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1847 (MDCCCXLVII) was a common year starting
on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and
a common
year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1847th year of
the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini(AD) designations, the 847th
year of the 2nd millennium,
the 47th year of the 19th century,
and the 8th year of the 1840s decade. As of
the start of 1847, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian
calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Contents ·
1Events ·
2Births ·
3Deaths Events[edit] January–March[edit] ·
January 4 – Samuel Colt sells his first revolver pistol to the U.S government. ·
January 13 – The Treaty of Cahuenga ends
the fighting in the Mexican–American War in California. ·
January 16 – John C. Frémont is
appointed Governor of the new California Territory. ·
January 17 – St. Anthony Hall is founded at Columbia University,
New York City. ·
January 30 – Yerba Buena,
California is renamed San Francisco. ·
February 5 – A rescue effort, called
the First Relief, leaves Johnson's Ranch to save the ill-fated Donner Party (these California-bound
emigrants became snowbound in the Sierra Nevada in the winter of 1846–47, and
some had resorted to cannibalism to survive). ·
February 22 – Mexican–American War – Battle of Buena
Vista: 5,000 American troops under General Zachary Tayloruse their superiority in artillery to drive off 15,000 Mexican
troops under Antonio López
de Santa Anna, defeating the Mexicans the next day. ·
February 25 – State University
of Iowa is founded in Iowa City, Iowa. ·
March 1 ·
The state of Michigan formally abolishes the death penalty. ·
Faustin Soulouque is
elected the President of Haiti. ·
March 4 – The 30th United
States Congress is sworn into office. ·
March 9 – Mexican–American War:
United States forces, under General Winfield Scott, invade Mexico near Veracruz. ·
March 14 – Verdi's opera Macbeth premieres at Teatro della Pergola,
in Florence, Italy. ·
March 29 – Mexican–American War:
United States forces, led by General Winfield Scott, take Veracruz after a siege. April–June[edit] ·
April 5 – The world's first
municipally-funded civic public park, Birkenhead Park in Birkenhead on Merseyside, England, is opened.[1] ·
April 15 – The Lawrence
School, Sanawar is established in India. ·
April 16 – New Zealand Wars: A minor Māori chief is accidentally shot
by a junior British Army officer
in Whanganui on New Zealand's North Island, triggering the Wanganui Campaign (which
continues until July 23). ·
April 25 – The brig Exmouth,
carrying Irish emigrants from Derry bound for Quebec, is wrecked off Islay, with only three survivors from more
than 250 on board.[2][3] ·
May –
The Architectural Association School of Architecture is
founded in London. ·
May 7 – In Philadelphia, the American
Medical Association (AMA) is founded. ·
May 8 – The Zenkoji
earthquake leaves more than 8,600 people dead in Japan. ·
May 31 – Second Treaty of Erzurum:
the Ottoman Empire cedes Abadan Island to the Persian Empire. ·
June –
E.H. Booth & Co. Ltd, which becomes the northern England supermarket
chain Booths, is founded when tea dealer Edwin
Henry Booth, 19, opens a shop called "The China House" in Blackpool. ·
June 1 – The first congress of
the Communist League is
held in London. ·
June 26 – The first passenger railway
wholly within modern-day Denmark opens, from Copenhagen to Roskilde.[4][page needed] July–September[edit] ·
July 1 – The United States issues its
first postage stamps (pictured).
The first U.S. postage stamps have portraits of Benjamin Franklin and George Washington.
Though highly collectable, they are far from being the most valuable. ·
July 24 – After 17 months of
travel, Brigham Young leads
148 Mormon pioneers into Salt Lake Valley, resulting in the
establishment of Salt Lake City. ·
July 26 – Liberia gains independence. ·
July 29 – The Cumberland
School of Law is founded at Cumberland
University, in Lebanon, Tennessee.
At the end of this year, only 15 law schools exist in the United States. ·
August 12 – Mexican–American War:
U.S. troops of General Winfield Scott begin to advance along
the aqueductaround
Lakes Chalco and Xochimilco in Mexico. ·
August 20 – Mexican–American War – Battle of Churubusco:
U.S. troops defeat Mexican forces. ·
August – Yale Corporation establishes
the first graduate school in the United States, as Department of
Philosophy and the Arts (renamed Graduate School of Arts and
Sciences in 1892). ·
September 14 – Mexican–American War:
U.S. general Winfield Scott enters Mexico City,
marking the end of organized Mexican resistance. ·
September 30 – The Vegetarian Society is
formed in the United Kingdom (it remains the oldest in the world). October–December[edit] ·
October – The last volcanic eruption of Mount Guntur in West Java occurs. ·
October 12 – German inventors and
industrialists Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske found Siemens & Halske to
develop the electrical telegraph. ·
October 19 – Charlotte Brontë publishes Jane Eyre under the pen name of
Currer Bell in England. ·
October 31 – Theta Delta Chi is founded as a
social fraternity at Union College, Schenectady, New
York. ·
November 3–29 – Sonderbund War: In Switzerland,
General Guillaume-Henri
Dufour's Federal Army defeats the Sonderbund (an
alliance of seven Catholic cantons)
in a civil war, with a total of only 86 deaths. ·
November 4–8 – James Young Simpson discovers
the anesthetic properties of chloroform and first uses it,
successfully, on a patient, in an obstetric case in Edinburgh.[5][6] ·
November 10 – The first brew of Carlsberg beer is
finished in Copenhagen. ·
December 14 – Emily Brontë and Anne Brontë publish Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey, respectively, in a 3-volume
set under the pen names of Ellis Bell and Acton Bell in England. ·
December 21 – Emir Abdelkader surrenders to the
French in Algeria. Date unknown[edit] ·
The Great Famine continues
in Ireland. ·
The North
Carolina General Assembly incorporates the railroad town
of Goldsborough,
and the Wayne county
seat is moved to the new town. ·
Radley College, an English public
school, is founded near Oxford. Births[edit] January–June[edit]
·
January 3 – Albert Bielschowsky,
German historian (d. 1902) ·
William Rose Bock,
New Zealand engraver, medallist, illuminator, stamp designer, lithographer
and publisher (d. 1932) ·
Oku Yasukata, Japanese field marshal,
leading figure in the early Imperial Japanese Army (d. 1930) ·
January 7 – Caspar F. Goodrich,
American admiral (d. 1925) ·
January 10 – Gustav Behrend, German dermatologist
(d. 1925) ·
Alpheus Michael
Bowman, American politician (d. 1913) ·
Marion McKinley
Bovard, American academic administrator (d. 1891) ·
January 16 – John Cutting Berry,
American physician, missionary (d. 1936) ·
January 20 – William
Baldock (Hampshire cricketer), English cricketer (d. 1923) ·
January 23 – Elijah Bond, American lawyer, inventor
(d. 1921) ·
January 24 – Radomir Putnik, Serbian field marshal
(d. 1917) ·
January 27 – Ella Dietz, American actress and author
(d. 1920) ·
Dorus Rijkers, Dutch naval hero (d. 1928) ·
William V. Allen, United States Senator
(d. 1924) ·
Thomas Bonacum, Irish Catholic bishop
(d. 1911) ·
Philip Diehl
(inventor), German engineer, inventor (d. 1913) ·
February 2 – Charles H. Baker, American politician
(d. 1919) ·
February 3 – Warington
Baden-Powell, British naval law expert (d. 1921) ·
Mikhail Alekseyenko,
Russian lawyer, professor of finance law, public figure (d. 1917) ·
João Maria Correia Ayres de Campos, 1st Count of Ameal,
Portuguese politician (d. 1920) ·
February 8 – Hugh Price Hughes,
Methodist social reformer, first Superintendent of the West London Mission (d. 1902) ·
February 11 – Thomas Alva Edison,
American inventor (d. 1931) ·
February 13 – Robert
McAlpine, Scottish builder (d. 1930) ·
February 15 – Robert Fuchs, Austrian composer (d. 1927) ·
Philipp Scharwenka,
Polish-German composer (d. 1917) ·
Thomas
Andrews (ironmaster), English metallurgical chemist (d. 1907) ·
February 17 – Otto Blehr, Norwegian attorney, Liberal
Party politician (d. 1927) ·
February 19 – Josiah Howell
Bagster, South Australian land agent, politician (d. 1893) ·
February 20 – Reginald Alexander,
British physician (d. 1916) ·
February 26 – William A. B. Branch,
American politician (d. 1910) ·
February 28 – William Heap Bailey,
Scottish amateur athlete (d. 1926) ·
March 1 – Thomas Brock, English sculptor (d. 1922) ·
March 2 ·
Blanche Butler Ames,
American politician (d. 1939) ·
Isaac Barr, Anglican clergyman, promoter of
British colonial settlement schemes (d. 1937) ·
Cayetano Arellano,
first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines under the
American Civil Government (d. 1920) ·
March 3 – Alexander Graham
Bell, Scottish-born American inventor (d. 1922) ·
March 4 – Carl Josef Bayer, Austrian chemist (d. 1904) ·
March 6 ·
Cesare Arzelà, Italian mathematics professor
at the University of Bologna, recognized for his contributions in the theory
of functions (d. 1912) ·
Federico Andreotti,
Italian painter (d. 1930) ·
March 8 ·
William Bosomworth,
English County cricketer (d. 1891) ·
Anton Marius
Andersen, American Lutheran minister (d. 1941) ·
John Lister,
English politician (d. 1933) ·
March 12 – George Hope Bertram,
Canadian politician (d. 1900) ·
March 14 – Castro Alves, Brazilian poet (d. 1871) ·
March 18 – William
O'Connell Bradley, American politician from Kentucky (d. 1914) ·
March 21 – Oscar Bielaski, American Major League
Baseball player (d. 1911) ·
March 22 – Alfred Bayliss, English-American educator
(d. 1911) ·
March 23 ·
Victor Besaucèle,
French ornithologist (d. 1924) ·
Edmund Gurney, British psychologist
(d. 1888) ·
March 27 ·
Otto Wallach, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1931) ·
Warren Ives Bradley,
American writer (d. 1868) ·
Garret Barry (piper),
Irish musician (d. 1899) ·
April 2 ·
Charles
Frederic Moberly Bell, British journalist, editor (d. 1911) ·
Flora Annie Steel,
English writer (d. 1929) ·
April 7 – John Arthur
(cricketer), Tasmanian cricket player (d. 1877) ·
April 10 – Joseph Pulitzer, Hungarian-born journalist,
newspaper publisher (d. 1911) ·
April 13 – J. Thompson Baker,
American politician (d. 1919) ·
April 15 – Yehudah Aryeh
Leib Alter, Polish Hasidic rabbi who succeeded his grandfather
(d. 1905) ·
April 16 – Hans Auer, Austrian architect (d. 1906) ·
April 27 ·
Emma Irene Åström,
Finnish teacher, Finland's first female university graduate (d. 1934) ·
Walter Simon Andrews,
British policeman (d. 1899) ·
April 29 – Joachim Andersen, Danish flutist, conductor
and composer (d. 1909) ·
May 1 – Hildegard Björck,
first Swedish woman to gain a degree (d. 1920) ·
May 7 – Archibald
Primrose, Prime
Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1929) ·
May 9 – Antoni Berezowski,
Polish noble (d. 1916) ·
May 14 – Frederick
William Borden, Canadian politician (d. 1917) ·
May 19 – Henry
Somerset, 9th Duke of Beaufort, England (d. 1924) ·
May 25 – John Green Brady, American politician,
Governor of the District of Alaska (1897-1906) (d. 1918) ·
May 31 – Jules Bourgeois, French entomologist
(d. 1911) ·
June 5 – Eric Barrington, British civil servant
(d. 1918) ·
June 8 ·
Oleksander Barvinsky,
Ukrainian politician (d. 1926) ·
Ida Saxton McKinley, First
Lady of the United States (d. 1907) ·
June 9 ·
John Romilly Allen,
British archaeologist (d. 1907) ·
June 10 – Gina Krog, Norwegian suffragist (d. 1916) ·
June 11 – Millicent Fawcett,
British suffragist (d. 1929) ·
June 16 ·
Paul Alexis, French novelist, dramatist and
journalist (d. 1901) ·
Luella Dowd Smith,
American educator, author, and reformer (d. 1941) ·
June 19 – Robert Barker
(footballer), English footballer (d. 1915) ·
June 22 – Joseph Bolduc, Canadian politician (d. 1924) ·
June 24 – Robert
Bickersteth (MP), British politician (d. 1916) ·
June 26 – Daniel V. Asay, American iceboat racer
(d. 1930) ·
June 29 – Brother Azarias, American educator (d. 1893) July–December[edit]
·
July 1 – Eugène Boullet,
French entomologist (d. 1923) ·
July 2 – Marcel
Alexandre Bertrand, French geologist (d. 1907) ·
July 4 ·
James Anthony Bailey,
American circus ringmaster (d. 1906) ·
Peter
Anderson (Medal of Honor), American Union Army Medal of Honor
recipient (d. 1907) ·
July 9 – Wong Fei-hung, Chinese healer, revolutionary
(d. 1924) ·
July 12 – Karl Heinrich Barth,
German musician (d. 1922) ·
July 13 – George Atkinson-Willes,
Royal Navy admiral (d. 1921) ·
July 14 – Noël Ballay, French auxiliary doctor of the
French navy (d. 1902) ·
July 19 ·
Alexander
Meyrick Broadley, British historian (d. 1916) ·
Oliver Ernesto
Branch, American politician (d. 1916) ·
July 20 ·
Lord William
Beresford, Irish army officer, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1900) ·
Max Liebermann, German painter, printmaker
(d. 1935) ·
July 22 – Jean-Baptiste
Bienvenu-Martin, French politician (d. 1943) ·
July 23 – George Sydney
Aldridge, Australian businessman (d. 1911) ·
July 24 ·
Evelyn
Boscawen, 7th Viscount Falmouth of England (d. 1918) ·
Harry Anstey, English metallurgist, gold
prospector who led the expedition that discovered gold in the Southern Cross
(d. 1927) ·
July 25 – Paul Langerhans, German pathologist,
biologist (d. 1888) ·
July 26 – András Bethlen,
Hungarian politician (d. 1898) ·
July 31 ·
James Allen Harker,
English entomologist (d. 1894) ·
Samuel Bridgeland,
Canadian politician (d. 1903) ·
August 3 – John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and
Temair, Canadian politician, Governor General (d. 1934) ·
August 6 – Laurence George
Bomford, British artist (d. 1926) ·
August 7 – Guido Georg
Wilhelm Brause, German botanist (d. 1922) ·
August 11 – Harry Barron, Governor of Tasmania
(1909-1913) and Western Australia (1913-1917) (d. 1921) ·
August 12 – William Rankin
Ballard, American businessman (d. 1929) ·
August 13 – Alexander
Theodorowicz Batalin, Russian botanist (d. 1896) ·
August 14 – Karl Oskar Medin, Swedish scientist,
pediatrician (1927) ·
August 21 – Hale Johnson, American
temperance movement leader (d. 1902) ·
August 28 – Sir George
Bonham, 2nd Baronet, British diplomat (d. 1927) ·
August 30 – Morton Betts, English footballer (d. 1914) ·
September 1 – Archibald
Kennedy, 3rd Marquess of Ailsa (d. 1938) ·
September 3 – Charles Stillman
Sperry, American admiral (d. 1911) ·
Jesse James, American outlaw (d. 1882) ·
Joseph Bucklin
Bishop, American journalist, publisher (d. 1928) ·
September 10 – Franklin Bartlett,
American politician (d. 1909) ·
September 14 – William Edward
Ayrton, English physicist, electrical engineer (d. 1908) ·
September 15 – Tadeusz Browicz, Polish pathologist
(d. 1928) ·
September 16 – Arthur Bromley, British Royal Navy officer
who became Admiral Superintendent of Malta Dockyard (d. 1909) ·
September 17 – John I. Beggs, American businessman
(d. 1925) ·
September 22 – Enrique Almaraz
y Santos, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. 1922) ·
September 23 – Anandamohan Bose, Indian politician,
academic and social reformer (d. 1906) ·
September 24 – William Edward
Briggs, British politician (d. 1903) ·
September 25 – Edward Austin
(cricketer), English cricketer (d. 1891) ·
September 26 – Wolf
Wilhelm Friedrich von Baudissin, German theologian (d. 1926) ·
September 30 – Wilhelmina Drucker,
Dutch feminist (d. 1925) ·
September 30 – Vilma Hugonnai, Hungarian medical doctor
(d. 1922) ·
Sophia Amirajibi, Georgian translator of
poetry (d. 1906) ·
Annie Besant, English women's rights
activist, writer and orator (d. 1933) ·
October 2 – Paul von Hindenburg,
German field marshal, President of Germany (d. 1934) ·
October 3 – Lilian Whiting, American journalist, editor,
and author (d. 1942) ·
October 4 – Louis Henri
Boussenard, French author of adventure novels (d. 1911) ·
October 6 – Webb C. Ball, American jeweler, watchmaker
from Fredericktown, Ohio (d. 1922) ·
October 9 – William Anderson
Black, Canadian politician (d. 1934) ·
October 11 – Alexander Bolton, Australian politician
(d. 1918) ·
Sir
Arthur Dyke Acland, 13th Baronet, British politician (d. 1926) ·
Maurice Bailloud, French general (d. 1921) ·
October 14 – Wilgelm Vitgeft, Russian admiral (d. 1904) ·
October 15 – Ralph Albert
Blakelock, American romanticist painter (d. 1919) ·
October 16 – Gustav Baron, Croatian theologian (d. 1914) ·
Jervoise
Athelstane Baines, Indian civil servant (d. 1925) ·
Chiquinha Gonzaga,
Brazilian composer (d. 1935) ·
October 18 – Emma Elizabeth Brown,
American author and artist (unknown year of death) ·
October 19 – Aurilla Furber, American author, editor, and
activist (d. 1898) ·
October 20 – Mifflin E. Bell, American architect
(d. 1904) ·
October 21 – Edvard Brandes, Danish politician (d. 1931) ·
October 22 – Koos de la Rey, Boer general (d. 1914) ·
October 23 – Gottfried
Blocklinger, United States admiral (d. 1930) ·
October 24 – John Winfield Bonser,
British colonial judge (d. 1914) ·
October 27 – George
Armitstead (mayor), Latvian politician (d. 1912) ·
October 30 – Charlie Bassett, American sheriff (d. 1896) ·
October 31 – Wendell P. Bowman,
American military officer (d. 1928) ·
November 1 – Emma Albani, Canandian operatic soprano
(d. 1930) ·
November 2 – Georges Sorel, French socialist (d. 1922) ·
November 3 – George Thomas Baird,
Canadian politician (d. 1917) ·
Infante
Augusto, Duke of Coimbra, Royal prince of Portugal (d. 1889) ·
William
Allen (Congregationalist), English-born Australian Congregational
clergyman (d. 1919) ·
November 6 – Ugo Balzani, Italian historian (d. 1916) ·
Melvin O. Adams, American attorney,
businessman (d. 1920) ·
Lotta Crabtree, American stage actress
(d. 1924) ·
Jean Casimir-Perier,
6th President of France (d. 1907) ·
Bram Stoker, Irish author of the Gothic novel Dracula (d. 1912) ·
Charles
Alexander (cricketer, born 1847), English cricketer (d. 1902) ·
November 9 – Carl Wilhelm
Bøckmann Barth, Norwegian artist (d. 1919) ·
November 10 – Frederick
Arthur Bridgman, American artist (d. 1928) ·
Otto Böhler, Austrian silhouette-artist
(d. 1911) ·
Adam Carr Bell, Canadian politician
(d. 1912) ·
November 19 – Carl Friedländer,
German pathologist, microbiologist (d. 1887) ·
Joseph Ackroyd, American politician
(d. 1915) ·
Walter Biggar
Blaikie, British astronomer, engineer, historian and printer
(d. 1928) ·
November 25 – George W. Anson, British actor (d. 1920) ·
November 26 – Dagmar
of Denmark, empress of Tsar Alexander III of
Russia (d. 1928) ·
November 30 – Afonso Pena, Brazilian president (d. 1909) ·
December 1 – Agathe
Backer-Grøndahl, Norwegian pianist, composer (d. 1907) ·
December 3 – Arthur Ivan Allin,
Danish musician (d. 1926) ·
December 5 – Francis Baker
(cricketer), English cricketer (d. 1901) ·
December 6 – John Elmes Beale, British politician
(d. 1928) ·
December 7 – George Grossmith, English actor, comic
writer (d. 1912) ·
John M. Baillie, Canadian politician
(d. 1913) ·
Harry Boyle,
leading Australian Test cricketer of the late 1870s and early 1880s (d. 1907) ·
December 15 – Rolf Andvord
(consul), Norwegian shipowner (d. 1906) ·
Sir
William Acland, 2nd Baronet, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1924) ·
Augusta Holmès,
French composer (d. 1903) ·
Émile Faguet, French writer, critic
(d. 1916) ·
Michel-Joseph
Maunoury, French general during World War I (d. 1923) ·
December 20 – Ferenc Bihar, Hungarian politician (d. 1920) ·
December 21 – Fletcher S. Bassett,
American founder of the Chicago Folk-Lore Society (d. 1893) ·
December 27 – Ferdinand Begg, Scottish stockbroker,
politician (d. 1926) ·
December 28 – Giuseppe Maria
Giulietti, Italian explorer (d. 1881) ·
Alexis-Xyste Bernard,
Canadian Catholic bishop (d. 1923) ·
Sergey Andreyevsky,
Russian writer, poet, literary critic and lawyer (d. 1918) ·
December 30 – John Peter Altgeld,
American politician, 20th Governor of Illinois (d. 1902) ·
December 31 – Wilson S. Bissell,
American politician from New York (d. 1903) Date unknown[edit] ·
Eunice Eloisae
Gibbs Allyn, American correspondent, author, and songwriter
(d. 1916) ·
Bandō Kakitsu I,
Japanese kabuki actor (d. 1893) ·
Clarissa
Caldwell Lathrop, American social reformer and autobiographer
(d. 1892) Deaths[edit] January–June[edit]
·
January 19 – Charles Bent, first Governor of New Mexico
Territory (b. 1799) (assassinated) ·
March 9 – Mary Anning, British paleontologist
(b. 1799) ·
April 21 – Barbara
Spooner Wilberforce, wife of British abolitionist William
Wilberforce (b. 1777) ·
April 30 – Archduke
Charles of Austria, Austrian general (b. 1771) ·
May 14 – Fanny Mendelssohn,
German composer, pianist (b. 1805) ·
May 15 – Daniel O'Connell,
Irish politician who promoted the Roman
Catholic Relief Act 1829 (b. 1775) ·
May 16 – Vicente Rocafuerte,
2nd President of Ecuador (b. 1783) ·
May 29 – Emmanuel
de Grouchy, Marquis de Grouchy, French marshal (b. 1766) ·
May 31 – Abbasgulu Bakikhanov,
Azerbaijani writer (b. 1794) July–December[edit]
·
July 16 – Karl Friedrich
Burdach, German physiologist (b. 1776) ·
September 4 – František
Vladislav Hek, Czech patriot (b. 1769) ·
September 13 – Nicolas Oudinot, French marshal (b. 1767) ·
October 3 – Charles Hatchett, English chemist (b. 1765) ·
Henriette Herz, German salonniére (b. 1764) ·
Negus Sahle Selassie of Shewa (b. c. 1795) ·
November 4 – Felix Mendelssohn,
German composer (b. 1809) ·
Manuel José Arce,
Central American politician (b. 1787) ·
Dorothy Ann Thrupp,
British psalmist (b. 1779) References[edit] 1. ^ "The History of Birkenhead Park".
Archived from the original on June 26, 2008.
Retrieved 2007-09-13. 2. ^ "The Exmouth - a terrible tragedy on Islay". Isle
of Islay. 2011. Retrieved 2012-07-13. 3. ^ "The Exmouth shipwreck off the Antrim Coast,
Northern Ireland". My Secret Northern Ireland.
Retrieved 2012-07-13. 4. ^ Marshall,
John (1989). The Guinness Railway Book. Enfield:
Guinness Books. ISBN 0-8511-2359-7. OCLC 24175552. 5. ^ First communicated to the
Medico-Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh, November 10, and published in a
pamphlet, Notice of a New Anæsthetic Agent, in Edinburgh,
November 12. 6. ^ Gordon, H. Laing (2002). Sir James Young Simpson and Chloroform (1811–1870).
Minerva Group, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4102-0291-8.
Retrieved 2011-11-11. ·
1847 |
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