The T S Welling art Gallery

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Last updated 5/21/2004 2:11 AM

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Symbolic Science Erdology cultures

France

The counts

1. Fehu the one count

a. Fehu inside the number one count. What are establishing the priorities.

i. Fehu the first Ætt.

1. Fehu

2. Uruz

3. Thurasaz

4. Ansuz

5. Raido

6. Kannaz

7. Gebo

8. Wunjo

ii. Haggalaz second Ætt

1. . Haggalaz

2. Nauthiez

3. Isa

4. Jera

5. Eiwaz

6. . Pertho

7. Alhaz

8. Sowillo

iii. Tiwaz third Ætt

1. Tiwaz

2. Bircano

3. Ewaz

4. Mannaz

5. Laguz

6. Ingwaz

7. Othallo

8. Daggaz

b. Uruz inside the number 2 count. Establishing the strength/fuel of any given situation.

c. Thurasaz inside the number 3 count

d. Ansuz inside the number 4

e. Raido inside the number 5

f. Kannaz inside the number 6

g. Gebo inside the number 7

h. Wunjo inside the number 8

2. Haggalaz

a. . Haggalaz inside the number 9

b. Nauthiez inside the number 10

c. Isa inside the number 11

d. Jera inside the number 12

e. Eiwaz inside the number 13

f. . Pertho inside the number 14

g. Alhaz inside the number 15

h. Sowillo inside the number 16

3. Tiwaz

a. Tiwaz inside the number 17

b. Tiwaz inside the number 18

c. Ewaz inside the number 19

d. Mannaz inside the number 20

e. Laguz inside the number 21

f. Ingwaz inside the number 22

g. Othallo inside the number 23

h. Daggaz inside the number 24

Century	Historical Event	Other Events
VI-V BC	Greeks (Phoceans) at Marseille (Massalia) Ligurians occupy the mountainous back-country of the Alpes Maritimes	From 600 BC: 350 oppida (castellaras) built in the [now] Alpes Maritimes.
IV-III BC	Celts invade Provence, mix with the Ligurians, resulting in Celto-Ligurians. Nice (Nikaïa), Antibes (Antipolis), Villefranche founded by the Massaliotes (Greeks of Marseille). Planting of grapes and olives.
II-I BC	Marseille requests Rome's help to defend against raiding tribes. Rome arrives, installs garrisons. Aix becomes the capital of the Provincia Romana Gaule Transalbine: La narbonnaise Gaule Cisalpine: from the Rubicon to the Var	13 BC: Via Julia Augustus (or Via Julia), a coast road into Gaul (Provence), started; used to conquer the Ligurians and bring the Pax Romain to Provence. 150 years later merged into the Aurelian Way. The Trophy des Alps built on the Alpine Summit (Summa Alpe) of La Turbie.
II AD	The province Alpas Maritimae created, with the capital at Cimiez (Cemenelum).
III AD	Pax romana. Gallo-Roman civilization. Beginning of the Christian era.	Bornes milliaires
IV AD	Cimiez peaks; Embrun becomes the capital of the province.
V AD	Barbarian invasions. "Provence" born, about 450, on the left bank of the Rhone, with the capital at Arles. Nice and Cimiez destroyed.	The Lerins islands settled in 400: monk St Honorat on St Honorat, and his sister St Margaret on the island of St Marugerite.
VI AD	Wisigoths, Ostrogoths, Saxons, and Lombards arrive. End of the Roman Empire. The population of Cimiez withdraws to the "Rocher" of Nice. The Francs, and Clovis.
VII AD	The Franc Royalty begins.
VIII AD	Saracen incursions along the coast. Carolingien Empire begins.
IX AD	Saracens ravage Nice and surrounding towns (Vence, La Turbie, ...).
X AD	Feudal era begins. Bourgogne Kingdom. Provence protected by the germanic Saint-Empire Local Lords recognize the sovereignty of Guillaume the Liberator,Comte de Provence. Saracens install bases in the Maures mountains of the Var [map], for incursions towards the interior.
XI AD	Provence is Feudal.	"Saracen Towers" built, to watch for Saracens. XI, beginning XII: castles built on isolated summits.
XII AD	The Counts of Provence: House of Barcelone and Aragon Knights Hospitalers and Knights Templers	Perched villages built, so the Lords could gather the population around their castles.
XIII AD	The Counts of Provence: House of Anjou	Villages fortified.
XIV AD	The Grimaldis, chased out of Genoa, install in Provence. Reine Jeanne dies, childless. The big split: Pope in Avignon and Pope in Rome. Comté de Nice established (1388); lasts for 5 centuries.
XV AD	Duchy of Savoy King Réné, Count of Provence (1434-1480). Provence [but not Nice] becomes French (1481)	end XV, XVI: Gothic churches, country chapels.
XV-XVIII AD	Comté de Nice wars with Savoy and France
XVI AD	Wars of Religion (1533-1580	XVI, beginning XVII: Penitent chapels.
XVII AD	Nice becomes a free port (1612).
XVIII AD	French Revolution (1789) Nice attached to France (1793)	Villages beging to decend to sites with easier access.
XIX AD	Napoleon Bonaparte's Empire falls (1814).

Kings

Merovingian
447-458	Merovich
458-482	Childeric I
482-511	Clovis I
511-558	Childebert I
558-562	Clothaire I
562-566	Caribert
566-584	Chilperic
584-628	Clothaire II
628-637	Dagobert I
637-655	Clovis II
655-668	Clothaire III
668-674	Childeric II
674-691	Thierry III
691-695	Clovis III
695-711	Childebert II
711-716	Dagobert III
716-721	Chilperic II
721-737	Thierry IV
(interregnum)
743-751	Childeric III
Carolingian
751-768	Pepin the Short
768-814	Charlemagne - also the Holy Roman Emperor for 800 to 814 AD though not specifically emperor of France or the Franks.
814-840	Louis I, the Debonaire
840-877	Charles I, the Bald
877-879	Louis II, the Stammerer
879-882	Louis III
882-884	Carloman
884-888	Charles II, the Fat
888-898	Odo, count of Paris
898-929	Charles III, the Simple
(interregnum)
936-954	Louis IV, the Foreigner
954-986	Lothaire
986-987	Louis V
Capetian
987-996		Hugh Capet
996-1031		Robert II, the Pious
1031-1060		Henry I
1060-1108		Philip I
1108-1137		Louis VI, the Fat
1137-1180		Louis VII
1180-1223		Philip II, Augustus
1223-1226		Louis VIII, the Lion
1226-1270		Louis IX, Saint-Louis
1270-1285		Philip III, the Bold
1285-1314		Philip IV, the Fair
1314-1316		Louis X
1316-1322		Philip V, the Tall
1322-1328		Charles IV, the Fair
Valois
1328-1350		Philip VI
1350-1364		John II, the Good
1364-1380		Charles V, the Wise
1380-1422		Charles VI, the Fool
1422-1461		Charles VII, the Victorious
1461-1483		Louis XI, the Spider
1483-1498		Charles VIII
1498-1515		Louis XII, Father of his People
1515-1547		François I
1547-1559		Henry II
1559-1560		François II
1560-1574		Charles IX
1574-1589		Henry III
Bourbon
1589-1610		Henry IV
1610-1643		Louis XIII
1643-1715		Louix XIV, the Sun King
1715-1774		Louis XV
1774-1793		Louis XVI
(interregnum)
1814-1824		Louis XVIII
1824-1830		Charles X
Orleans
1830-1848		Louis-Philippe
Emperors
1804-1815		Napoleon I
1852-1870		Napoleon III

French Revolution, 1789.

1789, 5 May - French Parliament (Estates-General) met at Versailles, for the first time in 175 years, and proclaimed themselves the national Assembly.
1789, 14 July - Storming of the Bastille
1791 - King Louis XVI attempted to flee France with his family and was arrested
1793 - King Louis XVI, and then his widow Marie Antoinette, guillotined
1793 - the Reign of Terror sweeping through France, claiming Robespierre as one of its illustrious victims.
1799 - Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in a coup d'état, and began his conquest of western Europe, doing very well until 1812.
1815 - Bourbon dynasty restored
1830 - July Revolution, installed Louis Philippe as the last king of France, ousting the Bourbons
1848 - the February Revolution installed a republican government in place of the monarchy

Ligurian History
ProvenceBeyond History Section

1000-600 BC - Celts, Ligurians

Although paeolithic cave dwellings have been discovered in the hills of this region, the earliest "modern" history began in 1000-600 BC along the coast of the Mediterranean, which was occupied by the Ligurians.

In 500-400 BC, the Greeks set up trading posts at sites along the coast, including Antibes, Nice and Monaco. About the same time, the Celts from further North invaded Provence, and ended up mingling with the ancient Ligurians.

Cavares - Celtic-Ligurian, 2nd-1st-c BC. The Cavare confederation dominated the region from Cavaillon to Valence (Isére). See also Orange.
Cimbri - Ligurians
Memini - one of the tribes in the Cavares confederation (Carpentras)

In 122 BC, the Celts were defeated by the Romans, beginning the Gallo-Roman era of Provence. (Julius Caesar officially conquered Gaul in 58-51 BC, although the surrender of Vercingétorix still left the majority of the war-like Gaullish tribes still fighting, against the Romans and against each other.)

Restauration, 1814-1830

Following the fall of the First Empire in April 1814, the monarchy was re-established in favor of the Bourbons (see Kings). King Louis XVIII returned from England to rule a "constitutional government". The "constitutional" part didn't evolve very well, and the king's popularity declined to a dangerous level. Louis XVIII departed Paris, and napoléon debarked in France on 1 March 1815 to start his "hundred days". The "hundred days" failed, and the Burbons returned to power on 8 July 1815.

In August 1815, the ultraroyalists won the elections, and celebrated with the "Terreur blanche" from July to October, massacring the Bonapartistes. The Duc de Berry was assassinated in 1820. Charles X, who was named Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom in 1814, became king in 1824.

In 1830, the king dissolved the Chambre and new elections were held. The opposition (not royalists) won, and Charles attempted a "coup". The result was a revolt, and Charles X fled, ending the Restauration period.

Roman Provence
ProvenceBeyond History Section

Gaul

The Roman province of Gaul (Gallia) included Cisalpine Gaul and Transalpine Gaul. Cisalpine Gaul was the area of Northern Italy conquered by the Romans in 222 BC.

The area of Transalpine Gaul included France, Switzerland, Belgium and the Netherlands. The southern part of Transalpine Gaul became a Roman province in 121 BC. The northern part was conquered by Caesar in 50-50 BC. Transalpine Gaul was ravaged during the 5th century by Burgundian, Franks and Visigoths. In 486, it was conquered by Clovis, and became part of the kingdom of the Franks.

Narbonnaise

A province of Roman Gaul, a renamed version of Gallia Transalpina, created in 27 BC by Augustus. Colonies founded in Narbonnaise included Aix, Narbonne, Nîmes and Orange. (The town of Narbonne, Narbo Marius, was founded by the Romans in 118 BC.)

The Roman road Via Domitia, linked the Spanish provinces and Italy, passing through Narbonne, Nîmes, Orange and Cavaillon. The Roman road Via Aquitania connected the Mediterranean coast, near Narbonne, to Aquitaine and the Atlantic.

Domitienne Way (81-96 AD)

This Roman road "Voie Domitienne" was built during the rule of the Roman emperor Titus Flavius Domitianus (51-96), who succeeded his brother Titus. Vestiges of the Domitienne Way can be seen where it passed through Cavaillon, Bonnieux and Apt. At Cavaillon, two arcades that crossed the "way" still stand. At Bonnieux, the "way" crossed the Calavon river at the Pont Julien, one of the most beautiful Roman bridges in France.

Aurelian Way (275 AD)

The Aurelian Way, running from Rome to Arles, was built during the reign of Aurelius (214-275), emperor of Rome from 270 to 275. (Also known for capturing Palmyra in 273, and reasserting Roman authority.) Its route took it past Genoa, Cimiez (Nice), Antibes, Fréjus, Tourtour, Aix-en-Provence, Salon-de-Provence. Now over 1700 years old, parts of the Aurelian Way are still in use. There's a long section of it just east of Tourtour in the Var. The RN7 (route national) between Aix and Nice follows much of the same route.

This road was over 2.5 m wide, paved, cambered, and put down on a cement base. It used engineering extensively, including many bridges, to take the most direct route rather than following geographic contours.

The Aurelian Way was one of the most important roads in the Roman empire. One of the features of this modern highway was a series of milestones marking each Roman mile (1478 m) along its full distance. (France continues the tradition to this day with its "bornes" (milliaires) that mark the kilometer distances between towns.) Another "modern" feature was raised pavements, or sidewalks, for use by pedestrians and for mounting blocks.

Century	Historical Event	Other Events
VI-V BC	Greeks (Phoceans) at Marseille (Massalia) Ligurians occupy the mountainous back-country of the Alpes Maritimes	From 600 BC: 350 oppida (castellaras) built in the [now] Alpes Maritimes.
IV-III BC	Celts invade Provence, mix with the Ligurians, resulting in Celto-Ligurians. Nice (Nikaïa), Antibes (Antipolis), Villefranche founded by the Massaliotes (Greeks of Marseille). Planting of grapes and olives.
II-I BC	Marseille requests Rome's help to defend against raiding tribes. Rome arrives, installs garrisons. Aix becomes the capital of the Provincia Romana Gaule Transalbine: La narbonnaise Gaule Cisalpine: from the Rubicon to the Var	13 BC: Via Julia Augustus (or Via Julia), a coast road into Gaul (Provence), started; used to conquer the Ligurians and bring the Pax Romain to Provence. 150 years later merged into the Aurelian Way. The Trophy des Alps built on the Alpine Summit (Summa Alpe) of La Turbie.
II AD	The province Alpas Maritimae created, with the capital at Cimiez (Cemenelum).
III AD	Pax romana. Gallo-Roman civilization. Beginning of the Christian era.	Bornes milliaires
IV AD	Cimiez peaks; Embrun becomes the capital of the province.
V AD	Barbarian invasions. "Provence" born, about 450, on the left bank of the Rhone, with the capital at Arles. Nice and Cimiez destroyed.	The Lerins islands settled in 400: monk St Honorat on St Honorat, and his sister St Margaret on the island of St Marugerite.
VI AD	Wisigoths, Ostrogoths, Saxons, and Lombards arrive. End of the Roman Empire. The population of Cimiez withdraws to the "Rocher" of Nice. The Francs, and Clovis.
VII AD	The Franc Royalty begins.
VIII AD	Saracen incursions along the coast. Carolingien Empire begins.
IX AD	Saracens ravage Nice and surrounding towns (Vence, La Turbie, ...).
X AD	Feudal era begins. Bourgogne Kingdom. Provence protected by the germanic Saint-Empire Local Lords recognize the sovereignty of Guillaume the Liberator,Comte de Provence. Saracens install bases in the Maures mountains of the Var [map], for incursions towards the interior.
XI AD	Provence is Feudal.	"Saracen Towers" built, to watch for Saracens. XI, beginning XII: castles built on isolated summits.
XII AD	The Counts of Provence: House of Barcelone and Aragon Knights Hospitalers and Knights Templers	Perched villages built, so the Lords could gather the population around their castles.
XIII AD	The Counts of Provence: House of Anjou	Villages fortified.
XIV AD	The Grimaldis, chased out of Genoa, install in Provence. Reine Jeanne dies, childless. The big split: Pope in Avignon and Pope in Rome. Comté de Nice established (1388); lasts for 5 centuries.
XV AD	Duchy of Savoy King Réné, Count of Provence (1434-1480). Provence [but not Nice] becomes French (1481)	end XV, XVI: Gothic churches, country chapels.
XV-XVIII AD	Comté de Nice wars with Savoy and France
XVI AD	Wars of Religion (1533-1580	XVI, beginning XVII: Penitent chapels.
XVII AD	Nice becomes a free port (1612).
XVIII AD	French Revolution (1789) Nice attached to France (1793)	Villages beging to decend to sites with easier access.
XIX AD	Napoleon Bonaparte's Empire falls (1814).