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1816 (MDCCCXVI) was
a leap year starting on
Monday of the Gregorian calendar and
a leap year
starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1816th year of
the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the
816th year of the 2nd millennium,
the 16th year of the 19th century,
and the 7th year of the 1810s decade. As of
the start of 1816, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian
calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. This year was known as the Year Without a
Summer, because of low temperatures in the Northern
Hemisphere, the result of the Mount Tambora volcanic eruption in Indonesia in 1815.
The sulfur from this eruption reflected the
sun's rays and caused severe global cooling, catastrophic in some locations.[citation needed] Contents · 1Events · 2Births · 3Deaths Events[edit] January–March[edit] ·
December 25 1815–January 6 – Tsar Alexander I of
Russia signs an order, expelling the Jesuits from St. Petersburgand Moscow.[1] ·
January 9 – Sir Humphry Davy's Davy lamp is first tested underground
as a coal mining safety lamp, at HebburnColliery in northeast England.[2] ·
January 17 – Fire nearly destroys the
city of St.
John's, Newfoundland. ·
February 10 – Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, dies and is succeeded
by Friedrich Wilhelm, his son and founder of
the House of Glücksburg. ·
February 20 – Gioachino Rossini's opera buffa The Barber of
Seville premières at the Teatro Argentina in Rome. ·
March 1 – The Gorkha War between the United Kingdom and Nepal is ended after more than a year
by the ratification of the Treaty of Sugauli, with Nepal ceding about one-third of
its territory to British Indian control. [3] ·
March 16 – U.S. Secretary of
State James Monroe is
nominated by a caucus of Democratic-Republican Party members of Congress, to
be its party's representative in the U.S. presidential election; Monroe
receives 65 votes, and Secretary of War William H. Crawford receives
54 votes.[4] ·
March 21 – The Institut de France is reorganized by
King Louis XVIII of
France into four academies: a revived Académie française; the Royal Academy of Inscriptions
and Belles Lettres; the Royal Academy of Sciences;
and the Royal Academy of Beaux Arts. [5] ·
March 22 – The United States signs a
treaty with the Cherokee Nation, acknowledging that it will return land in
Alabama and Georgia that had been illegally ceded to the U.S. in 1814 by
the Creek Nation; General Andrew Jackson refuses to honor the treaty, and
uses the controversy as a justification for removing Indians from the
southeastern United States. [6] April–June[edit] ·
March 29–April 10 – The Second
Bank of the United States obtains its charter. ·
March 30–April 11 – In Philadelphia, the African
Methodist Episcopal Church is established by Richard Allen and
other African-American Methodists, the first such denomination in the U.S.
completely independent of White churches. ·
April 28 – The French Caisse des dépôts et
consignations is created by Louis XVIII.[7] ·
May 2 – Leopold of
Saxe-Coburg (later King of the Belgians) marries Charlotte Augusta,
but she dies the next year. ·
May 8 – Divorce is abolished in France
by the Chambre introuvable, after having been
allowed following the French Revolution. [8] ·
June 4 (N.S.) (May 23 O.S.) – The Governorate of
Estonia of the Russian Empire emancipates its peasants
from serfdom. ·
June 16 – The Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal
Peace is founded. [9] ·
June 19 – Battle of Seven Oaks:
The Hudson's Bay Company is
defeated by the North West Company,
near Winnipeg, Canada. July–September[edit] ·
July – Lord Byron, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Polidori,
gathered at the Villa Diodatiby Lake Geneva in a rainy Switzerland,
tell each other tales. This gives rise to two classic Gothic
narratives: Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, and Polidori's The Vampyre. ·
July 2 – The French passenger
ship Medusa runs
aground off the coast of Senegal, with 140 lives
lost in the botched rescue that takes weeks, leading to a scandal in the
French government. ·
July 9 – The United
Provinces of South America declares independence from
Spain. ·
August 14 – The United Kingdom formally
annexes the Tristan da Cunha archipelago
in the southern Atlantic Ocean, ruling it from the Cape Colony. ·
August 12–24 – The Treaty of St.
Louis, between the United States and the Council of Three
Fires tribes, is signed in St. Louis. ·
August 27 – Bombardment
of Algiers: Various European allied ships force Omar Agha, Dey of Algiers to free Christian
slaves. ·
September 3 – Pope Pius VII sends a directive
to Stanisław Bohusz Siestrzeńcewicz,
the Roman
Catholic Archbishop of Mohilev, advising
Siestrzeńcewicz not to continue the Russian Bible
Society's plans to circulate the Scriptures written in the Russian language, commenting that "if
the Sacred Scriptures were allowed in the vulgar tongue, more detriment than
benefit would arise." [10] ·
September 6 – King Louis XVIII dissolves
the Chambre introuvable,
the legislature that had been elected, after the Second Bourbon
Restoration re-established the old monarchy. [11] October–December[edit] ·
October 21 – Penang Free School is
founded by Rev. Sparke Hutchings, on the island of Penang (in modern-day Malaysia). ·
October 25–November 6 – United
States presidential election, 1816: James Monroe defeats Rufus King. ·
November 19 – The University of Warsaw is
established. ·
November 30–December 11 – Indiana is admitted as the 19th U.S. state. ·
December 12 – The thrones of Sicily and Naples are
merged into the Kingdom of
the Two Sicilies, under King Ferdinand
I. ·
December 9–21 – The American
Colonization Society is established, to support the
emigration of free African Americans to
Africa. Date unknown[edit] ·
Shaka starts to rule the Zulu Kingdom at about this date. ·
Banjul, capital of the Gambia, is founded as a trading post
named Bathurst. ·
René Laennec invents the stethoscope. ·
E. Remington and
Sons (the famous
firearm and later typewriter manufacturing company) is founded in the United
States. ·
Robert Stirling patents his Stirling engine, at this time known
as Stirling's air engine. ·
A rail capable
of supporting a heavy locomotive is
developed. Births[edit] January–June[edit] ·
January 3 – Samuel C. Pomeroy,
American politician, railroad executive (d. 1891) ·
January 30 – Nathaniel P. Banks,
American politician, general (d. 1894) ·
March 14 – William Marsh Rice,
American university founder (d. 1900) ·
March 29 – Tsultrim Gyatso,
10th Dalai Lama of
Tibet (d. 1837) ·
April 5 – Samuel Freeman
Miller, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United
States (d. 1890) ·
April 21 – Charlotte Brontë,
English novelist, poet (d. 1855) ·
April 22 – Charles-Denis Bourbaki, French general (d. 1897) ·
April 25 – Eliza Daniel Stewart, American
temperance movement leader (d. 1908) ·
May 24 – Emanuel Leutze, German-American painter
(d. 1868) ·
May 31 – Dimitrie Ghica,
10th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1897) ·
June 14 – Priscilla Cooper
Tyler, de facto First
Lady of the United States (d. 1889) ·
June 19 – William Henry Webb,
American industrialist, philanthropist (d. 1899) ·
June 30 – Richard Lindon, English inventor of the
rugby ball (d. 1887) July–December[edit] ·
July 14 – Arthur de Gobineau, French diplomat, author (d. 1882) ·
July 21 – Paul Reuter, German entrepreneur (d. 1899) ·
July 23 – Charlotte Cushman,
American actress (d. 1876) ·
July 31 – George Henry Thomas,
American general (d. 1870) ·
August 4 – William Julian
Albert, U.S. Congressman from Maryland (d. 1879) ·
August 12 – Ion Ghica, 3-time
Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1897) ·
August 14 – Félix Douay, French general (d. 1879) ·
August 16 – Charles John Vaughan,
English scholar (d. 1897) ·
August 21 – Jeanette Berglind, Swedish sign language pedagogue
(d. 1903) ·
September 11 – Carl Zeiss, German maker of optical
instruments (d. 1888) ·
October 11 – William B. Renshaw,
United States Navy officer (d. 1863) ·
October 22 – Prince Yamashina
Akira of Japan (d. 1891) ·
November 3 – Jubal Early, American Confederate general
(d. 1894) ·
November 4 – Stephen Johnson
Field, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United
States (d. 1899) ·
November 17 – August Wilhelm Ambros, Austrian composer (d. 1876) ·
November 29 – Morrison Waite, American politician
and Chief
Justice of the United States (d. 1888) ·
December 13 – Werner von Siemens,
German inventor, industrialist (d. 1892) ·
December 14 – Abraham Hochmuth, Hungarian rabbi (d. 1889) ·
December 29 – Carl Ludwig, German physician, physiologist
(d. 1895) date unknown[edit] ·
Wazir Akbar Khan, Afghan prince, general (d. 1845) Deaths[edit] January–June[edit] ·
January 5 – George Prévost,
British general, colonial administrator (b. 1767) ·
January 27 – Samuel
Hood, 1st Viscount Hood, British admiral (b. 1724) ·
February 6 – Maria Ludwika Rzewuska,
Polish szlachcianka (b. 1744) ·
February 22 – Adam Ferguson, Scottish philosopher,
historian (b. 1723) ·
March 3 – Johann August
von Starck, German pastor (b. 1741) ·
March 19 – Philip Mazzei, Italian physician, friend
of Thomas Jefferson (b. 1730) ·
March 20 – Queen Maria I of Portugal (b. 1734) ·
March 31 – Francis Asbury, American Methodist bishop
(b. 1745) ·
May 4 – Samuel Dexter, American lawyer, politician,
4th United
States Secretary of War, 3rd United
States Secretary of the Treasury (b. 1761) ·
June 5 – Giovanni Paisiello, Italian composer (b. 1751) ·
June 12 – Pierre Augereau, Marshal of France,
duc de Castiglione (b. 1757) July–December[edit] ·
July 5 – Dorothea Jordan, Irish-born actress,
mistress of King William
IV of the United Kingdom (b. 1761) ·
July 7 – Richard
Brinsley Sheridan, Irish-born playwright, politician (b. 1751) ·
July 14 – Francisco de Miranda,
Venezuelan revolutionary (b. 1750) ·
August 9 – Johann August Apel, German writer, jurist (b. 1771) ·
September 22 – Sir
Robert Gunning, 1st Baronet, British diplomat (b. 1731) ·
September 27 – Edward Charles Howard,
English chemist, chemical engineer (b. 1774) ·
November 6 – Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1741) ·
November 8 – Gouverneur Morris,
American statesman (b. 1752) ·
December 15 – Charles
Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope, English statesman, scientist
(b. 1753) ·
December 30 – Louis Henri Loison, French general (b. 1771) Approximate date[edit] ·
Bénédict Chastanier,
French surgeon (b. 1739) References[edit] 1.
^ Who were Czars Alexander I and Alexander II of Russia?,
toughissues.org (accessed 2013-12-13) Archived December 16, 2013, at
the Wayback Machine. 2.
^ Thompson, Roy (2004). Thunder Underground: Northumberland mining disasters, 1815-1865.
Ashbourne: Landmark. p. 121. ISBN 9781843061694.
Retrieved 2013-01-08. 3.
^ K. L. Pradhan, Thapa Politics in Nepal: With
Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806-1839 (Concept
Publishing, 2012) p110 4.
^ The Statesman's Manual: The Addresses and Messages of
the Presidents of the United States, Inaugural, Annual, and Special, from
1789 to 1854 (E. Walker, 1849) p321 5.
^ Louis L. Bucciarelli and Nancy
Dworsky, Sophie Germain: An Essay in the
History of the Theory of Elasticity (Springer, 2012) p138 6.
^ Kenneth J. Hagan and Ian J. Bickerton, Unintended
Consequences: The United States at War (Reaktion
Books, 2007) p48 7.
^ [1] French official law repository 8.
^ Andrew J. Counter, The Amorous Restoration:
Love, Sex, and Politics in Early Nineteenth-Century France (Oxford
University Press, 2016) p47 9.
^ Martin Ceadel, The
Origins of War Prevention: The British Peace Movement and International
Relations, 1730-1854 (Clarendon Press, 1996) p222 10.
^ Roger Steer, Good News for the World: 200 Years
of Making the Bible Heard : the Story of Bible
Society (Monarch Books, 2004) p155 11.
^ Darrin M. McMahon, Enemies of the Enlightenment:
The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity (Oxford
University Press, 2002) p157 |
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