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1857 (MDCCCLVII) was
a common year starting
on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and
a common
year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1857th year of
the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the
857th year of the 2nd millennium,
the 57th year of the 19th century,
and the 8th year of the 1850s decade. As of
the start of 1857, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian
calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Contents · 1Events · 2Births · 3Deaths Events[edit] January–March[edit] ·
January 1 – The biggest Estonian newspaper, Postimees, is established by Johann Voldemar
Jannsen. ·
January 7 – The partly
French-owned London
General Omnibus Company begins operating.[1] ·
January 9 – The 7.9 Mw Fort Tejon
earthquake shakes Central and Southern California,
with a maximum Mercalli
intensity of IX (Violent). ·
January 24 – The University of
Calcutta is established in Calcutta, as the first multidisciplinary
modern university in South Asia.
The University of Bombay is
also established in Bombay, British India, this year. ·
February 3 – The National Deaf Mute
College (later renamed Gallaudet University)
is established in Washington, D.C., becoming the first school for the
advanced education of the deaf. ·
February 5 – The Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States is
promulgated.[2] ·
March 3 ·
France
and the United Kingdom formally declare war on China, in the Second Opium War. ·
The largest slave
auction in United States history is held, dubbed The
Weeping Time. Over a 2-day period (starting March 2), Pierce M. Butler sells 436 men,
women, children, and infants, all of whom are kept in stalls meant for horses
at a racetrack in Savannah, Georgia,
for weeks beforehand.[3] ·
March 4 – James Buchanan is sworn in,
as the 15th President of the United States. ·
March 6 – Dred Scott v.
Sandford: The Supreme
Court of the United States rules that Blacks are not citizens
and slaves can not sue for freedom, driving the country further towards
the American Civil War (the
ruling is not overturned until the 14th Amendment is adopted, in 1868). ·
March 12 – Elizabeth Blackwell opens
a hospital, the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children. ·
March 14 – Youssef Bey Karam is
assigned, by the people of Ehden and Bsharri, to be the region's ruler. ·
March 23 – Elisha Otis' first elevator is installed (at 488 Broadway,
New York City). April–June[edit] ·
April 4 – The Anglo-Persian War ends. ·
April 18 – The Spirits' Book (Le
Livre des Esprits), one of the Five Fundamental Works of Spiritism, is published by French
educator Allan Kardec. ·
May 5–October 17– The
Art Treasures of Great Britain exhibition is held in Manchester, one of the largest such displays
of all time.[4] ·
May 10 – Indian Rebellion
of 1857: The 3rd Light Cavalry of the British East
India Company's army rebels against its British officers, thus
beginning the rebellion. ·
May 11 – Indian Rebellion
of 1857: Indian combatants capture Delhi from the British East India
Company. ·
June 6 – Sophia of Nassau marries the future
King Oscar II of Sweden–Norway. ·
June 12 – American mercenary William
Walker is overthrown as ruler of Nicaragua, by Honduran general Florencio Xatruch. ·
June 22 – The Victoria and
Albert Museum in London is officially opened by Queen Victoria. ·
June 26 – At a ceremony in
London, Queen Victoria awards
the first 66 Victoria Crosses to British troops, for actions during
the Crimean War.[1] July–September[edit] ·
July 1–November 19 – Indian Rebellion
of 1857: Siege of Lucknow. ·
July 15 – Indian Rebellion
of 1857: The second massacre at Kanpur takes place. ·
July 18 ·
The
Utah Expedition leaves Fort Leavenworth, effectively beginning the Utah War. ·
Prison hulks are used for the last time
in the United Kingdom.[5] ·
August 20 – The Dunbar wrecks near the entrance
to Sydney Harbour,
Australia, with the loss of 121 lives. ·
August 28 – The Matrimonial
Causes Act makes divorce without parliamentary approval
legal in the United Kingdom.[6] ·
September – The Panic of 1857 begins: Speculation in
U.S. railroad shares, and the collapse on August 24 of the New York City branch
of the Ohio
Life Insurance and Trust Company, following widespread embezzlement, trigger a financial crisis
which will extend to Europe. ·
September 11 – The Mountain
Meadows massacre occurs in Utah. ·
September 12 – The SS Central
America sinks off the coast of North Carolina; with the loss of 425 lives. ·
September 20 – In India, British forces
recapture Delhi,[6] compelling the surrender of Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor. October–December[edit] ·
October 13 – Panic of 1857: New York banks close, and do
not reopen until December 12. ·
October 24 – Sheffield F.C., the world's first association football team,
is founded in Sheffield, England. ·
November 1 – The Indus Valley
Region (i.e., Pakistan Region)
is incorporated into Southern Asia as part of British India, for the next 90 years. ·
November 30 – President of Mexico Ignacio Comonfort is
succeeded by Félix María Zuloaga. ·
December – The Reform War in Mexico begins. ·
December 16 – The 7.0 Mw Basilicata
earthquake shakes the Kingdom of
the Two Sicilies (Southern Italy) with a maximum Mercalli
intensity of XI (Extreme), killing about 10,000
people. ·
December 20 – Emperor Franz Joseph I
of Austria issues a decree, Es ist Mein Wille,
which leads to the demolition of the city walls of Vienna, allowing the construction of
the Ringstraße. ·
December 31 – Queen Victoria chooses Ottawa as the capital of Canada. Date unknown[edit] ·
The Mormons abandon Las Vegas. ·
Kuala Lumpur, the future capital of Malaysia, is founded as a tin mining
settlement. ·
La Tène culture artifacts
are discovered in Switzerland, by Hansli Kopp. ·
Illinois State
University, the first public university in Illinois, is established in Normal, Illinois. ·
American
politician William
Daniel proposes the Local Option for Prohibition. Births[edit] January–June[edit]
Annie Maria Barnes ·
January 2 – Uryū Sotokichi,
Japanese admiral (d. 1937) ·
January 4 – Émile Courtet, French caricaturist, animator
(d. 1938) ·
January 11 – William Gentles, U.S. Army private, known for
killing Crazy Horse (d. 1878) ·
Knut Ångström,
Swedish physicist (d. 1910) ·
Léon de Witte de
Haelen, Belgian general (d. 1933) ·
January 13 – Anastasios Papoulas,
Greek general (d. 1935) ·
January 18 – Otto von Below, German general (d. 1944) ·
January 26 – The 12th Dalai Lama of Tibet (d. 1875) ·
January 31 – George Jackson
Churchward, British chief mechanical engineer of the Great Western
Railway(d. 1933) ·
February 1 – Lucy Wheelock, American early childhood
education pioneer within the kindergarten movement (d. 1946) ·
February 13 – Almanzo James Wilder, American writer
(d. 1949) ·
Robert Baden-Powell,
English founder of the Scouting movement
(d. 1941) ·
Heinrich Hertz, German physicist (d. 1894) ·
March 6 – George Dayton, American businessman, founder
of Target Corporation (d. 1938) ·
March 7 ·
Genevieve Stebbins,
American performer of the Delsarte system of expression (d. 1934) ·
Julius
Wagner-Jauregg, Austrian neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1940) ·
March 13 ·
Herbert
Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer, British general (d. 1932) ·
Hilda Sachs, Swedish journalist, women's
rights activist (d. 1935) ·
March 15 – Christian Michelsen,
1st Prime Minister of Norway (d. 1925) ·
March 21 – Hunter Liggett, American general (d. 1935) ·
March 22 – Paul Doumer, President of France (d. 1932) ·
March 26 – Théodore Tuffier,
French surgeon (d. 1929) ·
March 27 – Karl Pearson, English statistician (d. 1936) ·
March 30 – Léon Charles
Thévenin, French telegraph engineer (d. 1926) ·
April 5 – Alexander of
Battenberg, first Prince of Bulgaria (d. 1893) ·
April 14 ·
Princess
Beatrice, youngest child of Queen Victoria (d. 1944) ·
Victor Horsley, English physician, surgeon
(d. 1916) ·
April 21 – Elisabet
Anrep-Nordin, Swedish pedagogue (d. 1947) ·
April 22 – Paul Dresser, American songwriter (d. 1906) ·
April 23 – Ruggero Leoncavallo,
Italian composer (d. 1919) ·
April 30 – Walter
Simon, German philanthropist (d. 1920) ·
May 7 – William A. MacCorkle,
Governor of West Virginia (d. 1930) ·
May 13 – Ronald Ross, English physician, recipient of
the Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1932) ·
May 15 – Williamina Fleming,
Scottish astronomer (d. 1911) ·
May 19 – John Jacob Abel, American pharmacologist
(d. 1938) ·
May 24 – Richard Mansfield,
Anglo-American stage actor (d. 1907) ·
May 27 – Theodor Curtius, German chemist (d. 1928) ·
May 28 ·
Annie Maria Barnes,
American author of children's literature (unknown year of death) ·
Robert C. Hilliard,
American stage actor (d. 1927) ·
May 31 – Pope Pius XI (d. 1939) ·
June 2 ·
Edward Elgar, English composer (d. 1934) ·
Karl Adolph
Gjellerup, Danish writer, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 1919) ·
June 8 – Lawrence Marston, American actor,
playwright, and film director (d. 1939) ·
June 10 – Caroline Louise
Dudley(later Mrs. Leslie Carter)
American stage actress (d. 1937) ·
June 12 – Kate Lester, English stage & silent
screen actress (d. 1924) ·
June 20 – Mary Gage Day, American physician (d. 1935) ·
June 30 – Friedrich von
Ingenohl, German admiral (d. 1933) July–December[edit]
·
July 1 – Martha Hughes Cannon,
American politician (d. 1932) ·
July 11 – Alfred Binet, French psychologist (Stanford–Binet
Intelligence Scales) (d. 1911) ·
July 19 – Eugen Bamberger, German chemist (d. 1932) ·
July 22 – Shams-ul-haq
Azeemabadi, Indian Islamic scholar (d. 1911) ·
July 23 – Carl Meinhof, German linguist (d. 1944) ·
July 24 ·
Henrik Pontoppidan,
Danish writer, Nobel Prize laureate
(d. 1943) ·
Juan Vicente Gómez,
former President of
Venezuela (d. 1935) ·
July 25 – Nat C. Goodwin, American actor (d. 1919) ·
July 28 – Ballington Booth, Salvation Army officer, co-founder
of Volunteers of
America (d. 1940) ·
July 30 ·
Lucy Bacon, California Impressionist painter (d. 1932) ·
Thorstein Veblen, American economist
(d. 1929) ·
August 8 – Henry Fairfield
Osborn, American geologist, paleontologist, and eugenist (d. 1935) ·
August 12 – Ernestine von
Kirchsberg, Austrian painter (d. 1924) ·
August 14 – Max Wagenknecht, German composer (d. 1922) ·
August 15 – Albert Ballin, German shipping magnate,
owner of the Hamburg America Line (d. 1918) ·
August 27 – Oskar von Hutier, German general (d. 1934) ·
August 30 – Alexandra Gripenberg,
Finnish women's rights activist, politician (d. 1913) ·
September 5 – Konstantin
Tsiolkovsky, Russian scientist, inventor (d. 1935) ·
September 8 – Georg Michaelis, Chancellor
of Germany (d. 1936) ·
Michał
Drzymała, Polish peasant, revolutionary (d. 1937) ·
Milton S. Hershey,
American chocolate manufacturer (d. 1945) ·
September 14 – Julia Platt, American embryologist,
politician (d. 1935) ·
September 15 – William Howard Taft,
27th President
of the United States and 10th Chief
Justice of the United States (d. 1930) ·
September 18 – John Hessin Clarke, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United
States (d. 1945) ·
September 20 – Antoine de Mitry, French general (d. 1924) ·
September 28 – Lewis
Bayly, British admiral (d. 1938) ·
Martinus Theunis
Steyn, Boer lawyer, politician, and statesman, sixth and last
President of the Orange Free State (1896-1902)
(d. 1916) ·
A. E. Waite, British occultist (d. 1942) ·
October 5 – Peadar Mac
Fhionnlaoich, Irish language writer (d. 1942) ·
October 15 – Joseph Rucker Lamar, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United
States (d. 1916) ·
October 24 – Ned Williamson, American baseball player
(d. 1894) ·
October 27 – Ernst Trygger, 19th Prime Minister of Sweden
(d. 1943) ·
November 3 – Mikhail Alekseyev,
Russian general (d. 1918) ·
Joseph Tabrar, British songwriter (d. 1931) ·
Ida Tarbell, American journalist (d. 1944) ·
November 9 – Dorothea
Rhodes Lummis Moore, American physician (d. 1942) ·
November 14 – Mihail Savov, Bulgarian general (d. 1928) ·
November 17 – George Marchant, English-born inventor,
manufacturer, and philanthropist (d. 1941) ·
November 24 – Miklós Kovács Hungarian
Slovene writer (d. 1937) ·
November 26 – Ferdinand de
Saussure, Swiss linguist (d. 1913) ·
November 27 – Charles Scott
Sherrington, English physiologist, Nobel
Prize laureate (d. 1952) ·
November 28 – King Alfonso XII of Spain (d. 1885) ·
November 29 – Theodor Escherich,
German pediatrician (d. 1911) ·
Franz Bunke, German painter (d. 1939) ·
Joseph Conrad, Polish-British novelist
(d. 1924) ·
December 4 – Julia Evelyn
Ditto Young, American poet and novelist (d. 1915) Date unknown[edit] ·
Constantin
Coandă, 26th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1932) ·
Ella Hepworth Dixon,
American author and editor (d. 1932) ·
Zübeyde Hanım,
mother of Mustafa Kemal
Atatürk (d. 1923) ·
Louise Markscheffel,
American dramatic, musical and literary critic (d. 1911) ·
Marguerite Merington,
English-born American author (d. 1951) Deaths[edit] January–June[edit] ·
January 27 – Dorothea Lieven, Latvian diplomat,
politically active princess (b. 1785) ·
February 10 – David Thompson,
British-Canadian explorer (b. 1770) ·
February 15 – Mikhail Glinka, Russian composer (b. 1804) ·
February 16 – Elisha Kane, American explorer of the Arctic
regions (b. 1820) ·
March 11 – Manuel José Quintana,
Spanish poet (b. 1772) ·
April 8 – Mangal Pandey, Indian soldier (b. 1827) ·
May 2 – Alfred de Musset, French poet (b. 1810) ·
May 11 – Eugène François
Vidocq, French criminal, private detective (b. 1775) ·
May 13 – Parley P. Pratt, early American Latter Day
Saint movement leader (murdered) (b. 1807) ·
May 23 – Augustin-Louis
Cauchy, French mathematician (b. 1789) ·
May 29 – Agustina de Aragón,
Spanish heroine (b. 1786) ·
June 30 – Alcide d'Orbigny,
French naturalist (b. 1802) July–December[edit]
·
July 4 – Henry
Montgomery Lawrence, British soldier, statesman (b. 1806) ·
July 15 – Carl Czerny, Austrian composer (b. 1791) ·
July 19 – Stefano Franscini, member
of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1796) ·
July 29 – Charles Lucien
Bonaparte, French naturalist, ornithologist (b. 1803) ·
August 3 – Eugène Sue, French novelist (b. 1804) ·
August 29 – Stephen Cassin, United States Navy officer
(b. 1783) ·
September 3 – John McLoughlin, Canadian trapper (b. 1784) ·
September 5 – Auguste Comte, French philosopher (b. 1798) ·
Manuel Oribe, 2nd President of Uruguay
(b. 1792) ·
Maximilian Spinola,
Italian entomologist (b. 1780) ·
November 26 – Joseph von
Eichendorff, German poet (b. 1788) ·
December 3 – Christian Daniel
Rauch, German sculptor (b. 1777) ·
December 15 – Sir George Cayley,
English aviation pioneer (b. 1773) ·
December 27 – Lucien Baudens, French military surgeon
(b. 1804) Date unknown[edit] ·
Elizabeth Philpot,
British paleontologist (b. 1780) References[edit] 1.
^ Jump up to:a b Penguin
Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0. 2.
^ "Día de la Constitución Mexicana (5 de
Febrero)". Guia de San Miguel. 2001. Archived from the original on August 11, 2003. Retrieved 2011-08-26. 3.
^ "The Weeping Time". Africans in
America. Public
Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 2011-08-26. 4.
^ Exhibition of art treasures of the United Kingdom, held at
Manchester in 1857: report of the Executive Committee. George
Simms. 1859. 5.
^ Gossett, William Patrick (1986). The lost ships
of the Royal Navy, 1793–1900. Mansell. p. 114. ISBN 0-7201-1816-6. 6.
^ Jump up to:a b Palmer,
Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London:
Century Ltd. pp. 277–278. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2. |
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