,000 |
+70.0% |
|
1600 |
200,000 |
+17.6% |
|
1700 |
140,000 |
−30.0% |
|
1800 |
140,000 |
+0.0% |
The city was one of the
largest in Europe in the High Middle Ages, with a population of
60,000 in AD 1000; 80,000 in 1200; and rising up to 110,000–180,000 in 1300. In
the mid 1500s the city's population was 170,000, and by 1600 almost 200,000.[106][107][108][109][110]
In 2009, there were
270,098 people residing in Venice's comune (the population estimate of 272,000
inhabitants includes the population of the whole Comune of Venezia; around
60,000 in the historic city of Venice (Centro storico); 176,000 in Terraferma
(the Mainland); and 31,000 live on other islands in the lagoon), of whom 47.4%
were male and 52.6% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) were
14.36% of the population compared to pensioners who numbered 25.7%. This
compared with the Italian average of 18.06% (minors) and 19.94% (pensioners).
The average age of Venice residents was 46 compared to the Italian average of
42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Venice declined
by 0.2%, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.85%.[111] The population in
the historic old city declined much faster: from about 120,000 in 1980 to about
60,000 in 2009,[112] and to below 55,000
in 2016.[113]
As of 2009, 91% of the
population was Italian. The largest immigrant group came from other European
nations: (Romanians, the largest group: 3%,
South Asia: 1.3%, and East Asia: 0.9%).
Venice is
predominantly Roman Catholic (92.7% of resident
population in the area of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Venice in 2012[114]), but because of the
long-standing relationship with Constantinople, there is also a
noticeable Orthodox presence, and as a
result of immigration, there are now some Muslim, Hindu and Buddhist inhabitants.
Since 1991 the Church
of San Giorgio dei Greci in Venice has
become the see of the Greek Orthodox
Archdiocese of Italy and Malta and Exarchate of Southern Europe, a Byzantine-rite diocese under
the Ecumenical Patriarchate
of Constantinople.[115]
There is also a
historic Jewish community in Venice.
The Venetian
Ghetto was
the area in which Jews were compelled to live under the Venetian Republic. The
word ghetto, originally Venetian, is now used in many
languages. Shakespeare's play The Merchant of Venice, written in the late
16th century, features Shylock, a Venetian Jew. The
first complete and uncensored printed edition of the Talmud was printed in
Venice by Daniel
Bomberg in
1523. During World War II Jews were rounded up in Venice and deported to extermination camps. Since the end of the
war the Jewish population of Venice has declined from 1500 to about 500. Only
around 30 Jews live in the former ghetto which houses the city's major Jewish
institutions.[116] In modern times,
Venice has an eruv,[117]used by the Jewish
community.
Culture[edit]
Literature[edit]
Main article: Venetian literature
Venice has long been a
source of inspiration for authors, playwrights, and poets, and at the forefront
of the technological development of printing and publishing.
Two of the most noted
Venetian writers were Marco Polo in the Middle Ages and later Giacomo Casanova. Polo (1254–1324) was a
merchant who voyaged to the Orient. His series of books,
co-written by Rustichello da Pisa and titled Il Milione provided important
knowledge of the lands east of Europe, from the Middle East to China, Japan,
and Russia. Giacomo Casanova (1725–1798) was a
prolific writer and adventurer best remembered for his autobiography, Histoire
De Ma Vie(Story
of My Life), which links his colourful lifestyle to the city of Venice.
.jpg)
Venetian playwrights
followed the old Italian theatre tradition of Commedia dell'arte. Ruzante (1502–1542), Carlo Goldoni (1707–1793),
and Carlo
Gozzi (1720–1806)
used the Venetian dialect extensively in their comedies.
Venice has also inspired
writers from abroad. Shakespeare set Othello and The Merchant of Venice in the city, as
did Thomas
Mann with
his novel, Death in Venice (1912). The French
writer Philippe Sollers spent most of his
life in Venice and published A Dictionary For Lovers
Of Venice in 2004.
The city features
prominently in Henry
James' The Aspern Papers and The Wings of the Dove. It is also visited
in Evelyn
Waugh's Brideshead Revisited and Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time. Perhaps the most known
children's book set in Venice is The Thief Lord, written by the
German author Cornelia
Funke.
The poet Ugo Foscolo (1778–1827), born
in Zante, an island that at the
time belonged to the Republic of Venice, was also a revolutionary who wanted to see a
free republic established in Venice following its fall to Napoleon.
Venice also inspired the
poetry of Ezra
Pound,
who wrote his first literary work in the city. Pound died in 1972, and his
remains are buried in Venice's cemetery island of San Michele.
Venice is also linked to
the technological aspects of writing. The city was the location of one of
Italy's earliest printing presses, established by Aldus Manutius (1449–1515).[citation needed] From this beginning
Venice developed as an important typographic center and even as late as the
18th century was responsible for printing half of Italy's published books.[citation needed]
In
literature and adapted works[edit]
The city is a
particularly popular setting for essays, novels, and other works of fictional
or non-fictional literature. Examples of these include:
·
Casanova's autobiographical History of My Life,
·
Ben Jonson's Volpone (1605–6),
·
Donna Leon's Commissario Guido
Brunetti crime
fiction series
and cookbook, and the German television series based on the novels
·
Anne
Rice's Cry to Heaven (1982),
·
Jacqueline Carey's Kushiel's Chosen (historical fantasy or alternate history) A
large portion of the novel takes place in a city known as La Serenissima. It is
an alternative-history version of Venice, complete with masquerades, canals and
a Doge.
·
Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice (ca. 1596–1598)
and Othello,
·
Philippe Sollers' Watteau in Venice, and
·
Italo Calvino's Invisible Cities.
Additionally, Thomas Mann's novella, Death in Venice (1912), was the
basis for Benjamin Britten's eponymous opera.
Art
and printing[edit]
An 18th-century view of Venice by Venetian artist Canaletto.
Venice, especially during
the Middle Ages and the Renaissance and Baroque periods, was a
major centre of art and developed a unique style known as the Venetian School. In the Middle
Ages and the Renaissance, Venice, along with Florence and Rome, became
one of the most important centres of art in Europe, and numerous wealthy
Venetians became patrons of the arts. Venice at the time was a rich and
prosperous Maritime Republic, which controlled a vast
sea and trade empire.[118]
The Palazzo Cavalli-Franchetti is an example of
Venetian Gothic architecture alongside the Grand Canal.
Venice has a rich and
diverse architectural style, the most prominent of
which is the Gothicstyle. Venetian Gothic architecture is a term given to
a Venetian building style combining the use of the Gothic lancet arch
with Byzantine and Ottoman influences. The style originated in
14th-century Venice, where the confluence of Byzantine style from Constantinople met Arab influence
from Islamic
Spain.
Chief examples of the style are the Doge's Palace and the Ca' d'Oro in the city. The
city also has several Renaissance and Baroque buildings,
including the Ca'
Pesaro and
the Ca'
Rezzonico.
The Ca' d'Oro.
By the end of the 15th
century, Venice had become the European capital of printing, being one of the
first cities in Italy (after Subiaco and Rome) to have a printing press after
those established in Germany, having 417 printers by 1500. The most important
printing office was the Aldine Press of Aldus Manutius, which in 1499 printed
the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, considered the most
beautiful book of the Renaissance, and established
modern punctuation, the page format
and italic
type,
and the first printed work of Aristotle.
In the 16th century,
Venetian painting was developed through influences from the Paduan School
and Antonello da Messina, who introduced the oil
painting technique of the Van Eyck brothers. It is
signified by a warm colour scale and a picturesque use of colour. Early masters
were the Bellini and Vivarini families, followed by Giorgione and Titian, then Tintoretto and Veronese. In the early 16th
century, there was rivalry in Venetian painting between the disegno and colorito techniques.[119]
Canvases (the common
painting surface) originated in Venice during the early Renaissance. These
early canvases were generally rough.
In the 18th century,
Venetian painting had a revival with Tiepolo's decorative painting
and Canaletto's and Guardi's panoramic views.
Main article: List of painters and
architects of Venice
See also: Venetian School (art)
Venetian
gothic architecture[edit]
Venetian Gothic is an architectural style combining use of
the Gothic lancet arch with Byzantine and Moorish influences. The style originated in
14th-century Venice with the confluence of Byzantine styles from Constantinople, Moorish influences
from Al-Andalus, and early Gothic forms
from mainland Italy.[citation needed] Chief examples of
the style are the Doge's Palace and the Ca' d'Oro in Venice.
See also: Venetian Gothic architecture and Medieval architecture
.jpg)
The Baroque Ca' Rezzonico.
Rococo
architectural style[edit]
It can be argued that
Venice produced the best and most refined rococo designs. At the time[when?], Venice was in trouble.
It had lost most of its maritime power, was lagging behind its rivals in
political importance, and society had become decadent, with nobles wasting
their money in gambling and partying. But Venice remained Italy's fashion
capital, and was a serious contender to Paris in terms of wealth, architecture,
luxury, taste, sophistication, trade, decoration, style, and design.[120] Venetian rococo was
well known as rich and luxurious, with usually very extravagant designs. Unique
Venetian furniture pieces included the divani da portego, and long
rococo couches and pozzetti, objects meant to be placed against the
wall. Bedrooms of rich Venetians were usually sumptuous and grand, with rich
damask, velvet, and silk drapery and curtains, and beautifully carved rococo
beds with statues of putti, flowers and angels.[120] Venice was
especially known for its beautiful girandole mirrors, which remained among,
if not the, finest in Europe. Chandeliers were usually very colourful,
using Murano
glass to
make them look more vibrant and stand out from others, and precious stones and
materials from abroad were used, since Venice still held a vast trade empire.
Lacquer was very common, and many items of furniture were covered with it, the
most noted being lacca povera (poor lacquer), in which
allegories and images of social life were painted. Lacquerwork and Chinoiserie were particularly
common in bureau cabinets.[121]
Glass[edit]
Main articles: Venetian glass and Murano glass
Venice is known for its
ornate glass-work, known as Venetian glass. It is world-renowned
for being colourful, elaborate, and skilfully made.
Murano
glass chandelierCa' Rezzonico
Many of the important
characteristics of these objects had been developed by the 13th century. Toward
the end of that century, the center of the Venetian glass industry moved
to Murano, an offshore island in
Venice. The glass made there is known as Murano glass.
Byzantine craftsmen
played an important role in the development of Venetian glass, an art form for
which the city is well known. When Constantinople was sacked in
the Fourth
Crusade in
1204, some fleeing artisans came to Venice. This happened again when the Ottomans took Constantinople
in 1453, supplying Venice with still more glassworkers. By the 16th century,
Venetian artisans had gained even greater control over the color and
transparency of their glass, and had mastered a variety of decorative
techniques.
Despite efforts to keep
Venetian glassmaking techniques within Venice, they became known elsewhere, and
Venetian-style glassware was produced in other Italian cities and other
countries of Europe.
Some of the most
important brands of glass in the world today are still produced in the
historical glass factories on Murano. They are: Venini, Barovier &
Toso, Pauly, Millevetri, Seguso.[122] Barovier & Toso
is considered one of the 100 oldest companies in the world,
formed in 1295.
Cinema,
media, and popular culture[edit]
Venice has been the
setting or chosen location of numerous films, games, works of fine art and
literature (including essays, fiction, non-fiction, and poems), music videos,
television shows, and other cultural references.
Festivals[edit]
Masks at Carnival of Venice.
Typical masks worn during the Carnival of Venice.
The Carnival of Venice is held annually in
the city, It lasts for around two weeks and ends
on Shrove
Tuesday. Venetian masks are worn.
The Venice Biennale is one of the most
important events in the arts calendar. In 1895 an Esposizione biennale
artistica nazionale (biennial exhibition of Italian art) was
inaugurated.[123] The
activities of the Biennale were interrupted by the war in September 1942, but
resumed in 1948.[124]
The Festa del Redentore is held in
mid-July. It began as a feast to give thanks for the end of the plague of 1576.
A bridge of barges is built connecting Giudecca to the rest of Venice, and
fireworks play an important role.
The Venice Film Festival (Italian Mostra Internazionale
d'Arte Cinematografica di Venezia) is the oldest film festival in the world.[125] Founded by
Count Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata in 1932 as
the Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica, the festival
has since taken place every year in late August or early September on the
island of the Lido. Screenings take place
in the historic Palazzo del Cinema on the Lungomare
Marconi. It is one of the world's most prestigious film festivals and is part
of the Venice Biennale.
See also: Carnival of Venice and Venice Film Festival
In films[edit]
Examples of films set or
at least partially filmed in Venice include:[126]
·
The Comfort of Strangers (1990)
·
Don't Look Now (1973)
·
The Italian Job (2003)
·
Luchino Visconti's Death in Venice (1971)[127]
·
Three James Bond films: From Russia with Love (1963), Moonraker (1979), and Casino Royale (2006)
·
The Tourist (2010)
·
Summertime (1955),
starring Katharine Hepburn
·
Fellini's Casanova (1976)
·
Woody Allen's Everyone Says I Love You (1996)
·
Nicolas Roeg's Don't Look Now (1973)
·
The Wings of the Dove (1997)
·
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
·
The League of
Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003)
·
A Little Romance (1979)
·
Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001)
·
The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999)
·
Dangerous Beauty (1988), the biography
of Veronica
Franco
·
Penguins of Madagascar (2014)
·
Pokémon Heroes (2002), is set
inside a city based on Venice, although it is titled differently and features
sights not present within its real-world equivalent. (The city is otherwise
virtually identical to Venice.)
·
Blame It on the Bellboy (1992)
·
Inferno (2016)
·
Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019)
Music[edit]
Main article: Music of Venice
See also: Venice in media, Venetian polychoral style, Music of Veneto, and Venetian School (music)
La
Fenice operahouse in the city.
The city of Venice in
Italy has played an important role in the development of the music of Italy. The Venetian state –
i.e., the medieval Maritime Republic of
Venice –
was often popularly called the "Republic of Music", and an anonymous
Frenchman of the 17th century is said to have remarked that "In every home,
someone is playing a musical instrument or singing. There is music
everywhere."[128]
During the 16th century,
Venice became one of the most important musical centers of Europe, marked by a
characteristic style of composition (the Venetian school) and the development of
the Venetian polychoral style under composers
such as Adrian
Willaert,
who worked at St Mark's Basilica. Venice was the early
center of music printing; Ottaviano Petrucci began publishing
music almost as soon as this technology was available, and his publishing
enterprise helped to attract composers from all over Europe, especially from
France and Flanders. By the end of the
century, Venice was known for the splendor of its music, as exemplified in the
"colossal style" of Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli, which used multiple
choruses and instrumental groups. Venice was also the home of many noted
composers during the baroque period, such as Antonio Vivaldi, Ippolito Ciera, Giovanni Picchi, and Girolamo Dalla Casa, to name but a few.
The
orchestra[edit]
Venice is the home of
numerous symphony orchestras such as, the Orchestra della Fenice, Rondň
Veneziano,
Interpreti Veneziani, and Venice Baroque Orchestra.
In
popular music[edit]
The city has been the
setting for music videos of such songs as Madonna's "Like a Virgin" and Siouxsie and the Banshees' "Dear
Prudence"
.
In
video games[edit]
The city is the setting
for parts of such video games as Assassin's Creed II[129] and Tomb Raider II.[130] It
has also served as inspiration for the fictional city of Altissia, in Final Fantasy XV.[131] The
city also serves as a setting for The House of the Dead 2. The city appears as the
first main level in Sly 3: Honor Among
Thieves.
Venice was the base theme
for Soleanna, one of the hub worlds in Sonic The Hedgehog. One of the nine
playable characters, Silver The
Hedgehog,
was once a mink named "Venice"
during development. The idea was ultimately scrapped.
Photography[edit]
Photograph of Guardi's Regatta in Venice at the Frick Art
Reference Library.
Its splendid
architecture, artworks, landscapes, gondolas, the alternance of high
and low tides, the reflections of light and colors, and the unusual daily
scenes in a city living on water, make of Venice and its islands a paradise for
photographers both professionals and amateurs. Fulvio Roiter has probably been
the pioneer in artistic photography in Venice,[132] followed by a
number of authors whose works are often reproduced on postcards, thus reaching
a widest international popular exposure.
Cuisine[edit]
Main articles: Venetian cuisine and Veneto wine
Hot
chocolate was a fashionable drink in Venice during the 1770s and 1780s.
Venetian cuisine is
characterized by seafood, but also includes garden products from the islands of
the lagoon, rice from the mainland, game, and polenta. Venice is not known for
a peculiar cuisine of its own: it combines local traditions with influences
stemming from age-old contacts with distant countries.[clarification needed] These include sarde
in saór (sardines marinated to preserve them for long voyages); bacalŕ
mantecato (a recipe based on Norwegian stockfish and extra-virgin
olive oil); bisŕto (marinated eel); risi e bisi,
rice, peas and (not smoked) bacon;[133]fegato alla veneziana, Venetian-style veal
liver; risňto col néro de sépe (risotto with cuttlefish,
blackened by their ink); cichéti, refined and delicious tidbits
(akin to tapas); antipasti (appetizers); and prosecco, an effervescent, mildly
sweet wine.
In addition, Venice is
known for the golden, oval-shaped cookies called baěcoli, and for other types of
sweets, such as: pan del pescaór (bread of the fisherman);
cookies with almonds and pistachio nuts; cookies with fried Venetian cream, or
the bussolŕi (butter biscuits and shortbread made in the shape
of a ring or of an "S") from the island of Burano; the galŕni or cróstoli (angel wings);[134] the frětole (fried
spherical doughnuts); the fregolňtta (a crumbly cake with
almonds); a milk pudding called rosŕda; and cookies called zaléti,
whose ingredients include yellow maize flour.[135]
The dessert tiramisů is generally
thought to have been invented in Treviso in the 1970s,[136] and is popular in
the Veneto area.
Fashion
and shopping[edit]
Luxury shops and boutiques along the Rialto Bridge.
In the 14th century, many
young Venetian men began wearing tight-fitting multicoloured hose, the designs
on which indicated the Compagnie della Calza
("Trouser Club") to which they belonged. The Venetian Senate
passed sumptuary
laws,
but these merely resulted in changes in fashion in order to circumvent the law.
Dull garments were worn over colourful ones, which then were cut to show the
hidden colours resulting in the wide spread of men's "slashed"
fashions in the 15th century.
Today, Venice is a major
fashion and shopping centre, not as important as Milan, Florence, and Rome, but on a par
with Verona, Turin, Vicenza, Naples, and Genoa. Roberta di Camerino is the only
major Italian
fashion brand
to be based in Venice.[137] Founded in 1945, it
is renowned for its innovative handbags featuring hardware[clarification needed] by Venetian
artisans and often covered in locally woven velvet, and has been credited with
creating the concept of the easily recognisable status bag.[137] Many
of the fashion boutiques and jewelry shops in the city are located on or near
the Rialto
Bridge and
in the Piazza San Marco. There are Louis Vuitton and Ermenegildo Zegnaflagship stores in the
city. If shopping for Venetian and Italian food specialties and wine you can
head to Mascari or Casa del Parmigiano near Rialto and I Tre Mercanti flagship store
near Piazza San Marco.
Notable people[edit]
The
Doge Andrea
Gritti,
reigned 1523–1538, portrait by Titian.
.jpg)
Carlo
Goldoni,
the most notable name in Italian theatre.
The explorer Sebastian Cabot.
|
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Others closely associated
with the city include:
·
Pietro Cesare Alberti (1608–1655),
considered the first Italian – American, arriving in New Amsterdam in 1635.[138]
·
Tomaso Albinoni (8 June 1671 – 17 January
1751), a baroque composer.[139]
·
Claudio Ambrosini (9 April 1948),
composer and conductor.[140]
·
Pietro Bembo (20 May 1470 – 18
January 1547), cardinal and scholar.[141]
·
Giovanni Bellini (c. 1430–1516),
Renaissance painter, probably the best known of the Bellini family of painters.[142]
·
Francesco Borgato (5 September 1990,
Venice), Italian recording artist and dancer.
·
Marco Antonio Bragadin (d.1571), general,
flayed alive by the Turks after a fierce
resistance during the siege of Famagusta.
·
Sebastian Cabot (c. 1484–1557, or
soon after), explorer.[143]
·
Rosalba Carriera (7 October 1675 –
15 April 1757), known for her pastel works.[144][145]
·
Canaletto (28 October 1697 –
19 April 1768), known for his landscapes or vedute of Venice, but not
only.
·
Giacomo Casanova (1725–1798 in Dux, Bohemia, (now Duchcov, Czech Republic)), a
Venetian adventurer, writer and womanizer.
·
Francesco Cavalli (14 February 1602 –
14 January 1676), a baroque composer.
·
Lorenzo Da Ponte (1749–1838), opera
librettist and poet, wrote the librettos for 28 operas by 11 composers,
including Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
·
Enrico Dandolo (c. 1107,
1205), Doge
of Venice from
1192 to his death, played a direct role in the Sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade.
·
Vincenzo Dandolo (1758–1819),
chemist, agronomist and politician of the Enlightenment Era.
·
Ludovico de Luigi (November 1933),
Venetian Surrealistic artist.
·
Pellegrino Ernetti, Catholic priest and
exorcist.
·
Dominic DeNucci, (1932–) Professional
wrestler
·
Veronica Franco (1546–1591), poet
and courtesan during the Renaissance.
·
Andrea Gabrieli (c. 1510–1586),
Italian composer and organist at St Mark's Basilica.
·
Giovanni Gabrieli (1554/1557–1612),
composer and organist at St Mark's Basilica.
·
Carlo Goldoni (25 February 1707 –
6 February 1793). Along with Pirandello, Goldoni is probably the
most notable name in Italian theatre, in his country and abroad.
·
Carlo Gozzi (13 December 1720 –
4 April 1806), dramatist of the 18th century.
·
Pietro Guarneri (14 April 1695 – 7
April 1762), left Cremona in 1718, settled in Venice. "Peter of
Venice" from the family of great luthiers.
·
Baldassare Longhena (1598–18 February
1682), one of the greatest exponents of Baroque architecture.
·
Lorenzo Lotto (c. 1480–Loreto,
1556), painter, draughtsman, and illustrator, traditionally placed in the Venetian school.
·
Bruno Maderna (21 April 1920 – 13
November 1973), an Italian-German orchestra director and 20th-century music
composer.
·
Aldus Manutius (1449–1515), one of
the most important printers in history.
·
Leon Modena (1571–1648)
preacher, author, poet, active in the Venetian ghetto and beyond.
·
Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643),
composer, opera pioneer, and director of music at San Marco.
·
Luigi Nono (29 January 1924 – 8 May 1990), a
leading composer of instrumental and electronic music.
·
Joseph Pardo (c. 1561–1619), rabbi and merchant.
·
Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia (5 June 1646 – 26
July 1684), the first woman in the world to receive a doctorate degree.
·
Marco Polo (c. 1254–8 January
1324), trader and explorer, one of the first
Westerners to travel the Silk Road to China. While a
prisoner in Genoa, he dictated in the tale of his travels known as Il
Milione (The Travels of Marco Polo).
·
Virgilio Ranzato (7 May 1883 – 20
April 1937), composer.
·
Frederick Rolfe (22 July 1860 – 25
October 1913), English author of the Venetian novel The Desire and
Pursuit of the Whole.
·
Carlo Scarpa (2 June 1906 – 1978, Sendai, Japan), an architect with a
profound understanding of materials.
·
Romano Scarpa (27 September 1927,
Venice–23 April 2005, Málaga), was one of the most noted Italian creators of
Disney comics.
·
Giuseppe Sinopoli (2 November 1946 –
20 April 2001), conductor and composer.
·
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (5 March 1696 – 27
March 1770), the last "Grand Manner" fresco painter from the Venetian
Republic.
·
Tintoretto (1518–31 May 1594),
probably the last great painter of Italian Renaissance.
·
Titian (c.
1488–90–27 August 1576), leader of the 16th-century Venetian school of
the Italian Renaissance (he was born
in Pieve di Cadore).
·
Elisabetta Caminčr Turra (1751–1796),
writer.
·
Emilio Vedova (9 August 1919 – 25
October 2006), one of the most important modern painters of Italy.
·
Sebastiano Venier, (c. 1496–3 March
1578), Doge
of Venice from
11 June 1577 to 1578.
·
Antonio Vivaldi (4 March 1678–28
July (or 27), 1741, Vienna), composer and violinist
of the Baroque Era.
·
Domenico Montagnana, (24 June 1686 – 6 March
1750) was an Italian master luthier. He is regarded as one
of the world's finest violin and cello makers of his time.
International relations[edit]
The City of Venice and
the Central Association of Cities and Communities of Greece (KEDKE)
established, in January 2000, in pursuance of the EC Regulations n. 2137/85,
the European Economic Interest Grouping (E.E.I.G.) Marco Polo System to promote
and realise European projects within transnational cultural and tourist field,
particularly referred to the artistic and architectural heritage preservation
and safeguard.
Twin
towns and sister cities[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and
sister cities in Italy
Venice is twinned with:
·
Yerevan, Armenia, since 2011[146]
·
Dubrovnik, Croatia, since 2012[147]
·
Montería, Colombia, since 2018
In 2013, Venice ended the
sister city relationship with St. Petersburg in opposition to laws Russia had
passed against homosexuals and those who support gay rights.[148]
Cooperation
agreements[edit]
Venice has cooperation
agreements with the Greek city of Thessaloniki, the German city
of Nuremberg, signed on 25 September
1999, and the Turkish city of Istanbul, signed on 4 March 1993,
within the framework of the 1991 Istanbul Declaration. It is also a Science and
Technology Partnership City with Qingdao, China.
See also[edit]
·
History of the Jews in Venice
·
List of buildings and
structures in Venice
·
List of painters and
architects of Venice
·
List of places called
Venice of the East
·
Veneti and Venetic language (the ancient spoken
language of the region)
·
Venetian language (the modern spoken
vernacular of the region)
·
Venezia Mestre Rugby FC – rugby team
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
1. ^ a b Centre, UNESCO
World Heritage. "Venice and its
Lagoon". whc.unesco.org.
2. ^ a b c "Venice and its Lagoon". UNESCO.
Retrieved 17 April2012.
3. ^ "The Bridges of
Venice - What are the most Famous bridges?". venicegondola.com.
4. ^ "Patreve, l'attuale
governance non funziona" (PDF). Corriere Della Sera. 6
March 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
5. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Retrieved 11
June 2010.
6. ^ Richard Stephen
Charnock (1859). Local Etymology: A derivative dictionary of geographical
names. Houlston and Wright. p. 288.
7. ^ Coispeau,
Olivier (10 August 2016). Finance Masters: A brief
history of international financial centers in the last millennium. World Scientific. ISBN 9789813108844.
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100. ^ DEPARTMENTS: Asian
and North African Studies; Economics; Environmental Sciences, Informatics and
Statistics; Humanities; Linguistics and Comparative Cultural Studies;
Management; Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems; Philosophy and Cultural
Heritage. INTERDEPARTMENTAL SCHOOLS: School of Asian Studies and Business
Management; School of Cultural Production and Conservation of the Cultural
Heritage; School of International Relations; School of Social Work and Public
Policies. OTHER SCHOOLS: School of Economics; CFCS – Ca’ Foscari Challenge
School; CFSIE – Ca’ Foscari School for International Education; Ca' Foscari
Graduate School.
101. ^ DEPARTMENTS: DACC –
Architecture, Construction and Conservation; DCP – Architecture and Arts; DPPAC
– Design and Planning in Complex Environments.
102. ^ Courses. ITALY:
History of Venice; Italian Contemporary History in Films; Art and Architecture
in Renaissance Venice; Italian Fashion and Design. CULTURES OF THE WORLD:
Intercultural Communication; Gender Studies; Comparing East and West. GLOBAL
CHALLENGES: Identity, Heritage and Globalization; Globalization, Ethics,
Welfare and Human Rights; Global governance for peace and security, cooperation
and development.
103. ^ European Master's
Degree in Human Rights and Democratisation.
104. ^ DEPARTMENTS: Visual
arts (Painting; Sculpture; Graphic Art; Decoration); Scenography and Applied
Arts (Scenography; New Technologies for the Arts).
105. ^ DEPARTMENTS: Theory
and Analysis, Composition and Conducting: Pre-polyphonic Music, Choral Music
and Choir Conducting, Composition, Experimental Composition, Conducting. New
Technologies and Musical Languages: Jazz, Electronic Music. Wind instruments:
Recorder, Flute, Trumpet, French Horn, Clarinet,
Saxophone, Oboe, Bassoon. Singing and Musical Theatre: Singing. Teaching:
Teaching. Keyboards and Percussion Instruments: Organ, Harpsichord, Piano,
Percussion instruments. Stringed Instruments: Harp, Lute, Guitar, Viola da
Gamba, Baroque violin, Violin, Viola, Cello, Double Bass.
106. ^ "Urban World
History". google.dk.
107. ^ A Companion to Venetian
History, 1400–1797. BRILL. 2013. p. 257. ISBN 978-90-04-25252-3.
108. ^ "Pre-Industrial
Cities and Technology". google.dk.
109. ^ Before European Hegemony:
The World System A.D. 1250–1350 By Janet L.
Abu-Lughod.
110. ^ The Sovereign State and
Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change By
Hendrik Spruyt.
111. ^ "Statistiche
demografiche ISTAT". Demo.istat.it. Retrieved 28
March 2009.
112. ^ Cathy Newman,
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protesters oppose tourist numbers". BBC News. 12 November
2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
114. ^ Cheney, David
M. "Venezia {Venice} (Patriarchate)
[Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org.
115. ^ "Italian Orthodox Bishops
concelebrating in Venice". Archived from the original on 15 December
2008. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
116. ^ Weiner, Rebecca The
Virtual Jewish History Tour, Venice The Virtual Jewish
History Tour: Venice
117. ^ "Venetian Ghetto –
Eruv in Venice". Retrieved 2 August2010.
118. ^ "The Renaissance in
Venice – Art History Basics on the Venetian School – ca 1450–1600". Arthistory.about.com.
29 October 2009. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
119. ^ "Venetian art around
1500". Webexhibits.org. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
121. ^ Miller (2005) p.83
122. ^ Carl I.
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its History and Artists (Schiffer, 2004). ISBN 978-0-7643-1946-4.
123. ^ "The Venice
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Archived from the original on 10 January 2009.
Retrieved 28 March 2009.
124. ^ "The Venice
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(1893–1945)". Labiennale.org. Archived from the original on 10 January 2009.
Retrieved 28 March2009.
125. ^ Morris, Roderick
Conway (29 August 2012). "SPECIAL REPORT:
VENICE FILM FESTIVAL; World's Oldest Cinematic Fest Turns 80". The New York
Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17
January 2018.
126. ^ "Venice in the
movies: 10 films that feature the city".
127. ^ "Death in Venice and
a cocktail". The Venice Lido. August 2011.
128. ^ Touring Club p. 79
129. ^ "Assassin's Creed
and the Real Italia: Venezia (Part 2)".
130. ^ Atkins, Barry
(19 July 2013). "More than a game:
The computer game as fictional form". Oxford University Press
– via Google Books.
131. ^ "Tabata Talks
Chocobos, Tonberries, Cities and Story With Famitsu |
Final Fantasy Union". Archived from the originalon 23 April 2016.
Retrieved 23 April 2016.
132. ^ Stefano
Biolchini (19 April 2016). "Addio a Fulvio
Roiter. Era sua la piů bella Venezia in bianco nero". Il Sole 24 Ore. Retrieved 19
April 2016.
133. ^ Ranieri da
Mosto, Il Veneto in cucina, Firenze, Aldo Martello-Giunti, 1974, p.
57; Mariů Salvatori de Zuliani, A tola co i nostri veci. La cucina
veneziana, Milano, Franco Angeli, 2008, p. 63
134. ^ In other areas of
Italy similar sweets are known by many other names, e.g. cénci (rags)
(Florence), frappe (flounces) (Rome), bugěe (lies)
(Turin, Genoa, etc.), chiŕcchiere (chatter)
(Milan and many other places in northern, central and southern Italy). Vid.:
Pellegrino Artusi, La Scienza in cucina e l'Arte di mangiar bene,
93Ş ristampa, Firenze, Giunti, 1960, p. 387, #595; Ranieri da Mosto, Il
Veneto in cucina, Firenze, Aldo Martello-Giunti, 1974, p. 364; Luigi
Veronelli (edited by), Il Carnacina, 10th ed., Milano, Garzanti,
1975, p. 656, #2013; to name but a few.
135. ^ Mariů Salvatori de
Zuliani, A tola co i nostri veci. La cucina veneziana, Milano,
Franco Angeli, 2008, pp. 449–450
136. ^ Squires, Nick
(17 May 2016). "Italian regions
battle over who invented tiramisu" – via
www.telegraph.co.uk.
137. ^ a b Patner, Josh (26
February 2006). "From Bags to
Riches". The New York Times. Retrieved 14
May 2010.
138. ^ Klett, Joseph R.
(1996). Genealogies of New Jersey
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Com. p. 941. ISBN 9780806314914.
139. ^ Domenico, Roy
Palmer (2002). The Regions of Italy: A
Reference Guide to History and Culture. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 379. ISBN 9780313307331.
140. ^ Elmer, Michele
(4 October 2013). Imagine Math 2: Between
Culture and Mathematics. Springer Science &
Business Media. p. 11. ISBN 9788847028890.
141. ^ Bowd, Stephen D.
(March 1999). "Pietro Bembo and the 'monster' of Bologna
(1514)". Renaissance Studies. Wiley. 13(1):
40–54. JSTOR 24412789.
142. ^ Knight,
Christopher (13 October 2017). "Bellini
masterpieces at the Getty make for one of the year's best museum shows". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 16 February
2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
143. ^ Biddle, Richard (1831). A Memoir of Sebastian
Cabot: With a Review of the History of Maritime Discovery. Carey and Lea.
p. 68.
144. ^ The Editors of
Encyclopaedia Britannica (20 July 1998). "Rosalba
Carriera". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 26
July 2018.
145. ^ "Rosalba
Carriera". The National Gallery. Retrieved 26
July2018.
146. ^ "Yerevan – Twin
Towns & Sister Cities". Yerevan
Municipality Official Website. © 2005–2013 www.yerevan.am. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
147. ^ www.ideafutura.com,
Idea Futura srl -. "City of Venice -
Dubrovnik - Twinnings - Twinnings and Agreements - International and european
activities". archive.comune.venezia.it.
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Bibliography[edit]
See also: Bibliography of the history of Venice
Academic
·
Bosio, Luciano. Le origini di Venezia.
Novara: Istituto Geografico De Agostini.
·
Brown, Horatio, Venice,
chapter 8 of Cambridge Modern History vol. I The
Renaissance (1902)
·
Brown, Horatio, Calendar of State Papers
(Venetian): 1581–1591, 1895; 1592–1603, 1897; 1603–1607,
1900; 1607–1610, 1904; 1610–1613, 1905
·
Brown, Horatio, Studies in the history of Venice (London,
1907)
·
Chambers, D.S. (1970). The Imperial Age of
Venice, 1380–1580.London: Thames & Hudson. The best brief introduction
in English, still completely reliable.
·
Contarini, Gasparo (1599). The Commonwealth and
Gouernment of Venice. Lewes Lewkenor, trsl. London: "Imprinted by
I. Windet for E. Mattes." The most important contemporary account of
Venice's governance during the time of its blossoming. Also available in various
reprint editions.
·
Da Canal, Martin, "Les estoires de Venise"
(13th-century chronicle), translated by Laura Morreale. Padua, Unipress 2009.
·
Drechsler, Wolfgang (2002). "Venice
Misappropriated." Trames 6(2), pp. 192–201. A
scathing review of Martin & Romano 2000; also a good summary on the most
recent economic and political thought on Venice.
·
Garrett, Martin, "Venice: a Cultural History"
(2006). Revised edition of "Venice: a Cultural and Literary
Companion" (2001).
·
Grubb, James S. (1986). "When Myths Lose Power: Four
Decades of Venetian Historiography." Journal of Modern History 58,
pp. 43–94. The classic "muckraking" essay on the myths of
Venice.
·
Lane, Frederic Chapin. Venice: Maritime Republic (1973)
(ISBN 978-0-8018-1445-7) standard scholarly
history; emphasis on economic, political and diplomatic history
·
Laven, Mary, "Virgins of Venice: Enclosed Lives and
Broken Vows in the Renaissance Convent (2002). The most important study of the
life of Renaissance nuns, with much on aristocratic family networks and the
life of women more generally.
·
Madden, Thomas F. Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of
Venice Johns Hopkins University Press. Probably the best book in
English on medieval Venice.
·
Martin, John Jeffries and Dennis Romano (eds). Venice Reconsidered. The History and
Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297–1797. (2002) Johns Hopkins University Press. The most recent
collection on essays, many by prominent scholars, on Venice.
·
Muir, Edward (1981). Civic Ritual in Renaissance
Venice. Princeton UP. The classic of Venetian cultural studies, highly sophisticated.
·
Oppenheimer, Gerald J. (2010). Venetian Palazzi and Case: A
Guide to the Literature. University of Washington, Seattle. Retrieved
from https:/eb.archive.orgeb/20110604034334/http://faculty.washington.edu/gerryo/venice.html 7 February 2010.
·
Rösch, Gerhard (2000). Venedig. Geschichte einer
Seerepublik.Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. In German, but the most recent top-level
brief history of Venice.
·
Miller, Judith (2005). Furniture:
world styles from classical to contemporary. DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7566-1340-2.
Popular
·
Ackroyd, Peter. Venice: Pure
City. London, Chatto & Windus. 2009. ISBN 978-0-7011-8478-0
·
Brown, Horatio, Life on the Lagoons, 1884; revised ed. 1894;
further eds. 1900, 1904, 1909.
·
Cole, Toby. Venice: A Portable Reader,
Lawrence Hill, 1979. ISBN 978-0-88208-097-0 (hardcover); ISBN 978-0-88208-107-6(softcover).
·
Madden, Thomas, Venice: A New
History. New York: Viking, 2012. ISBN 978-0-670-02542-8. A fascinating and
approachable history by a distinguished historian.
·
Morris, Jan (1993), Venice.
3rd revised edition. Faber & Faber, ISBN 978-0-571-16897-2. A subjective and
passionate written introduction to the city and some of its history. Not
illustrated.
·
Ruskin, John (1853). The Stones of Venice. Abridged edition Links,
JG (Ed), Penguin Books, 2001. ISBN 978-0-14-139065-9. Seminal work on
architecture and society
·
di Robilant, Andrea (2004). A
Venetian Affair. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-1-84115-542-5 Biography of
Venetian nobleman and lover, from correspondence in the 1750s.
·
Sethre, Janet. The Souls of Venice McFarland
& Company, Inc., 2003. ISBN 978-0-7864-1573-1 (softcover). This
book focuses on people who have been shaped by Venice and who have shaped the
city in their turn. Illustrated (photographs by Manuela Fardin).
External links[edit]
Veniceat 's sister projects
·
Definitions from Wiktionary
·
Media from media
Commons
·
News from news
·
Quotations from quote
·
Texts from source
·
Textbooks from books
·
Travel guide from voyage
·
Resources from versity
·
Official Site of the City
of Venice
·
Fondazione Musei Civici
di Venezia (Italian/English)
·
Venezia Autentica, a
website about Life and travel in Venice (English)
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Chioggia ·
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Dolo ·
Eraclea ·
Fossň ·
Gruaro ·
Jesolo ·
Marcon ·
Meolo ·
Mira ·
Mirano ·
Noale ·
Pianiga ·
Salzano ·
Scorzč ·
Spinea ·
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Venice ·
Vigonovo |
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Sassari ·
Syracuse ·
Taranto ·
Terni ·
Trento ·
Udine ·
Vicenza |
|
·
BNF: cb11933474v (data) ·
MusicBrainz: a6e08cd9-a712-4152-8808-9485c75e1196 ·
WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 136651400 |
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Communes of the Metropolitan City of Venice
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Venice
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Populated coastal places in Italy
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Islands of the Venetian Lagoon
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Mediterranean port cities and towns in Italy
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Port cities and towns of the Adriatic Sea
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World Heritage Sites in Italy
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5th-century establishments in Italy
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