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February 26: Napoleon Bonaparteescapes from Elba 1815 (MDCCCXV) was
a common year starting
on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and
a common
year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1815th year of
the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the
815th year of the 2nd millennium,
the 15th year of the 19th century,
and the 6th year of the 1810s decade. As of
the start of 1815, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian
calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Contents · 1Events · 2Births · 3Deaths Events[edit] January–March[edit] ·
January 2 – Lord Byron marries Anna
Isabella Milbanke in Seaham, County Durham, England. ·
January 3 – Austria, Britain, and Bourbon-restored France form a
secret defensive alliance treaty against Prussia and Russia. ·
January 8 – War of 1812 – Battle of New
Orleans: American forces under General Andrew Jackson defeat an invading British force
in the last major battle of the war (ironically, the Battle of New Orleans
was fought after the Commissioners had signed the Treaty of Ghent, on 24
December 1814, which would be ratified in February 1815; thus, this battle
had no impact on the outcome of the war). ·
January 13 - War of 1812: British
troops capture Fort Peter in St. Marys, Georgia, the only battle of the war
to take place in the state. ·
January 15 – War of 1812 – Capture of
USS President: American frigate USS President (1800),
commanded by Commodore Stephen Decatur, is forced to surrender to a
squadron of four British frigates. ·
February – The Hartford Convention arrives
in Washington, D.C. ·
February 3 – The first commercial cheese factory is founded in Switzerland. ·
February 4 – The first Dutch student
association, the Groninger Studentencorps Vindicat atque Polit, is
founded in the Netherlands. The first rector of the senate is B. J. Winter. ·
February 6 – New Jersey grants the first American
railroad charter to John
Stevens. ·
February 17 – The Spanish
reconquest of Latin America begins. ·
February 18 – The War of 1812 between the United States
the United Kingdom (including Canada) officially ends, following ratification
of the Treaty of Ghent (1814)
in Washington, D.C.. ·
February 26 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon Bonaparte escapes from Elba. ·
March 1 ·
Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon returns to France from his
banishment on Elba. ·
Georgetown
University's congressional
charter is signed into law, by President James Madison. ·
March 15 – Joachim Murat, King of Naples,
declares war on Austria in
an attempt to save his throne, starting the Neapolitan War. ·
March 16 – William I becomes King of the
Netherlands. ·
March 2–18 – Sri
Vikrama Rajasinha of Kandy, the last king in Ceylon, is deposed
under the terms of the Kandyan Convention,
which results in Ceylon becoming a British
colony. ·
March 20 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon enters Paris, after escaping
from Elba with a regular army of 140,000 and
a volunteer force of around 200,000, beginning his Hundred Days rule. April–June[edit] June 9: The Final Act of the Congress of Vienna is
signed. ·
April 5–12 – Mount Tambora in the Dutch East Indies blows
its top explosively during an
eruption, killing upwards of 92,000, and propelling thousands of
tons of aerosols (Sulfide gas
compounds) into the upper atmosphere (stratosphere). The high level gases reflect
sunlight, and cause the widespread cooling (known as a volcanic winter) and heavy rains of 1816,
causes snows in June and July in the northern hemisphere, widespread crop
failures, and subsequently famine, which is why 1816 is
later known as the Year Without a
Summer. ·
April 21 – The eastern part of the
former Garhwal Kingdom is
joined with Kumaon division,
under the administration of the British Raj. ·
April 24 – The Second Serbian
Uprising against Ottoman rule takes place in Takovo, Ottoman Serbia. By the end of the year
Serbia is acknowledged as a semi-independent state; the ideals of the First Serbian
Uprising have thus been temporarily achieved. ·
May 3 – Battle of Tolentino: Austria defeats the Kingdom of Naples,
which quickly ends the Neapolitan War. Joachim Murat, the defeated King of Naples,
is forced to flee to Corsica, and is later
executed. ·
May 30 – The Arniston,
an East Indiaman ship
repatriating wounded troops to England from Ceylon, is wrecked near Waenhuiskrans, South Africa, with the loss
of 372 of the 378 people on board. ·
June 9 – The Final Act of the Congress of Vienna is
signed: A new European political situation is set. The German Confederation and Congress Poland are created, and
the neutrality of
Switzerland is guaranteed. Also, Luxembourgdeclares independence from
the French Empire. ·
June 15 – The Duchess of
Richmond's ball is held in Brussels, "the most famous ball in
history".[1][2] ·
June 16 ·
Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Ligny: Napoleon defeats a Prussian army
under Gebhard
Leberecht von Blücher. ·
Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Quatre
Bras: Marshal Ney wins a strategic victory over an
Anglo-Dutch force. ·
June 18 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Waterloo: Arthur
Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington and Gebhard
Leberecht von Blücher decisively defeat Napoleon. ·
June 22 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon abdicates again; Napoleon II (1811–1832), age 4, rules
for two weeks (22 June to 7 July). ·
June 26 – Napoleonic Wars: Wellington's advancing
Allied Army takes Péronne, Somme on
its way to Paris. July–September[edit] ·
July 8 – Napoleonic Wars: Louis XVIII returns
to Paris, and is 'restored' as King of France (he had declared himself king
on 8 June 1795, at the death of his nephew, 10-year-old Louis XVII,
and had lived in Westphalia, Verona, Russia, and England). ·
July 15 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon boards HMS Bellerophon off Rochefort,
and surrenders to Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland of the Royal Navy. ·
August 2 – Napoleonic Wars: Representatives of the
United Kingdom, Austria, Russia and Prussia sign a convention at Paris,
declaring that Napoleon Bonaparte is "their prisoner" and that
"His safe keeping is entrusted to the British Government." [3] ·
August 7 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon is transferred
to HMS Northumberland,
to begin his forced and final second exile, on the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic
Ocean. [4] ·
September 23 – The Great
September Gale of 1815 is the first hurricane to strike New England in 180
years. ·
September 26 – Austria, Prussia and Russia sign a Holy Alliance, to uphold the European status quo. [5] October–December[edit] ·
October – Robert Adams,
American sailor and the first Westerner to visit Timbuktu, is found wandering the streets of
London, starving and half-naked, leading to the invitation for him to tell
his story as a Barbary captive,
which is later published as The
Narrative of Robert Adams.[6] ·
October 3 – The Chassigny Martian meteorite falls
in Chassigny,
Haute-Marne, France. ·
October 15 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon begins his exile on Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean. ·
November 3 – Sir Humphry Davy announces his invention,
the Davy lamp (a coal mining safety lamp),[7][8] ·
November 5 – The Ionian Islands become a British
protectorate,[9] the United
States of the Ionian Islands. ·
November 20 – The Napoleonic Wars come to an end after 12
years, with the British government restoring the status quo of France, prior
to when the French Revolution began
in 1789. ·
November 27 – The Constitution
of the Kingdom of Poland is signed, creating Congress Poland, a constitutional
monarchy in personal union with the Russian Empire, under terms agreed at
the Congress of Vienna. ·
December 7 – Marshal Ney is executed in Paris, near
the Jardin du Luxembourg. ·
December 23 – The novel Emma by Jane Austen is first published. ·
December 25 – The Handel and Haydn
Society, the oldest continuously performing arts organization in
the United States, gives its first performance, in Boston.[10] Date unknown[edit] ·
The
first full-blooded European native born in New Zealand, Thomas King, is born
in the Bay of Islands. ·
The
second wave of Amish immigration to
North America begins. ·
In
the United Kingdom, use of the pillory is limited to punishment
for perjury. ·
The Spanish Empire is expelled from Veracruz.[citation needed] ·
Wisden
Cricketers' Almanack retrospectively recognises statistics for first-class cricket in
England from this year. Births[edit] January–June[edit] ·
January 11 – John A. Macdonald,
1st Prime Minister of Canada, Father of Confederation (d. 1891) ·
January 16 – Henry Halleck, American general (d. 1872) ·
January 21 – Horace Wells, American dentist, anesthesia
pioneer (d. 1848) ·
February 10 – Constantin Bosianu,
4th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1882) ·
February 15 – Constantin von
Tischendorf, German Biblical scholar (d. 1874) ·
March 9 – David
Davis, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United
States (d. 1886) ·
March 11 – Anna Bochkoltz, German operatic soprano,
voice teacher and composer (d. 1879) ·
April 1 ·
Otto von Bismarck,
German statesman (d. 1898) ·
Edward Clark, Governor of Texas (d. 1880) ·
April 6 – Robert Volkmann, German composer (d. 1883) ·
April 24 – Anthony Trollope, English author (d. 1882) ·
May 11 – Richard Ansdell, English painter, engraver
(d. 1885) ·
May 27 – Sir Henry Parkes, father of the Australian
Federation (d. 1896) ·
June 18 – Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen,
Bavarian general (d. 1881) July–December[edit] ·
July 26 – Robert Remak, German embryologist,
physiologist and neurologist (d. 1865) ·
August 5 – Edward John Eyre, English explorer, colonial
governor (d. 1901) ·
August 16 – Saint John Bosco, Italian priest, educator
(d. 1888) ·
October 16 – Francis Lubbock, Governor of Texas (d. 1905) ·
October 23 – João
Maurício Vanderlei, Baron of Cotejipe, Brazilian magistrate,
politician (d. 1889) ·
October 31 – Karl Weierstrass, German mathematician
(d. 1897) ·
November 2 – George Boole, English mathematician,
philosopher (d. 1864) ·
November 5 – Luís Carlos Martins Pena, Brazilian playwright (d. 1848) ·
November 12 – Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
American women's rights activist (d. 1902) ·
November 20 – Maria
Cederschiöld, Swedish deaconess (d. 1892) ·
December 2 – Juan Javier Espinosa,
9th President of Ecuador (d. 1870) ·
December 8 – Adolph Menzel, German artist, painter
(d. 1905) ·
December 10 – Augusta Ada King (née Byron), Countess of Lovelace,
English computer pioneer, daughter of Lord Byron (d. 1852) ·
December 13 – Pálné Veres, Hungarian educator, women's
rights activist (d. 1895) ·
December 21 – Thomas Couture, French painter (d. 1879) ·
December 30 – Joseph Toynbee, English otologist (d. 1866) ·
December 31 – George Meade, American general (d. 1872) Deaths[edit] January–June[edit] ·
January 8 – Edward Pakenham, British general (killed in
battle) (b. 1778) ·
January 16 – Emma, Lady Hamilton,
politically active English courtesan, lover of Horatio Nelson (b. 1765) ·
February 9 – Ellen Hutchins, Irish botanist (b. 1785) ·
February 24 – Robert Fulton, American inventor (b. 1765) ·
February 26 – Prince
Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Austrian general (b. 1737) ·
March 4 – Frances Abington, English actress (b. 1737) ·
March 5 – Franz Mesmer, German developer of animal
magnetism (b. 1734) ·
April 3 – José de Córdoba y
Ramos, Spanish explorer, naval commander (b. 1732) ·
April 21 – Joseph Winston, American patriot,
Congressman from North Carolina (b. 1746) ·
May 11 – Aletta Haniel, German business person
(b. 1742) ·
May 25 – Domenico Puccini, Italian composer (b. 1772) ·
June 1 – Louis-Alexandre
Berthier, French marshal (b. 1753) ·
June 16 – Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel,
German noble, general (killed in battle) (b. 1771) ·
June 17 Louis-Michel
Letort de Lorville, French general (b. 1773) ·
June 18 (killed at the Battle of
Waterloo): ·
Jean-Jacques
Desvaux de Saint-Maurice, French general (b. 1775) ·
Guillaume
Philibert Duhesme, French general (b. 1766) ·
Sir Alexander
Gordon, British staff officer (b. 1786) ·
Claude-Étienne
Michel, French general (b. 1772) ·
Sir Thomas Picton, British general (b. 1758) ·
Sir William
Ponsonby, British general (b. 1772) ·
Jean Baptiste
van Merlen, Dutch-Belgian general (b. 1773) ·
June 26 – William Howe De
Lancey, British quartermaster-general (mortally wounded at
Waterloo) (b. 1778) ·
June 27 – Jean-Baptiste
Girard, French general (mortally wounded at Ligny) (b. 1775) July–December[edit] ·
August 2 – Guillaume
Marie-Anne Brune, French marshal (murdered) (b. 1763) ·
August 6 – James A. Bayard
(elder), U.S. Senator from Delaware (b. 1767) ·
September 9 – John Singleton
Copley, American painter (b. 1738) ·
September 13 – Mihály Gáber,
Slovene writer in Hungary (b. 1753) ·
September 20 – Nicolas Desmarest,
French geologist (b. 1725) ·
October 13 – Joachim Murat, French marshal, King of
Naples (executed) (b. 1767) ·
October 19 – Paolo Mascagni, Italian anatomist (b. 1755) ·
October 22 – Claude Lecourbe, French general (b. 1759) ·
December 3 – John Carroll,
first American Roman Catholic Archbishop (b. 1735) ·
December 7 – Michel Ney, French marshal (executed)
(b. 1769) ·
December 8 – Mary Bosanquet
Fletcher, Methodist preacher
and philanthropist (b. 1739) ·
December 29 – Saartjie Baartman,
South African sideshow performer References[edit] 1.
^ Longford,
Elizabeth. "194". In Hastings, Max. The Oxford Book of Military Anecdotes.
pp. 230&ndash, 234. 2.
^ Sutherland, John;
Fender, Stephen (2011). "15 June". Love, Sex, Death & Words:
surprising tales from a year in literature. London: Icon.
pp. 228–9. ISBN 978-184831-247-0. 3.
^ Charles Jean Tristan, Count Montholon, History
of the Captivity of Napoleon at St. Helen (E. Ferrett & Company,
1846) p83 4.
^ Andrew Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington: The
Battle of Waterloo- and the Great Commanders who Fought it (Simon
and Schuster, 2001) p199 5.
^ Tim Chapman, The Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 (Routledge,
2006) p60 6.
^ Adams, Charles Hansford (2005). The Narrative of
Robert Adams: A Barbary Captive. New York: Cambridge University Press.
p. x. 7.
^ To a meeting of the Royal Society in Newcastle upon Tyne. 8.
^ "Icons, a portrait of England 1800-1820".
icons.org.uk. Archived from the original on October 16, 2009.
Retrieved 2007-09-11. 9.
^ Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of
British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 247–248. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2. 10.
^ Johnson, H. Earle (1986). "Handel
and Haydn Society". In Hitchcock, H. Wiley; Sadie, Stanley. The New
Grove Dictionary of American Music. II. London: Macmillan Press.
p. 318. ISBN 0-943818-36-2. |
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