|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII)
was a common year starting
on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and
a common
year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1878th year of
the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini(AD) designations, the 878th
year of the 2nd millennium,
the 78th year of the 19th century,
and the 9th year of the 1870s decade. As of
the start of 1878, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian
calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Contents · 1Events · 2Births · 3Deaths Events[edit] January–March[edit]
January–September – Cleopatra's
Needle erected in London. ·
January 5 – Battle of Shipka
Pass IV: Russian and Bulgarian forces defeat the Ottoman Empire. ·
January 9 – Umberto I becomes King of Italy. ·
January 17 – Battle of
Philippopolis: Russian troops defeat the Turks. ·
January 23 – Benjamin Disraeli orders
the British fleet to the Dardanelles. ·
January 24 – Russian
revolutionary Vera Zasulich shoots
at Fyodor Trepov,
Governor of Saint Petersburg. ·
January 28 – The Yale News becomes the first
daily college newspaper in the
United States. ·
January 31 – Turkey agrees to an armistice at Adrianople. ·
February 2 – Greece declares war
on Turkey[citation needed]. ·
February 7 – Pope Pius IX dies, after a 31½ year
reign (the longest definitely confirmed). ·
February 8 – The British fleet enters
Turkish waters, and anchors off Istanbul; Russia threatens to occupy
Istanbul, but does not carry out the threat. ·
February 18 – The Lincoln County War begins
in Lincoln
County, New Mexico. ·
February 19 – The phonograph is patented by Thomas Edison. ·
February 20 – Pope Leo XIII succeeds Pope Pius IX, as the 256th pope. ·
February 23 – Sadguru Shri Gajanan
Maharaj appears at Shegaon, Dist: Buldhana, Maharashtra. ·
February 24 – Anti-Russian
demonstrations occur in Hyde Park, London. ·
February 28 – Mississippi
State University is created by the Mississippi
Legislature (under the name The Agricultural and Mechanical
College of the State of Mississippi).
October 31 – Eldkvarn burns in Stockholm. ·
March 24 – The British Royal Navy frigate HMS Eurydice (1843) capsizes
in the English Channel;
all but 2 of the 319 crew members are killed. ·
March 25 – Russia rejects a British
proposal, to lay the San Stefano Treaty before a European congress. ·
March 27 – In anticipation of war with
Russia, Disraeli mobilizes the reserves, and calls up Indian troops to Malta.
Europe after the Congress of Berlinin
1878 and the territorial and political rearrangement of the Balkan Peninsula. April–June[edit] ·
April 20 – The Stawell Gift is run for the first time
in Australia. ·
May 2 – The Washburn
"A" Mill in Minneapolis explodes, killing 18. ·
May 15 – The Tokyo Stock Exchange is
established. ·
May 25 – Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera H.M.S. Pinafore debuts in London at the Opera Comique, with a first run of 571
performances. ·
June 1 – The General Postal Union is
renamed the Universal Postal
Union (UPU). ·
June 4 – Cyprus Convention:
The Ottoman Empire cedes Cyprus to the United Kingdom, but
retains the nominal title. ·
June 10 – The League of Prizren is
officially founded "to struggle in arms to defend the wholeness of the
territories of Albania". ·
June 13–July 13 – The Congress of Berlin convenes
to discuss the Ottoman Empire. ·
June 15 – Eadweard Muybridge produces
the sequence of stop-motion still photographs Sallie Gardner
at a Gallop in California (a predecessor of silent film), demonstrating that all four
feet of a galloping horse are
off the ground at the same time. ·
June 20 – The U.S. Coastal Survey is
renamed the U.S. Coast
and Geodetic Survey. ·
June 22 – Adolf Erik
Nordenskiöld leaves Karlskrona, on a voyage that will make him
the first man to navigate the Northern Sea Route,
a shipping lane from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, along the Siberian coast. July–September[edit] ·
July 4 – A match
race between champion thoroughbred racehorses Ten Broeck and Mollie McCarty draws more than 30,000
fans to Louisville, and inspires the folk song, "Molly and Tenbrooks". ·
July 13 – The Treaty of Berlin makes Serbia, Montenegro and Romania completely independent,
confirms the autonomy of Bulgaria, makes Cyprus a British possession, and allows
Austria-Hungary to garrison the Bosnia Vilayet. ·
August 9 – The Wallingford
Tornado of 1878, the deadliest tornado in Connecticut history, destroys the town
of Wallingford,
killing 34 people and injuring more than 70. ·
August 26 – Uyedineniya Island is
discovered in the Kara Sea, by Norwegian explorer Captain Edvard Holm
Johannesen. ·
September 3 – Over 640 die, when the
crowded pleasure boat Princess
Alice collides with the Bywell Castle, in the River Thames. ·
September 12 – Cleopatra's
Needle is erected in London, having arrived in England
on January 21. ·
September 20 – The Hindu, an Indian newspaper, is
founded. October–December[edit] ·
October 1 – Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia
Tech) opens as Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College, in the United
States. ·
October 14 – The world's first recorded
floodlit football fixture is played at Bramall Lane, in Sheffield, England. ·
October 17 – John A. Macdonald returns
to office, as Prime Minister
of Canada. ·
October 31 – A fire destroys the Eldkvarn gristmill mill in Stockholm, Sweden. ·
November 17 – The first assassination
attempt is made against Umberto I of Italy by
anarchist Giovanni Passannante,
armed with a dagger. The King survives with a slight wound in one arm. Prime
minister Benedetto Cairoli blocks
the aggressor, receiving a leg injury. ·
November 21 – The Second
Anglo-Afghan War commences, when the British attack Ali Masjid in the Khyber Pass. ·
November 26 – American-born
artist James McNeill
Whistler's libel case against
English critic John Ruskin, over
a review of the painting Nocturne in Black and Gold – The Falling Rocket,
(in which Whistler is described as "flinging a pot of paint in the
public's face"),[1] is
decided in the High Court of
Justice in London. Whistler wins a farthing in
nominal damages and only half of the costs, leading to his bankruptcy, and
alienates patrons.[2] ·
December 7 – The United States territory of New
Mexico is linked to the rest of the nation by railroad for
the first time, as the Atchison,
Topeka and Santa Fe Railway inaugurates a newly completed
line through the Raton Pass.[3] ·
December 25 – Stella Maris
Church in Sliema, Malta becomes a parish, seceding from
the Parish of St. Helen's in Birkirkara. Date unknown[edit] ·
U.S.
arbitration rejects Argentine claims
to Paraguay's part of the Chaco region. ·
Otto von Bismarck abandons
his Kulturkampf, and
forces through legislation outlawing the Social Democrats. ·
The
10-year Nauruan Tribal War breaks
out. ·
Yellow fever in the Mississippi Valley kills
over 13,000. ·
Foundation
of: ·
The Buchan School, Isle of Man. ·
The Johns
Hopkins University Press, America's oldest university press. ·
Geiger (corporation),
formed as Geiger Brothers. ·
The
following English Association football clubs: ·
Everton Football Club, formed as St Domingo. ·
Grimsby Town F.C.,
formed as Grimsby Pelham. ·
Ipswich Town
Football Club, formed as amateur club Ipswich A.F.C. They will not
turn professional until 1936. ·
Newton
Heath Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Football Club, the team that will
become Manchester United. ·
Leo Tolstoy's novel Anna Karenina is published complete
in book form in Moscow. ·
Lester Allan Pelton produces
the first operational Pelton wheel. ·
The
last confirmed Cape lion dies.[4] ·
E. Remington and
Sons, in the United States, introduce their No. 2 typewriter, the first with a shift key, enabling production of lower as well as upper case characters. ·
In Strasbourg, Alsace-Lorraine, the much studied stele of
the Roman legionary Caius Largennius is discovered. Births[edit] January–June[edit]
·
A. E. Coppard, English short story writer,
poet (d. 1957) ·
Augustus John, Welsh-born painter (d. 1961) ·
January 6 – Carl Sandburg, American poet, historian
(d. 1967) ·
January 9 – John B. Watson, American psychologist
(d. 1958) ·
January 11 – Theodoros
Pangalos, Greek general, politician, and President
of Greece (d. 1952) ·
January 12 – Ferenc Molnár, Hungarian-born author
(d. 1952) ·
January 16 – Harry Carey,
American actor (d. 1947) ·
January 20 – Finlay Currie, Scottish actor (d. 1968) ·
January 22 – Constance Collier,
English stage, screen actress (d. 1955) ·
January 23 – Rutland Boughton, English composer (d. 1960) ·
January 25 – Ernst Alexanderson,
Swedish-born television pioneer (d. 1975) ·
February 1 – Milan Hodža, Slovak politician, champion of
regional integration in Europe (d. 1944) ·
February 2 – Alfréd Hajós,
Hungarian swimmer, architect (d. 1955) ·
February 3 – Gordon Coates, 21st Prime Minister of New
Zealand (d. 1943) ·
February 5 – André Citroën,
French automobile manufacturer (d. 1935) ·
February 8 – Martin Buber, Austrian philosopher (d. 1965) ·
February 14 – Kōki Hirota, Prime Minister of
Japan (d. 1948) ·
Giacomo "James" Colosimo,
Italian-born American gangster (d. 1920) ·
Selim Palmgren, Finnish composer (d. 1951) ·
February 18 – Kate Gordon,
American psychologist (d. 1963) ·
February 21 – The Mother (Mirra Alfassa), multi-origined spiritual
leader and founder of Auroville, India
(d. 1973) ·
February 26 – Emmy Destinn, Czech soprano (d. 1930) ·
February 28 – Pierre Fatou, French mathematician (d. 1929) ·
March 4 ·
Egbert Van Alstyne,
American songwriter, pianist (d. 1951) ·
Peter D. Ouspensky,
Russian philosopher (d. 1947) ·
Arishima Takeo, Japanese novelist,
short-story writer and essayist (d. 1923) ·
March 5 – P. D. Ouspensky, Russian mathematician
(d. 1947) ·
March 16 – Clemens
August Graf von Galen, German Catholic cardinal (d. 1946) ·
March 22 – Michel Théato, Luxembourg athlete (d. 1919) ·
March 26 – Henry Gullett, Australian politician
(d. 1940) ·
March 31 – Jack Johnson,
American boxer (d. 1946) ·
April 1 – C. Ganesha Iyer, Ceylon Tamil Philologist (d. 1958) ·
April 4 – Stylianos Lykoudis,
Greek admiral (d. 1958) ·
April 6 ·
Erich Mühsam, German author (d. 1934) ·
Vicente Mejía
Colindres, 29th President of
Honduras (d. 1966) ·
April 24 – Jean Crotti, Swiss artist (d. 1958) ·
April 28 ·
Lionel Barrymore, American actor (d. 1954) ·
Willem Mengelberg,
Dutch conductor (d. 1951) ·
May 2 – Roy Atwell, American actor, comedian and
composer (d. 1962) ·
May 3 – Jean Chiappe, French civil servant (d. 1940) ·
May 10 – Gustav Stresemann, Chancellor
of Germany, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1929) ·
May 13 – Julia
Dean, American stage and film actress (d. 1952) ·
May 16 – Taylor Holmes, American actor (d. 1959) ·
May 18 – Dr. Prescott, American doctor,
explorer, and philanthropist (d. 1938) ·
May 21 – Glenn H. Curtiss, American aviation pioneer
(d. 1930) ·
May 25 – Bill Robinson, African-American tap dancer
(d. 1949) ·
May 27 – Anna Cervin, Swedish artist (d. 1972) ·
May 28 – Paul Pelliot, French sinologist (d. 1945) ·
June 1 – John Masefield, English poet, novelist
(d. 1967) ·
June 3 – Barney Oldfield, American automobile racer,
pioneer (d. 1946) ·
June 5 – Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary
(d. 1923) ·
June 12 – James Oliver Curwood,
American writer, conservationist (d. 1927) ·
June 20 – Will Mastin, American vaudevillian (d. 1975) ·
June 22 – John Burton Cleland,
Australian naturalist, microbiologist, mycologist and ornithologist (d. 1971) ·
June 27 – He Xiangning, Chinese revolutionary,
feminist, politician, painter and poet (d. 1972) July–December[edit]
·
July 1 – Gino Meneghetti, Italian thief (d. 1976) ·
July 3 – George M. Cohan, American singer, dancer,
composer, actor, and writer (d. 1942) ·
July 8 - Jimmy
Quinn, Scottish footballer (d. 1945) ·
July 10 – Otto Freundlich, German painter, sculptor
(d. 1943) ·
July 12 ·
Claude C. Bloch, American admiral (d. 1967) ·
Peeter Põld, Estonian pedagogical scientist,
politician (d. 1930) ·
July 16 – Andreas Hermes, German agricultural
scientist, politician (d. 1964) ·
July 17 – Mabel Van Buren, American actress (d. 1947) ·
July 24 – Edward
Plunkett, Baron Dunsany, Irish author (d. 1957) ·
August 1 – Konstantinos
Logothetopoulos, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1961) ·
August 2 – Princess
Ingeborg of Denmark, Princess of Sweden (d. 1958) ·
August 4 – Ernest Lundeen, American lawyer, politician
(d. 1940) ·
August 9 – Eileen Gray, Irish architect, furniture
designer (d. 1976) ·
August 10 – Alfred Döblin, German writer (d. 1957) ·
August 13 – Harold Clarke
Goddard, American professor, Shakespearean scholar (d. 1950) ·
August 19 – Manuel L. Quezon, 2nd President of
the Philippines (d. 1944) ·
August 27 – Pyotr
Nikolayevich Wrangel, Russian general, anti-Bolshevik leader
(d. 1928) ·
August 28 – George Whipple, American scientist,
recipient of the Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1976) ·
August 31 – Frank Jarvis, American athlete (d. 1933) ·
September 2 – Werner von Blomberg,
German field marshal (d. 1946) ·
September 5 – Robert von Lieben,
Austrian physicist (d. 1913) ·
September 9 – Sergio Osmena, 4th President of
the Philippines (d. 1961) ·
September 13 – Matilde Moisant, American pilot (d. 1964) ·
September 14 – Ion Farris, American politician,
former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives (d.
1934) ·
Robert Brooke-Popham,
British air chief marshal (d. 1953) ·
James O. Richardson,
American admiral (d. 1974) ·
September 20 – Upton Sinclair, American writer (d. 1968) ·
September 22 – Shigeru Yoshida, Prime Minister of
Japan (d. 1967) ·
September 24 – C. F. Ramuz,
Swiss writer (d. 1947) ·
October 1 – Othmar Spann, Austrian philosopher,
economist (d. 1950) ·
October 2 – Richard Spikes, African-American inventor
(d. 1963) ·
October 9 – Robert Warwick, American stage, screen actor
(d. 1964) ·
October 12 – Karl Buresch, 9th Chancellor of Austria
(d. 1936) ·
October 15 – Paul Reynaud, Prime Minister of France
(d. 1966) ·
October 16 – Maxie Long, American athlete (d. 1959) ·
October 17 – Louise Dresser, American actress (d. 1965) ·
October 29 – Alexander von
Falkenhausen, German general (d. 1966) ·
November 1 – Carlos Saavedra
Lamas, Argentine politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1959) ·
November 8 – Dorothea Bate, British archaeologist and
pioneer of archaeozoology (d. 1951) ·
Inigo Campioni, Italian admiral (d. 1944) ·
Julie Manet, French painter (d. 1966) ·
Leopold Staff, Polish poet (d. 1957) ·
November 17 – Grace Abbott, American social worker,
activist (d. 1939) ·
Ernest Joseph King,
Commander in Chief, United States Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations
(COMINCH-CNO) during World War II (d. 1956) ·
Frank Pick, British transport administrator,
designer (d. 1941) ·
November 27 – William Orpen, Irish artist (d. 1931) ·
December 1 – Nathaniel Baldwin,
American inventor, supporter of the early Mormon fundamentalist movement
(d. 1961) ·
December 10 – C. Rajagopalachari,
Indian politician, freedom fighter (d. 1972) ·
December 18 – Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union
(d. 1953) ·
Louis Chevrolet, Swiss-born race driver,
automobile builder (d. 1941) ·
Joseph Schenck, Russian-born American film
executive (d. 1961) ·
December 28 – Nikolai Bryukhanov,
Soviet statesman, political figure who served as People's Commissar of
Finances (d. 1938) ·
Elizabeth Arden, Canadian-born beautician,
cosmetics entrepreneur (d. 1966) ·
Horacio Quiroga, Argentine writer (d. 1937) Deaths[edit] January–June[edit]
King Victor
Emmanuel II of Italy
·
January 5 – Alfonso
Ferrero La Marmora, 6th Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1804) ·
January 8 – Nikolay Nekrasov, Russian poet (b. 1821) ·
January 9 – King Victor
Emmanuel II of Italy (b. 1820) ·
January 18 – Antoine César
Becquerel, French scientist (b. 1788) ·
February 7 – Pope Pius IX (b. 1792) ·
February 11 – Gideon Welles, American politician (b. 1802) ·
February 18 – John Tunstall, American rancher, merchant,
first man killed in the Lincoln County War (b. 1853) ·
February 19 – Charles-François
Daubigny, French painter (b. 1817) ·
February 26 – Angelo Secchi, Italian astronomer (b. 1818) ·
March 8 – Archduke
Franz Karl of Austria (b. 1802) ·
March 20 – Julius von Mayer, German physician,
physicist and one of the founders of thermodynamics (b. 1814) ·
March 27 – George Gilbert Scott,
British architect (b. 1811) ·
April 4 – Richard M. Brewer,
American gunslinger, cowboy (b. 1850) ·
April 5 – Buckshot Roberts, American buffalo hunter
who killed Richard M. Brewer (shot)
(b. 1831) ·
April 8 – Henrietta Treffz, Austrian soprano, first
wife of Johann Strauss II (b. 1818) ·
April 11 – Robert Wentworth
Little, British occultist (b. 1840) ·
April 12 – William M. Tweed, American politician
(b. 1823) ·
April 25 – Anna Sewell, English author (b. 1820) ·
May 12 – Anselme Payen, French chemist (b. 1795) ·
May 13 – Joseph Henry, American scientist (b. 1797) ·
May 14 – Ōkubo
Toshimichi, Japanese samurai, later leader of the Meiji
restoration (b. 1830) ·
May 28 – John
Russell, 1st Earl Russell, Prime
Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1792) ·
June 6 ·
Achille
Baraguey d'Hilliers, Marshal of France (b. 1795) ·
Robert Stirling, Scottish clergyman,
inventor (b. 1790) ·
June 12 – George V of Hanover (b. 1819) ·
June 27 – Sidney Breese, U.S. senator from
Illinois, father of the Illinois
Central Railroad (b. 1800) July–December[edit]
Saint Mariam Baouardy ·
July 1 – Catherine Winkworth,
English translator of hymns (b. 1827) ·
July 17 – Aleardo Aleardi, Italian poet (b. 1812) ·
July 23 – Carl
Freiherr von Rokitansky, Bohemian pathologist, philosopher and
politician (b. 1804) ·
August 13 – Henry James Montague,
English-born actor (b. 1844) ·
August 16 – Richard Upjohn, English-American architect
(b. 1802) ·
August 26 – Mariam Baouardy, Syrian Discalced Carmelite and Melkite
Greek Catholic nun and saint, canonized (b. 1846) ·
August 30 – James Geiss, English businessman (b. 1820) ·
September 7 – Mehmed Ali
Pasha, Prussian-born Ottoman military leader (b. 1827) ·
October 4 – Dora Hand, dance hall singer, actress (b.1844) ·
October 20 – Hiram Paulding, American admiral (b. 1797) ·
November 20 – William Thomas
(Islwyn), Welsh poet (b. 1832) ·
November 28 – Orson Hyde, American religious leader
(b. 1805) ·
December 10 – Henry Wells, American businessman (b. 1805) ·
December 14 – Princess Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine (b. 1843) ·
December 18 – W H Payne,
actor and mime artist (b. 1804) ·
December 25 – Henry K. Hoff, American admiral (b. 1809) In fiction[edit] ·
The Doctor Who novel Imperial Moon takes place in this
year. References[edit] 1.
^ Ruskin, John (1877-07-02). Fors Clavigera. 2.
^ Whistler, J. McNeill (1890). The
Gentle Art of Making Enemies. 3.
^ Borneman, Walter R. (2010). Rival Rails: The
Race to Build America's Greatest Transcontinental Railroad. Random House
Digital. p. 168. 4.
^ "V muzeu Emila Holuba se ukrýval kapský lev". Novinky.cz (in
Czech). 2009-05-22. Retrieved 2011-08-26. Further reading[edit] ·
Appletons' Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important
Events of the Year 1878. 18. New York: D. Appleton and Co. 1886. |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
