|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
1848 (MDCCCXLVIII)
was a leap year starting
on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and
a leap year
starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1848th year of
the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the
848th year of the 2nd millennium,
the 48th year of the 19th century,
and the 9th year of the 1840s decade. As of
the start of 1848, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian
calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. It is historically famous for the wave of revolutions,
a series of widespread struggles for more liberal governments,
which broke out from Brazil to Hungary; although most failed in their
immediate aims, they significantly altered the political and philosophical
landscape and had major ramifications throughout the rest of the century. Cheering revolutionaries in
Berlin, on March 19, 1848, with the new flag of Germany French Revolution of 1848: Republican riots
forced King Louis-Philippe to
abdicate German National
Assembly'smeeting in St. Paul's Church Battle of Pákozd in
the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Contents · 1Events · 2Births · 3Deaths Events[edit] February 2: The Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed, ending the Mexican–American War and
ceding all the Republic of Texas's
territorial claims to the United States for $15m. February 21: Karl Marx publishes The Communist
Manifesto. April 10: "Monster Rally" of Chartists held on Kennington Commonin
London; the first photograph of a crowd depicts it. January–March[edit] ·
January 3 – Joseph Jenkins
Roberts is sworn in, as the first president of
the independent African Republic of Liberia. ·
January 12 – The Palermo
rising erupts in Sicily, against the Bourbon Kingdom of
the Two Sicilies. ·
January 24 – California Gold Rush: James W. Marshall finds gold at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, California. ·
Construction
of the Washington Monument begins
in Washington, D.C. ·
John C. Frémont is
court-martialed on grounds of mutiny and disobeying orders. The verdict is
set aside by United States President James K. Polk, but Frémont retires to California Territory. ·
Mexican–American War – Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo: Mexico cedes virtually all of what becomes
the Southwestern
United States to the U.S. The unincorporated California Territory becomes
a provisional official possession; it is never organized by the United States
Congress as a territory,
but directly passes the requirements for statehood in 1850. ·
John Henry Newman founds
the first Oratory in
the English-speaking world, when he establishes the Birmingham Oratory at
'Maryvale', Old Oscott,
England. ·
February 21 – Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist
Manifesto (Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei) in
London. ·
February 23 – François Guizot, Prime Minister
of France, resigns; 52 people from the Paris mob are killed by
soldiers guarding public buildings. ·
February 24 – Louis Philippe I, King of the French,
abdicates in favour of his grandson, Prince
Philippe, Count of Paris, and flees to England after days of
revolution in Paris. The French Second
Republic is later proclaimed by Alphonse de
Lamartine, in the name of the provisional government elected by
the Chamber, under the pressure of the mob. ·
March 2 – The March Disturbances break
out in Sweden. ·
March 11 – Louis-Hippolyte
Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin became the first Joint
Premiers of the Province of Canada to be democratically
elected, under a system of responsible
government. ·
March 13 – Prince Klemens von
Metternich gives up office as State
Chancellor and Foreign
Minister of the Austrian Empire. ·
March 15 – Hungarian
Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian young revolutionary
intellectuals, led by Sándor Petőfi, Mór Jókai, etc., called the Márciusi Ifjak
(Young men of March) organize peaceful mass demonstrations in Pest, forcing
the city's Habsburg authorities to accept the 12 Points: the Hungarian claim for freedom
and self-determination within the Habsburg Empire. On the same day, Lajos Kossuth and representatives of
the Diet of Hungary go
to Vienna, and force the emperor and Hungarian
king Ferdinand I of
Austria to accept Hungarian claims for self-determination
within the empire. ·
March 18 – In a Berlin barricade, fighting between
revolutionaries and royalist forces marks the culmination of the German
revolutions of 1848–49. Hundreds are killed in the clashes, but
King Frederick William IV of Prussia is forced to honour the dead, and
appoint a liberal government. ·
March 22 – The Republic of San
Marco comes into existence in Venice. ·
March 23 – The settlement of Dunedin, New Zealand is founded, with the
arrival of settlers from Scotland onboard the John Wickliffe. ·
March 24 – The First Schleswig War (German: Schleswig-Holsteinischer
Krieg, or Three Years'
War (Danish: Treĺrskrigen)), a military conflict in southern Denmark and northern
Germany rooted in the Schleswig-Holstein
Question, contesting the issue of who should control the Duchies
of Schleswig and Holstein, begins. April–June[edit] ·
April 10 ·
A Chartist 'Monster Rally' is held
in Kennington Park London,
headed by Feargus O'Connor.
A petition demanding the franchise is
presented to the Parliament
of the United Kingdom. ·
The Illinois and
Michigan Canal is completed. ·
April 11 – The first Hungarian national
government is formed, under the leadership of Lajos Batthyány.
The April Laws, the first democratic
revolutionary laws in Hungary, are
promulgated. These laws are the first modern laws in Hungary, which put an
end to the feodal privileges of the nobility and serfdom, proclaim the freedom of religion,
the freedom of the press,
the foundation of the Hungarian
National Bank, organises the first democratic election in Hungary based in popular
representation, national guard, reunion of Transylvania with Hungary, etc. The
Habsburg emperor, and Hungarian king Ferdinand I of
Austria, ratify these laws, which form the base of modern Hungary. ·
April 18 – The Second Anglo-Sikh
War breaks out in the Punjab. ·
April 29 – Pope Pius IX publishes an allocution
announcing his refusal to support Piedmont-Sardinia in its war with Austria,
and dispelling hopes that he might serve as ruler of a pan-Italian republic.
The allocution, by which Pius is seen to withdraw his moral support for the Italian unification movement,
is a key first step in the soon-to-be crushing reaction against the
revolutions of 1848. ·
May 15 ·
Radicals invade
the French Chamber of
Deputies. ·
40,000 Romanians meet at Blaj,
to protest Transylvania becoming
a part of Hungary.[1] ·
May 18 – The first German National
Assembly (Nationalversammlung)
opens in Frankfurt, Germany. ·
May 19 – The Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo, ending the Mexican–American War,
is ratified by the Mexican government (cf.February 2, above). ·
May 29 – Wisconsin is admitted as the 30th U.S. state. ·
June –
The Serbians from Vojvodina start a rebellion against the
Hungarian government. ·
June 2–12 – The Prague
Slavic Congress brings together members of the Pan-Slavism movement. ·
June 17 – The Austrian army
bombards Prague, and crushes a working class revolt. ·
June 21 – Wallachian
Revolution of 1848: The Proclamation of
Islaz is made public, and a Romanian revolutionary government led
by Ion Heliade
Rădulescu and Christian Tell is created. ·
June 22 – The French government
dissolves the national workshops in Paris, giving the workers the choice of
joining the army or going to workshops in the provinces. The following day,
the June Days Uprising begin
in response. July 26: Matale Rebellion begins in Sri Lanka. September 12: The Swiss Confederation reconstitutes
itself as a federal republic. July–September[edit] ·
July –
The Public Health Act establishes Boards of Health across England and Wales,
the nation's first public health law, giving cities broad authority to build
modern sanitary systems.[2] ·
July 5 – The Hungarian national
revolutionary parliament starts
to work. ·
July 19 – Women's rights – Seneca Falls
Convention: The 2-day Women's Rights
Convention opens in Seneca Falls, New
York and "Bloomers"
are introduced at the feminist convention. ·
July 26 – The Matale Rebellion breaks out,
against British rule in Sri Lanka. ·
July 29 – Young
Irelander Rebellion: A nationalist revolt in County Tipperary, against British rule, is
put down by the Irish
Constabulary.[2] ·
August 6 – HMS Daedalus reports
a sighting of a sea serpent. ·
August 14 – American President James K. Polk annexes the Oregon Country, and renames it the Oregon Territory as part of the United
States. ·
August 17 – Yucatán officially unites with Mexico. ·
August 19 – California Gold Rush:
The New York Herald breaks
the news to the East Coast of the United States that there is a gold rush in California (although the rush started
in January). ·
August 24 – The U.S. barque Ocean Monarch is
burnt out off the Great Orme, North Wales, with the loss of 178, chiefly
emigrants. ·
August 28 – Mathieu Luis becomes the
first black member to join the French Parliament,
as a representative of Guadeloupe. ·
September 11 – The Croatian army of Josip
Jelačić, encouraged in secret by the Habsburg government, crosses the DravaRiver and attacks Hungary, with the
goal of ending the revolution in that country. ·
September 12 – One of the successes of
the Revolutions of 1848,
the Swiss Federal
Constitution, patterned on the US Constitution, enters into force, creating
a federal republic,
and one of the first modern democratic states in Europe. ·
September 13 – Vermont railroad worker Phineas Gage survives a 3-foot-plus
iron rod being driven through his head. ·
September 16 – William Cranch Bond and William Lassell discover Hyperion, Saturn's moon. ·
September 25 – The Hungarian king
and Habsburg emperor Ferdinand V refuses
to recognise the Hungarian government,
led by Lajos Batthyány.
The Batthyány government resigns and the National Defence Committee is
formed, which is a temporary crisis government, totally independent from
Vienna, under the leadership of Lajos Kossuth. ·
September 29 – Battle of Pákozd:
The Hungarian revolutionary army, led by János Móga, defeats the Croatian army of Josip
Jelačić, forcing him to retreat towards Vienna. October–December[edit] ·
October – Elizabeth Gaskell's
first novel, Mary Barton: A
Tale of Manchester Life, is published anonymously in London. ·
October 2 – The National Defence
Committee (Országos Honvédelmi Bizottmány), led by Lajos Kossuth, becomes the executive power
in Hungary, after the resignation of the Lajos Batthyány government. ·
October 3 – General Antal
Puchner, commander of the Austrian armies of Transylvania, declares insurrection against
Hungary, and, together with the Romanian insurgents led by Avram Iancu, attacks and chases away the
Hungarian armed forces occupying Transylvania. During these events (mostly in
October 1848–January 1849, but also between May–July 1849) between
7,500-8,500 Hungarian civilians (men, women, and children) are massacred by
the Romanian insurgents.[3] ·
October 24 – Romanian bands massacre 640 Hungarian
civilians at the town of Zlatna, Transylvania.[4] ·
October 28 – In Catalonia, Spain, the Barcelona–Mataró railroad route (the first to be
constructed in the Iberian Peninsula)
is inaugurated. ·
October 30 – Battle of Schwechat:
Hungarian forces which crossed the Austrian border, in order to unite with
the Viennese revolutionaries, are defeated by the imperial army, led by Alfred
I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz and Josip
Jelačić. ·
October 31 – Vienna is occupied by the imperial
forces led by Alfred
I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, who crushes the revolution here. ·
November 1 – In Boston, Massachusetts, the first medical school for women, The Boston
Female Medical School (which later merges with Boston
University School of Medicine), opens. ·
November 3 – A new Constitution
of the Netherlands (drafted by Johan Rudolph
Thorbecke), severely limiting the power of the monarchy and
introducing representative
democracy, is proclaimed. ·
November 4 – France ratifies a new
constitution. The Second Republic of France is set up, ending the state of
temporary government lasting since the Revolution of 1848. ·
November 7 – United
States presidential election, 1848: Whig Zachary Taylor of Louisiana defeats Democrat Lewis Cass of Michigan, in the first U.S.
presidential election held in every state on the same day. ·
November 24 – Pope Pius IX flees Rome in disguise
for Naples. ·
December 2 – Emperor Ferdinand I of
Austria abdicates in favor of his nephew, Franz Joseph,
who will serve as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary and Bohemia,
until his death in 1916. ·
December 6 – The Austrian imperial
army, led by Franz Schlik,
attacks Hungary. ·
December 10 – Prince Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte is elected
first president of the French Second
Republic. ·
December 16 – The main Austrian
imperial forces, led by Alfred
I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, cross the Hungarian border. ·
December 18 – Punta Arenas, the first major settlement in
the Strait of Magellan,
is founded. ·
December 20 – President Napoleon III takes his oath of office in front of the French National
Assembly. ·
December 25 – The Hungarian forces, led
by Józef Bem,
enter Kolozsvár (Cluj),
after defeating the Austrian armies in northern Transylvania. ·
December 20 – Slavery is abolished in Réunion (this day has been celebrated
every year since 1981). ·
December 30 – Battle of Mór: The imperial army, led
by Josip
Jelačić, defeats the Hungarian army, led by Mór Perczel. Date unknown[edit] ·
The
Independent Republic of Yucatán joins
Mexico, in exchange for Mexican help in suppressing a revolt by the
indigenous Maya population. ·
British,
Dutch, and German governments lay claim to New Guinea. ·
Admiral Nevelskoy demonstrates
that the Strait of Tartary is
a strait. ·
Dunedin, New Zealand, is founded by Scottish
settlers. ·
Labuan is
made a British Crown colony. ·
A cholera epidemic in New York kills 5,000. ·
The University of Ottawa is
founded. ·
The University of
Mississippi is founded. ·
The University
of Wisconsin–Madison is founded. ·
Geneva College in Pennsylvania is founded. ·
Queen's College,
London, for women, is founded. ·
Rhodes College is founded. ·
The Boston Public
Library is founded by an act of the Great and General
Court of Massachusetts. ·
John Sumner becomes archbishop of
Canterbury. ·
The
Shaker song Simple Gifts is
written by Joseph Brackett in Alfred, Maine. ·
Richard Wagner begins writing the libretto that will become Der Ring des
Nibelungen ("The Ring of the Nibelung"). Ongoing events[edit] ·
Great Famine
(Ireland) (1845–49). Births[edit] January–June[edit] ·
January 4 – Katsura Tarō, 6th Prime Minister of
Japan (d. 1913) ·
January 6 – Hristo Botev, Bulgarian revolutionary
(d. 1876) ·
January 19 – John F. Stairs, Canadian businessman,
statesman (d. 1904) ·
January 21 – Henri Duparc,
French composer (d. 1933) ·
January 24 – Vasily Surikov Russian painter
(d. 1916) ·
January 27 – Tōgō
Heihachirō, Japanese admiral (d. 1934) ·
Joris-Karl Huysmans,
French author (d. 1907) ·
Belle Starr, American outlaw (d. 1889) ·
February 14 – Benjamin Baillaud,
French astronomer (d. 1934) ·
Octave Mirbeau, French art critic, novelist
(d. 1917) ·
Hugo de Vries, Dutch botanist and geneticist
(d. 1935) ·
February 18 – Louis Comfort
Tiffany, American glass artist (d. 1933) ·
February 22 – Emily McGary
Selinger, American painter, author and educator (d. 1927) ·
Grant Allen, Canadian author (d. 1899) ·
Andrew Inglis Clark,
Tasmanian politician (d. 1907) ·
February 25 – King William II of
Württemberg (d. 1921) ·
February 27 – Hubert Parry, English composer (d. 1918) ·
March 3 – Adelaide Neilson, English actress (d. 1880) ·
March 10 ·
Hubertine Auclert,
French women's rights activist, suffragist (d. 1914) ·
John William
Brodie-Innes, British member of the Golden Dawn (d. 1923) ·
March 18 – Princess
Louise, Duchess of Argyll, daughter of Queen Victoria (d. 1939) ·
March 19 – Wyatt Earp, American lawman and gunfighter
(d. 1929) ·
March 29 – Aleksey Kuropatkin,
Russian general, Imperial Russian Minister of War (d. 1925) ·
March 31 – William Waldorf
Astor, American-born British financier and statesman (d. 1919) ·
April 7 – Randall Davidson, British Archbishop of
Canterbury (d. 1930) ·
April 10 – Hubertine Auclert,
French feminist (d. 1914) ·
April 27 – King Otto of Bavaria (d. 1916) ·
May 10 – Thomas Lipton, Scottish retailer and
yachtsman (d. 1931) ·
May 20 – Howard
Vernon, Australian actor (d. 1921) ·
May 23 ·
Otto Lilienthal, German engineer, aviation
pioneer (d. 1896) ·
Helmuth
von Moltke the Younger, German general (d. 1916) ·
June 7 ·
Paul Gauguin, French artist (d. 1903) ·
Dolores Jiménez y
Muro, Mexican revolutionary and educator (d. 1925) ·
June 13 – Cornélie Huygens Dutch
writer, social democrat and feminist (d. 1902) ·
June 15 – Sol Smith Russell,
American stage comedian (d. 1902) ·
June 19 – Mary R. Platt Hatch,
American author (d. 1935) July–December[edit] ·
July 3 – Lothar von Trotha,
German military commander (d. 1920) ·
July 6 – Gábor Baross, Hungarian statesman (d. 1892) ·
July 7 – Francisco
de Paula Rodrigues Alves, 5th President of Brazil (d. 1919) ·
July 9 – Robert I, Duke of
Parma, last ruling Duke of Parma (d. 1907) ·
July 15 – Vilfredo Pareto, Italian economist (d. 1923) ·
July 18 – W. G. Grace, English cricketer (d. 1915) ·
July 22 ·
Adolphus Frederick V, Grand Duke of
Mecklenburg-Strelitz (d. 1914) ·
Winfield Scott
Stratton, American miner (d. 1902) ·
July 25 ·
Arthur Balfour, Prime
Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1930) ·
George Robert
Aberigh-Mackay, Anglo-Indian writer (d. 1881) ·
July 31 – Jean-Baptiste Olive,
French painter (d. 1936) ·
Aug 6 – Susie Taylor, African American nurse. First
nurse in the Black Army (d. 1912) ·
August 19 – Gustave Caillebotte,
French painter (d. 1894) ·
August 24 – Kate Claxton, American actress (d. 1924) ·
September 4 – Lewis Howard Latimer,
African-American inventor (d. 1928) ·
September 8 – Viktor Meyer, German chemist (d. 1897) ·
September 20 – Friedrich Soennecken,
German entrepreneur, inventor of the hole punch and ringbinder (d. 1919) ·
September 29 – Caroline Yale, American educator (d. 1933) ·
October 3 – Henry Lerolle, French painter (d. 1929) ·
October 11 – James Acton, English cricketer (d. 1924) ·
October 15 – Harmon Northrop
Morse, American chemist (d. 1920) ·
November 8 – Gottlob Frege, German logician (d. 1925) ·
November 11 – Zinovy Rozhestvensky,
Russian admiral (d. 1909) ·
November 12 – Eduard
Müller, member
of the Swiss Federal Council (d. 1919) ·
November 13 – Albert I,
Prince of Monaco (d. 1922) ·
November 14 – Sándor Wekerle,
3-time Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1921) ·
November 17 – Max Théon, Polish Jewish occultist (d. 1927) ·
November 15 – Edwin Bibby, English wrestler (d. 1905) ·
November 20 – James M. Spangler,
American inventor (d. 1915) ·
November 25 – Margaret Abigail
Cleaves, American physician and writer (d. 1917) ·
November 28 – Henry Lomb, German-American optician,
co-founder of Bausch & Lomb (d. 1908) ·
November 29 – Paul Pau, French general (d. 1932) ·
December 6 – Johann Palisa, Austrian astronomer (d. 1925) ·
December 17 – William Wynn
Westcott, British Freemason (d. 1925) date unknown[edit] ·
Alexander Bedward,
Jamaican preacher (d. 1930) ·
Alice Williams
Brotherton, American author (d. 1930) ·
Maria Louise Eve, American author (unknown
year of death) ·
Maryana Marrash, Syrian writer, salonist
(d. 1919) ·
Margaret
Frances Buchanan Sullivan, Irish-born American author, journalist,
and editor (d. 1903) ·
Mary Thomas
(labor leader), (d. 1905) Deaths[edit] January–June[edit] ·
January 9 – Caroline Herschel,
German astronomer (b. 1750) ·
January 17 – Petrobey
Mavromichalis, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1765) ·
January 19 – Isaac D'Israeli, English author (b. 1766) ·
January 20 – Christian VIII,
King of Denmark (b. 1786) ·
February 15 – Hermann von Boyen,
Prussian field marshal (b. 1771) ·
February 22 – Wilhelmine Reichard,
first German woman balloonist (b. 1788) ·
February 23 – John Quincy Adams,
6th President
of the United States, son of John Adams and Abigail Adams (b. 1767) ·
March 29 – John Jacob Astor, American businessman
(b. 1763) ·
April 8 – Gaetano Donizetti,
Italian composer (b. 1797) ·
May 24 – Annette von
Droste-Hülshoff, German writer (b. 1797) ·
June 23 – Archduchess
Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este (b. 1776) ·
June 27 – Denis Auguste Affre,
Archbishop of Paris (b. 1793) July–December[edit] ·
July 4 – François-René
de Chateaubriand, French writer, diplomat (b. 1768) ·
July 9 – Jaime Balmes, Spanish philosopher, theologian
(b. 1810) ·
July 10 – Karoline Jagemann,
German actor (b. 1777) ·
July 20 – Francis R. Shunk, American politician
(b. 1788) ·
August 3 – Edward Baines,
British newspaperman, politician (b. 1774) ·
August 5 – Pedro Vélez, Mexican politician (b. 1787) ·
August 7 – Jöns Jacob Berzelius,
Swedish chemist (b. 1779) ·
August 8 – Puran Appu, Sri Lankan hero who led
the Matale rebellion against
the British (b. 1812) ·
August 9 – Frederick Marryat,
British novelist (b. 1792) ·
August 12 – George Stephenson,
English locomotive pioneer (Locomotion No. 1 & Rocket)
(b. 1781) ·
August 14 – Sarah Fuller
Flower Adams, English hymnwriter (b. 1805) ·
August 30 – Simon Willard, celebrated American
horologist (b. 1753) ·
September 24 – Branwell Brontë,
English painter, poet, brother of novelists Charlotte, Emily and Anne
(b. 1817) ·
November 9 – Robert Blum, German politician (b. 1810) ·
November 10 – Ibrahim Pasha of
Egypt, military leader (b. 1789) ·
November 23 – Sir John Barrow,
English statesman (b. 1764) ·
November 24 – William
Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, Prime
Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1779) ·
December 1 – Kyokutei Bakin, Japanese author (b. 1767) ·
December 18 – Bernard Bolzano, Bohemian mathematician,
logician, philosopher and theologian (b. 1781) ·
December 19 – Emily Brontë, English author (b. 1818) See also[edit] References[edit] 1.
^ Stoica, Vasile (1919). The
Roumanian Question: The Roumanians and their Lands. Pittsburgh:
Pittsburgh Printing Company. p. 23. 2.
^ Jump up to:a b Palmer,
Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London:
Century Ltd. pp. 269–270. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2. 3.
^ Egyed Ákos: Erdély 1848-1849
(Transylvania in 1848-1849). Pallas Akadémia Könyvkiadó, Csíkszereda 2010. p.
517 (Hungarian) 4.
^ Magyar Nemzet: Fejőszék
Százhatvan éve irtották ki Nagyenyedet a román felkelők. Further reading[edit] ·
Louis Heilprin (1885). "Chronological Table of Universal History". Historical
Reference Book. New York: D. Appleton and Company – via Hathi
Trust. 1848 External links[edit] ·
European newspapers from 1848 – The European
Library ·
"1848". Timeline. US: Digital
Public Library of America. Archived from the original on |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help). |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|