1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1918th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 918th year of the 2nd millennium, the 18th year of the 20th century, and the 9th year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1918, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Contents

This year is famous for the end of the First World War, on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month, as well as for the Spanish flu pandemic, that killed 50-100 million people worldwide.

Events[edit]

Below, events of World War I have the "WWI" prefix.

February 16: The Act of Independence of Lithuania

January[edit]

Main article: January 1918

· January – 1918 flu pandemic: The "Spanish flu" (influenza) is first observed in Haskell County, Kansas.^[1]

· January 4 – The Finnish Declaration of Independence is recognized by Russia, Sweden, Germany and France.

· January 8 – Woodrow Wilson delivers his Fourteen Points speech.

· January 9 – Battle of Bear Valley: U.S. troops engage Yaqui Indian warriors in a minor skirmish in Arizona, and one of the last battles of the American Indian Wars between the United States and Native Americans.

· January 12 – Finland enacts a "Mosaic Confessors" law, granting Finnish Jews civil rights.

· January 15 – The keel of HMS Hermes is laid in Britain, the first purpose-designed aircraft carrier to be laid down.

· January 18

· The Russian Constituent Assembly meets.

· The Historic Concert for the Benefit of Widows and Orphans of Austrian and Hungarian Soldiers is held at the Konzerthaus, Vienna.^[2]

· January 19 – The Russian Constituent Assembly proclaims the Russian Democratic Federative Republic, but is dissolved by the Bolshevik government on the same day.

· January 22 – The Ukrainian People's Republic declares independence from Bolshevik Russia.

· January 27 – The Finnish Civil War begins with the Battle of Kämärä.

February[edit]

Main article: February 1918

· February 1 – Cattaro Mutiny: Austrian sailors in the Gulf of Cattaro (Kotor), led by two Czech Socialists, mutiny.

· February 5 – The SS Tuscania is torpedoed off the Irish coast; it is the first ship carrying American troops to Europe to be torpedoed and sunk.

February 23: Estonian Declaration of Independence

· February 6 – Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom: Representation of the People Act gives most women over 30 the vote.^[3]

· February 14 – Russia switches from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar; the date skips from January 31 to February 14.

· February 16 – The Council of Lithuania adopts the Act of Independence of Lithuania, declaring Lithuania's independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

· February 19 – WWI: The Capture of Jericho by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins the British occupation of the Jordan Valley.

· February 19-25 – WWI: The Imperial Russian Navy evacuates Tallinn through thick ice, over the Gulf of Finland.

· February 21 – The last captive Carolina parakeet (the last breed of parrot native to the eastern United States) dies at the Cincinnati Zoo.

· February 24 – Estonia declares its independence from Russia, after seven centuries of foreign rule; German forces capture Tallinn the following day.

March[edit]

Main article: March 1918

· March 1 – WWI: German submarine U-19 sinks HMS Calgarian off Rathlin Island, Northern Ireland.

· March 3 – WWI: The Central Powers and Bolshevist Russia sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending Russia's involvement in the war.

· March 6

· The Finnish Army Corps of Aviation is founded as a forerunner of the Finnish Air Force (established on 4 May 1928). The blue swastika is adopted as its symbol, as a tribute to the Swedish explorer and aviator Eric von Rosen, who donated the first plane. Von Rosen had painted the Viking symbol on the plane as his personal lucky insignia.^[4]

· The first pilotless drone, the Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane developed by Elmer Sperry and Peter Cooper Hewitt, is test-flown in Long Island, New York, but development is scrapped in 1925, after its guidance system proves unreliable.

· March 7 – WWI: Finland forms an alliance with Germany.

· March 8 – WWI: The Battle of Tell 'Asur is launched by units of the British Army's Egyptian Expeditionary Forceagainst Ottoman defences from the Mediterranean Sea, across the Judaean Mountains to the edge of the Jordan Valley; it ends on March 12, with the move of much of the front line north into Ottoman territory.

· March 12 – Moscow becomes the capital of Soviet Russia.

· March 19 – The United States Congress establishes time zones, and approves daylight saving time (DST goes into effect on March 31).

· March 21–July 18 – WWI: The Spring Offensive by the German Army along the Western Front fails to make a breakthrough, despite large losses on each side, including nearly 20,000 British Army dead on the first day, Operation Michael.

· March 21 – WWI: The First Transjordan attack on Amman by units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins, with the passage of the Jordan River.

· March 23

· WWI: The giant German cannon, the 'Paris Gun' (Kaiser Wilhelm Geschütz), begins to shell Paris from 114 km (71 mi) away.

· In London at the Wood Green Empire, Chung Ling Soo (William E. Robinson, U.S.-born magician) dies during his trick, where he is supposed to "catch" two separate bullets (but one of them perforates his lung). He dies the following morning in a hospital.

· March 25

· The Belarusian People's Republic declares independence.

· Dr. Karl Muck, music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, is arrested under the Alien Enemies Act, and imprisoned for the duration of WWI.

· March 26 – Dr. Marie Stopes publishes her influential book Married Love in the U.K.

· March 27 – WWI: The First Battle of Amman is launched by units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, during the First Transjordan attack on Amman; it ends with their withdrawal on 31 March, back to the Jordan Valley.

· March 30 – March Days: Bolshevik and Armenian Revolutionary Federation forces suppress a Muslim revolt in Baku, Azerbaijan, resulting in up to 30,000 deaths.

April[edit]

Main article: April 1918

Styles of Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon, as presented in a vaudeville circuit pantomime and sketched by Marguerite Martyn of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in April 1918

· April 1 – The Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service in Britain are merged to form the Royal Air Force, the first autonomous Air Force in the world.

· April 5 – Sālote succeeds as Queen of Tonga; she will remain on the throne until her death in 1965.

· April 9 – Union of Bessarabia with Romania: Bessarabia votes to become part of the Kingdom of Romania.

· April 21 – WWI: Manfred von Richthofen, "The Red Baron", the war's most successful fighter pilot, dies in combat at Morlancourt Ridge near the Somme River.

· April 22 –Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia declare their independence from Russia as the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.

· April 23 – WWI:

· Conscription Crisis of 1918 in Ireland: A general strike is held here against conscription.

· Zeebrugge Raid: The British Royal Navy attempts to seal off the German U-boat base there.^[5]

· First Ostend Raid: The British Royal Navy unsuccessfully attempts to seal off the German U-boat base there.

· April 28 – WWI: Gavrilo Princip, assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, dies in Terezin, Austria-Hungary, after three years in prison.

· April 30 – WWI: The Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt, launched by units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, ends on 4 May, with their withdrawal back to the Jordan Valley.

May[edit]

Main article: May 1918

· May 1 – WWI: German troops enter Don Host Oblast; they take Rostov on May 8.

· May 2 – General Motors acquires the Chevrolet Motor Company of Delaware.

· May 7 – WWI: The British capture Kirkuk.

· May 9 – WWI – Second Ostend Raid: The British Royal Navy unsuccessfully attempts, for a second time, to seal off the German U-boat base there.

· May 11 – The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus is officially established.

· May 14 – The Three Minute Pause, initiated by the daily firing of the Noon Gun on Signal Hill, is instituted by Cape Town Mayor Sir Harry Hands. It will inspire the introduction of the two-minute silence in November 1919.^[6]

· May 15

· The Finnish Civil War ends.

· The United States Post Office Department begins the world's third regular airmail service, between New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C..^[7]

· May 16 – The Sedition Act of 1918 is approved by the U.S. Congress.

· May 20 – The small town of Codell, Kansas is hit for the third year in a row, on the same date, by a tornado.

· May 21 – The United States Army Aviation Section is separated from the Signal Corps, and divided into the Division of Military Aeronautics and the Bureau of Aircraft Production.

· May 24 – Canadian women (excluding Quebec) are granted the right to vote in federal elections.^[8]

· May 26 – The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic is abolished; Georgia declares its independence as the Democratic Republic of Georgia.

· May 27 – WWI: The Third Battle of the Aisne commences.

· May 28 – Armenia and Azerbaijan declare their independence as the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic respectively.

· May 29 – WWI: The week-long Battle of Sardarabad concludes with defending Armenian forces victorious over the Ottomans.

· May 29–30 – WWI: Battle of Skra di Legen – The Greek National Defence Army Corps defeats the Bulgarians.

June[edit]

June 10: Austro-Hungarian battleship Szent István sunk by Italian torpedo boats

Szent István

Main article: June 1918

· June – August – The "Spanish 'flu" becomes pandemic.^[9] Over 30 million people die in the following 6 months.

· June 1 – WWI: The Battle of Belleau Wood begins.

· June 4 – RMS Kenilworth Castle, one of the Union-Castle Line steamships, collides with her escort destroyer HMS Rivalwhile trying to avoid her other escort, the cruiser HMS Kent.

· June 5 – The Afrikaner Broederbond, a confidential cultural organisation, is founded in Johannesburg.

· June 8 – V603 Aquilae, the brightest nova observed since Kepler's of 1604, is discovered.

· June 10 – WWI: The Austro-Hungarian dreadnought battleship SMS Szent István is sunk by two Italian MAS motor torpedo boats, off the Dalmatian coast.

· June 12

· Grand Duke Michael of Russia is murdered, thereby becoming the first of the Romanovs to be murdered by the Bolsheviks.

· WWI: The first airplane bombing raid by an American unit in France is carried out.

· June 16 – The Declaration to the Seven, a British government response to a memorandum issued anonymously by seven Syrian notables, is published.

· June 22 – Suspects in the Chicago Restaurant Poisonings are arrested, and more than 100 waiters are taken into custody, for poisoning restaurant customers with a lethal powder called Mickey Finn.

July[edit]

Main article: July 1918

· July 3 – Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War: The Siberian Intervention is launched by the Allies, to extract the Czechoslovak Legion from the Russian Civil War.

· July 4 – Mehmed VI succeeds as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire on the death of his half-brother Mehmed V (Reşâd, who has reigned since 1909), himself reigning until the Sultanate is abolished in 1922.

· July 9 – Great Train Wreck of 1918: in Nashville, Tennessee, an inbound local train collides with an outbound express, killing 101.

· July 12 – The Imperial Japanese Navy battleship Kawachi blows up off Tokuyama, Yamaguchi, western Honshu, Japan, killing at least 621.

· July 13 – The National Czechoslovak Committee is established.

· July 14 – The film The Glorious Adventure is released in the United States, featuring Mammy Lou, who becomes one of the oldest people ever to star in a film, at a claimed age of 114.

· July 15 – WWI: Second Battle of the Marne: The battle begins near the River Marne, with a German attack.

July 17: Execution of the Romanov family

· July 17

· WWI: RMS Carpathia (famed for rescuing survivors of the RMS Titanic) is torpedoed and sunk off the east coast of Ireland, by Imperial German Navy submarine U-55; 218 of the 223 on board are rescued.^[10]

· Execution of the Romanov family: By order of the Bolshevik Party, and carried out by the Cheka, former emperor Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, their children, Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, Alexei and retainers are shot at the Ipatiev House, in Ekaterinburg, Russia.

August[edit]

Main article: August 1918

· August 2 – North Russia Intervention: British anti-Bolshevik forces occupy Arkhangelsk.

· August 3 – WWI: Australian hospital ship HMAT Warilda is torpedoed and sunk in the English Channel on passage from Le Havre to Southampton by German submarine SM UC-49 with the loss of 123 of the 801 people on board.^[11]

· August 8 – WWI: Battle of Amiens – British, Canadian and Australian troops begin a string of almost continuous victories, the 'Hundred Days Offensive', with an 8-mile push through the German front lines, taking 12,000 prisoners. German General Erich Ludendorff later calls this the "black day of the German Army".^[12]

· August 10 – Russian Revolution: The British commander in Archangel is told to help the White Russians.

· August 16 – The Battle of Lake Baikal is fought by the Czechoslovak legion, against the Red Army.

· August 21 – WWI: The Second Battle of the Somme begins.

· August 23 – The Bessarabian Peasants' Party is created.

· August 27 – Battle of Ambos Nogales: U.S. Army forces skirmish against Mexican Carrancistas and their German advisors at Nogales, Arizona, in the only battle of WWI fought on United States soil.

· August 30

· 20,000 London policemen strike for increased pay and union recognition.

· In response to the October Revolution in Russia, Vladimir Lenin is shot and wounded by Fanny Kaplan in Moscow, but survives.

· Moisei Uritsky, the Petrograd head of the Cheka, is assassinated.

August 30: Attempted assassination of Lenin, depicted by Vladimir Pchelin

September[edit]

Main article: September 1918

· September – WWI: British armies and their Arab allies roll into Syria.

· September 3 – The Bolshevik government of Russia published the first official announcement of the Red Terror, a period of repression against political opponents, as an "Appeal to the Working Class" in the newspaper Izvestia.^[13]

· September 5 – Russian Civil War: The Kazan Operation begins. The event continues for 5 days, and solidifies the Red Army's power in Russia over the White Army.

· September 14 – WWI: The Balkan front offensive by the Serbian Army begins.

· September 15–18 – WWI – Battle of Dobro Pole in the Vardar Offensive of the Balkans Campaign: The Allied Army of the Orient defeats Bulgarian defenders.

· September 19 – WWI:

· The British Army's Egyptian Expeditionary Force launches the Battle of Megiddo, incorporating the Battle of Sharon, and the Battle of Nablus, an attack in the Judaean Mountains. This day are fought the Battle of Tulkarm, and the Battle of Arara, which break the Ottoman front line stretching from the Mediterranean coast to the Judaean Mountains, while the Battle of Tabsor extends into September 20.

· The Third Transjordan attack in the Jordan Valley begins.

· September 20 – WWI: The British Army's Desert Mounted Corps launches the

· Battle of Nazareth by 5th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army);

· Capture of Afulah and Beisan by the 4th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army);

· Capture of Jenin by the Australian Mounted Division, almost encircling the Yildirim Army Group still in the Judaean Mountains.

· September 25 – WWI:

· The Battle of Megiddo ends with the Battle of Haifa, Battle of Samakh, and Capture of Tiberias.

· The Third Transjordan attack ends with ANZAC Mounted Division victory at the Second Battle of Amman, with the subsequent capture at Ziza of the Ottoman II Corps, and more than 10,000 Ottoman and German prisoners.

· September 26 – WWI: The Capture of Damascus begins, with the Charge at Irbid by the 4th Cavalry Division.

· September 27 – WWI: The Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub, launched by the Australian Mounted Division, continues the advance towards Damascus.

· September 29 – WWI:

· Allied forces break through the Hindenburg Line.

· Bulgaria requests an armistice.

· September 30 – WWI:

· The Charge at Kaukab is begun by units of the Australian Mounted Division.

· The Charge at Kiswe is begun by 4th Cavalry Division, continuing the Desert Mounted Corps' advance to Damascus.

October[edit]

Main article: October 1918

· October 1 – WWI: The Desert Mounted Corps captures Damascus.

· October 2 – WWI: The Charge at Khan Ayash is begun north of Damascus, by the 3rd Light Horse Brigade.

· October 3

· Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany appoints Max von Baden Chancellor of Germany.

· King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria abdicates in the wake of the Bulgarian military collapse in WWI. He is succeeded by his son, Boris III.

· WWI: The Pursuit to Haritan by the Desert Mounted Corps begins.

· October 4

· Wilhelm II of Germany forms a new more liberal government, to sue for peace.

· The T. A. Gillespie Company Shell Loading Plant explosion in New Jersey kills 100+, and destroys enough ammunition to supply the Western Front for 6 months.

· October 7 – The Regency Council (Poland) declares Polish independence from the German Empire, and demands that Germany cede the Polish provinces of Poznań, Upper Silesia and Polish Pommerania.

· October 8–10 – WWI: Second Battle of Cambrai: British and Canadian troops take Cambrai from the Germans.

· October 8 – WWI: In the Forest of Argonne in France, U.S. Corporal Alvin C. York almost single-handedly kills 25 German soldiers, and captures 132.

· October 9 – Landgrave Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse is elected King of Finland.

· October 11 – The 7.1 M_w San Fermín earthquake shakes Puerto Rico with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing 76–116 people. A destructive tsunami contributes to the damage and loss of life.

· October 12 – Cloquet Fire: The city of Cloquet, Minnesota, and nearby areas are destroyed in a fire, killing 453.

· October 18 – The Washington Declaration proclaims the independent Czechoslovak Republic.

· October 24 – WWI: The Battle of Vittorio Veneto opens.

· October 25

· WWI: Aleppo is captured, by Prince Feisal's Sheifial Forces.

· The steamer Princess Sophia sinks on Vanderbilt Reef near Juneau, Alaska; 353 people die, in the greatest maritime disaster in the Pacific Northwest.

· October 26 – WWI – Charge at Haritan: Units of the Desert Mounted Corps battle with Ottoman forces for the last time in WWI.

· October 28

· Czechoslovakia declares its independence from Austria-Hungary.

· A new Polish government is declared in Western Galicia (Eastern Europe).

· October 29

· The Wilhelmshaven mutiny of the German High Seas Fleet breaks out.

· The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs declares its independence from Austria-Hungary.

· October 30

· The Martin Declaration is published, including Slovakia in the formation of the Czecho-Slovak state.

· The Armistice of Mudros ends conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I, and grants independence to the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen.

· October 31 – The Hungarian government terminates the personal union with Austria, officially dissolving the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

November[edit]

Main article: November 1918

· November 1

· The Polish–Ukrainian War is inaugurated, by the proclamation of the West Ukrainian People's Republic in Galicia, with a capital at Lwów.

· Serbian forces recapture Belgrade.

· Malbone Street Wreck: The worst rapid transit accident in world history occurs under the intersection of Malbone Street and Flatbush Avenue, in Brooklyn, New York City, with at least 93 dead.

· November 3

· WWI: Austria-Hungary enters an armistice with the Allies, at the Villa Giusti in Padua.

· Poland declares its independence from Russia.

· German Revolution: Sailors in the German fleet at Kiel mutiny, and throughout northern Germany soldiers and workers begin to establish revolutionary councils, on the Russian soviet model.

· November 4 – WWI: The Armistice of Villa Giusti ends warfare between Italy and Austria-Hungary, on the Italian Front.

· November 6 – A new Polish government is proclaimed in Lublin.

· November 7 – King Ludwig of Bavaria flees his country.

· November 8 – The German army withdraws its support of the Kaiser. The German Armistice delegation arrives at Compiègne Forest in France.

November 9: Proclamation of German Republic by Philipp Scheidemann in Berlin on the Reichstag balcony

· November 9

· Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany abdicates and chooses to live in exile in the Netherlands.

· The German Republic is proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann in Berlin, on the Reichstag balcony.

· Provisional National Council Minister-President Kurt Eisner declares Bavaria to be a republic.

· British battleship HMS Britannia is sunk by a German submarine off Trafalgar, with the loss of around fifty lives (the last major naval engagement of WWI).

November 11: Signatories to the Armistice with Germany (Compiègne), ending WWI, pose outside Marshal Foch's railway carriage

November 11: Front page of The New York Times on Armistice Day

· November 11

· End of WWI – Armistice with Germany (Compiègne): Germany signs an armistice agreement with the Allies, between 5:12 AM and 5:20 AM, in Marshal Foch's railroad car in Compiègne Forest in France. It becomes official on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month.^[14]

· Poland regains independence, after 123 years of partitions. Józef Piłsudski is appointed Commander-in-Chief.

· Emperor Charles I of Austria gives up his absolute power, but does not abdicate.

· November 12 – Austria becomes a republic.

· November 13

· The Allied Occupation of Constantinople begins.

· Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden, relinquishes all governing duties.

· November 14

· German East African troops are informed of the armistice on 11 November.

· The provisional government of Baden proclaims the Freie Volksrepublik Baden ("Free Peoples' Republic of Baden").

· Czechoslovakia becomes a republic.

· Józef Piłsudski is appointed head of state of Poland.

· November 16 – The Hungarian Democratic Republic is declared, marking Hungary's independence from Austria.

· November 18 – Latvia declares its independence from Russia.

· November 20 – U-boats start to rendezvous off Harwich, to begin the surrender of the High Seas Fleet to the British Royal Navy; in the following week the German warships are escorted to internment in Scapa Flow.^[15]

· November 21 – Lwów pogrom: Polish troops, volunteers and freed criminals massacre at least 320 Ukrainian Christians and Jews in Lwów, Galicia.

· November 22

· The Spartacist League founds the German Communist Party.

· The Belgian royal family returns to Brussels after the war, King Albert I having commanded the Allied Army group in the autumn Courtrai offensive, which liberated his country.

· Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden, abdicates; the Grand Duchy of Baden gives way to the Republic of Baden.

· November 23 – British military government of Palestine begins.^[16]

· November 25 – General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, German commander in German East Africa, signs a ceasefire at Abercorn in Northern Rhodesia.

· November 26 – The Podgorica Assembly votes for a "union of the people", declaring its union with the Kingdom of Serbia.

· November 28 – Estonian War of Independence: The Red Army invades Estonia, starting the war. The Commune of the Working People of Estonia is established as a Soviet puppet state in Narva on the next day.

· November 29 – Serbia annexes Montenegro.

· November 30 – Ernest Ansermet conducts the first concert by the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande.

December[edit]

Main article: December 1918

· December 1

· Iceland regains independence, but remains in personal union with the King of Denmark, who also becomes the King of Iceland until 1944.

· New voting laws in Sweden makes votes no longer dependent on taxable assets, each adult having one vote.

· The Union of Alba Iulia is proclaimed: Following the March 27 incorporation of Bessarabia and Bucovina, Transylvania unites with the Kingdom of Romania.

· The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (which later becomes the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) is proclaimed.

Flag of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes

· December 4 – President Woodrow Wilson departs by ship to the Paris Peace Conference, becoming the first United States President to travel to Europe while holding office.

· December 5 – Estonian War of Independence: The British light cruiser HMS Cassandra strikes a mine and sinks near Saaremaa in the Baltic Sea, killing 11 sailors.^[17]

· December 14

· Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse renounces the Finnish throne.

· Portuguese President Sidónio Pais is assassinated.

· December 16 – Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas declares the formation of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, a puppet state created by the Russian SFSR to justify the Lithuanian–Soviet War.

· December 17 – Darwin Rebellion in Australia: Disaffected workers march on Government House, Darwin, demanding the resignation of the Administrator of the Northern Territory, John A. Gilruth.

· December 20 – Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk returns to the Czechoslovak Republic.

· December 21 – Estonian War of Independence: The Red Army captures Tartu, Estonia.

· December 27 – Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19): Poles in Greater Poland (the former Grand Duchy of Posen) rise up against the Germans, ignited by a patriotic speech made in Poznań by pianist and politician Ignacy Jan Paderewski.

· December 28 – Sinn Féin enjoys a landslide victory in Irish seats in the Irish general election (part of the United Kingdom general election, 1918), following the counting of votes, winning 73 of the 105 seats in Ireland. In accordance with their manifesto, Sinn Féin members will not take their seats in the Palace of Westminster but will form the First Dáil in Dublin. Countess Constance Markievicz, while detained in Holloway Prison (London), becomes the first woman elected to (but does not take her seat in) the British House of Commons.^[18]

· December 31 – A British-brokered ceasefire ends the two weeks of fighting in the Georgian–Armenian War.

Date unknown[edit]

· The Native American Church is formally founded in Oklahoma.

· The Association Against the Prohibition Amendment is founded to promote repeal of Prohibition in the United States.

· United Business Media is founded in London, as United Newspapers Ltd.

· Around 1,000 pilot whales strand in the Chatham Islands.

Births[edit]

January[edit]

· January 1 – Patrick Anthony Porteous, Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross (d. 2000)

· January 2 – Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse, German typographer, calligrapher and book-binder

· January 9 – Alma Ziegler, American female professional baseball player (d. 2005)

· January 10 – Arthur Chung, 1st President of Guyana (d. 2008)

· January 11 – Kassim Al-Rimawi, Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1982)

· January 12 – Mike Laffin, Canadian politician, dentist

· January 14 – Dimitri Tsafendas, South African criminal (d. 1999)

· January 15

· João Figueiredo, 30th President of Brazil (d. 1999)

· Ira B. Harkey Jr., American newspaper editor (d. 2006)

· Gamal Abdel Nasser, 2nd President of Egypt (d. 1970)

· Deryck Stapleton, British Royal Air Force officer (d. 2018)

· January 16

· Nel Benschop, Dutch poet (d. 2005)

· Allan Ekelund, Swedish film producer (d. 2009)

· Stirling Silliphant, American writer, producer (d. 1996)

· January 17

· Kamal Amrohi, Indian director, screenwriter (d. 1993)

· George M. Leader, American politician (d. 2013)

· January 19

· Peter Hobbs, American actor (d. 2011)

· John H. Johnson, African-American publisher, founder of Ebony (d. 2005)

· January 20

· Juan García Esquivel, Mexican bandleader (d. 2002)

· Nevin S. Scrimshaw, American food scientist (d. 2013)

· January 21

· Chichay, Filipino actress (d. 1993)

· Richard D. Winters, U.S. Army officer (d. 2011)

· January 22 – Elmer Lach, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2015)

· January 23 – Gertrude B. Elion, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1999)

· January 24 – Oral Roberts, American neo-Pentecostal televangelist (d. 2009)

· January 25 – Ernie Harwell, American baseball sportscaster (d. 2010)

· January 26

· Nicolae Ceaușescu, Romanian dictator (d. 1989)

· Philip José Farmer, American writer (d. 2009)

· Vito Scotti, American character actor (d. 1996)

· January 27

· Skitch Henderson, English-born musician, bandleader (d. 2005)

· Elmore James, American musician (d. 1963)

· January 29

· Luis Aguilar, Mexican actor, singer (d. 1997)

· John Forsythe, American actor (Dynasty) (d. 2010)

· January 30 – Bazilije Pandžić, Croatian historian, archivist and orientalist

· January 31 – Millie Dunn Veasey, African-American civil rights activist (d. 2018)

February[edit]

Julian Schwinger

Otis R. Bowen

· February 1

· Carlos Fayt, Argentine lawyer, politician and academic (d. 2016)

· Dame Muriel Spark, Scottish author (d. 2006)

· February 2 – Hella Haasse, Dutch writer (d. 2011)

· February 3

· Joey Bishop, American entertainer, member of the "Rat Pack" (d. 2007)

· Martin Greenberg, American poet and translator

· Helen Stephens, American runner (d. 1994)

· February 4

· Ida Lupino, Anglo-American actress, screenwriter, director and producer (d. 1995)

· Clive Bossom, British politician (d. 2017)

· February 6 – Lothar-Günther Buchheim, German author (d. 2007)

· February 7 – Markey Robinson, Irish painter (d. 1999)

· February 8

· Fred Blassie, American professional wrestler, novelty singer (Pencil Neck Geek) (d. 2003)

· Walter Newton Read, American lawyer, second chairman of the New Jersey Casino Control Commission (d. 2001)

· February 12 – Julian Schwinger, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994)

· February 15

· Allan Arbus, American actor (M*A*S*H) (d. 2013)

· Smilja Avramov, Serbian academic, authority and educator in international law (d. 2018)

· William T. Young, American businessman (d. 2004)

· February 16 – Patty Andrews, American singer (The Andrews Sisters) (d. 2013)

· February 17 – William Bronk, American poet (d. 1999)

· February 19 – Fay McKenzie, American silent film actress

· February 21 – Robert E. Thacker, American aviator and test pilot

· February 22

· Charlie Finley, American owner of the Oakland A's (1960–80) (d. 1996)

· Don Pardo, American television announcer (Saturday Night Live) (d. 2014)

· Robert Pershing Wadlow, American tallest man record-holder (d. 1940)

· February 25

· Barney Ewell, American athlete (d. 1996)

· Bobby Riggs, American tennis player (d. 1995)

· February 26

· Herbert Blaize, 6th Prime Minister of Grenada (d. 1989)

· Otis R. Bowen, American politician (d. 2013)

· Lloyd Geering, New Zealand theologian

· Theodore Sturgeon, American writer (d. 1985)

· February 28 – Alfred Burke, English actor (d. 2011)

March[edit]

· March 1

· Franz Becker, German footballer

· Roger Delgado, British actor (d. 1973)

· João Goulart, 24th President of Brazil (d. 1976)

· James N. Morgan, American economist (d. 2018)

· March 2 – Martin Flannery, British politician (d. 2006)

· March 3

· Arthur Kornberg, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2007)

· Fritz Thiedemann, German equestrian (d. 2000)

· March 4 – Margaret Osborne duPont, American female tennis player (d. 2012)

· March 5

· Shlomo Lorincz, member of Israeli Knesset for Agudat Yisrael (d. 2009)

· James Tobin, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2002)

· March 9

· George Lincoln Rockwell, American Nazi leader (d. 1967)

· Mickey Spillane, American writer (d. 2006)

· March 10 – Günther Rall, German ace fighter pilot (d. 2009)

· March 11 – Jack Coe, American evangelist (d. 1956)

· March 12 – Elaine de Kooning, American artist (d. 1989)

· March 13 – Eddie Pellagrini, American baseball player, coach (d. 2006)

· March 14 – John McCallum, Australian actor (d. 2010)

· March 15 – William McIntyre, Canadian Puisne Justice (d. 2009)

· March 16 – Frederick Reines, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)

· March 17 – Viviane Gauthier, Haitian dancer (d. 2017)

· March 18 – Bob Broeg, American sports writer (d. 2005)

· March 20 – Jack Barry, American television game show host, producer (d. 1984)

· March 22 – Cheddi Jagan, 4th President of Guyana (d. 1997)

· March 23

· Stick McGhee, American jump blues singer, guitarist, and songwriter (d. 1961)

· Émile Derlin Zinsou, President of Benin (d. 2016)

· March 25 – Howard Cosell, American attorney, lecturer, and sports journalist (d. 1995)

· March 26 – Lloyd McCuiston, American politician

· March 28 – Gonzalo Facio Segreda, Costa Rican lawyer, politician, and diplomat (d. 2018)

· March 29

· Pearl Bailey, African-American singer, actress (d. 1990)

· Shirley Jameson, American female baseball player (d. 1993)

· Sam Walton, founder of Wal-Mart (d. 1992)

April[edit]

Betty Ford

William Holden

Kai Siegbahn

· April 1 – Milt Earnhart, American politician

· April 6

· Alfredo Ovando Candía, President of Bolivia (d. 1982)

· George Corones, Australian senior swimmer

· April 7 – Bobby Doerr, American baseball player (d. 2017)

· April 8

· Betty Ford, First Lady of the United States (d. 2011)

· Charles P. Roland, American historian

· April 9 – Jørn Utzon, Danish architect (d. 2008)

· April 10 – H. S. Doreswamy, Indian activist, journalist

· April 11 – Jean-Claude Servan-Schreiber, French journalist, politician (d. 2018)

· April 14 – Mary Healy, American actress, variety entertainer and singer (d. 2015)

· April 15 – Edmund Jones, American politician

· April 16

· Spike Milligan, Irish comedian (d. 2002)

· Murray Westgate, Canadian actor (d. 2018)

· April 17

· William Holden, American actor (d. 1981)

· Frank Popper, French historian

· Anne Shirley, American actress (d. 1993)

· April 18

· Gabriel Axel, Danish film director (d. 2014)

· Claudio Teehankee, Filipino lawyer (d. 1989)

· Shinobu Hashimoto, Japanese screenwriter (d. 2018)

· Clifton Hillegass, American author, founder of CliffsNotes (d. 2001)

· April 20

· Edward L. Beach, Jr., American naval officer, author (d. 2002)

· Kai Siegbahn, Swedish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2007)

· April 22

· Mickey Vernon, American baseball player (d. 2008)

· William Jay Smith, American poet (d. 2015)

· April 24 – Lou Dorfsman, American graphic designer (d. 2008)

· April 26 – Fanny Blankers-Koen, Dutch athlete (d. 2004)

· April 27 – John Rice, American baseball umpire (d. 2011)

· April 28

· Mildred Persinger, American feminist

· Karl-Eduard von Schnitzler, East German journalist, host of the television show Der schwarze Kanal (d. 2001)

· Rodger Wilton Young, United States Army soldier, remembered in the song "The Ballad of Rodger Young" (d. 1943)

· April 29 – George Allen, American football coach (d. 1990)

May[edit]

Mike Wallace

Richard Feynman

Yasuhiro Nakasone

· May 1

· Jack Paar, American television show host (The Tonight Show) (d. 2004)

· Li Yaowen, Chinese politician, general and diplomat (d. 2018)

· May 3 – Richard Dudman, American reporter, editorial writer (St. Louis Post-Dispatch) (d. 2017)

· May 4

· Kakuei Tanaka, former Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1993)

· Ana Enriqueta Terán, Venezuelan poet (d. 2017)

· May 5 – Egidio Galea, Maltese Roman Catholic priest (d. 2005)

· May 6

· Henrietta Boggs, Costa Rican-American author, journalist and activist

· Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, 1st President of the United Arab Emirates (d. 2004)

· May 9

· Russell M. Carneal, American politician, judge (d. 1998)

· Orville Freeman, American politician (d. 2003)

· Mike Wallace, American journalist (d. 2012)

· May 10

· T. Berry Brazelton, American pediatrician (d. 2018)

· George Welch, American aviator (d. 1954)

· May 11 – Richard Feynman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988)

· May 12 – Julius Rosenberg, American-born Soviet spy (d. 1953)

· May 15

· Eddy Arnold, American country music singer (d. 2008)

· Joseph Wiseman, Canadian actor (d. 2009)

· May 16 – Wilf Mannion, English footballer (d. 2000)

· May 17

· A. C. Lyles, American film producer (d. 2013)

· Bolesław Gładych, Polish World War II flying ace (d. 2011)

· Birgit Nilsson, Swedish soprano (d. 2005)

· May 18

· Claudia Bryar, American actress (d. 2011)

· Joe Krush, American illustrator

· May 19 – Abraham Pais, Dutch-born American physicist (d. 2000)

· May 20 – Edward B. Lewis, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)

· May 23

· Frank Mancuso, American major league baseball player, politician (d. 2007)

· Naomi Replansky, American poet

· May 27 – Yasuhiro Nakasone, 45th Prime Minister of Japan

· May 28

· Johnny Wayne, Canadian comedian (d. 1990)

· Norbert Franck, Luxembourgian swimmer (d. 2006)

· May 30

· Károly Doncsecz, Slovenian potter (d. 2002)

· Martin Lundstrom, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2016)

· May 31 – Margaret Todd, Canadian female golfer

June[edit]

· June 2 – Kathryn Tucker Windham, American writer, storyteller (d. 2011)

· June 3 – Charlie Aldrich, American country musician

· June 4 – Johnny Klein, American drummer (d. 1997)

· June 6

· Kenneth Connor, English comedy stage, radio, film and television actor (d. 1993)

· Edwin G. Krebs, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2009)

· June 8 – Robert Preston, American actor (The Music Man) (d. 1987)

· June 9 – John Hospers, American philosopher (d. 2011)

· June 10

· Wood Moy, American actor (d. 2017)

· Patachou, French singer (d. 2015)

· June 11 – Hugo Scheltema, Dutch diplomat (d. 1996)

· June 12 – Jerry A. Moore Jr., American politician (d. 2017)

· June 15 – François Tombalbaye, 1st President of Chad (d. 1975)

· June 17

· Raúl Padilla (alias El Chato), Mexican actor (d. 1994)

· Derek Barber, Baron Barber of Tewkesbury, British life peer (d. 2017)

· Ajahn Chah Subaddho, Buddhist teacher (d. 1992)

· June 18

· Jerome Karle, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)

· Franco Modigliani, Italian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2003)

· Angel Martín Taboas, Puerto Rican-American politician

· Elisabeth Waldo, American violinist, composer

· June 21

· Adriana Sivieri, Argentine-born Italian film actress

· Josephine Webb, American engineer

· Dee Molenaar, American mountaineer, author and artist

· Allan Lindberg, Swedish pole vaulter (d. 2004)

· June 22 – Cicely Saunders, English Anglican nurse, social worker, physician and writer (d. 2005)

· June 23 – Paul Ashbee, British archaeologist (d. 2009)

· June 24

· Yong Nyuk Lin, Singaporean politician (d. 2012)

· Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky, Ukrainian Catholic bishop (d. 2000)

· June 25

· Lady Cynthia Postan, English horticulturist (d. 2017)

· Sid Tepper, American songwriter (d. 2015)

· June 26

· Helmut Kuhny, German politician

· Leo Rosner, Polish-born Austrian Jewish musician (d. 2008)

· Raleigh Rhodes, American combat fighter pilot (d. 2007)

· June 27

· Willy Breinholst, Danish humorist, writer (d. 2009)

· Adolph Kiefer, American former competition swimmer (d. 2017)

· June 28 – Marshall Brown, American professional basketball player (d. 2008)

· June 29

· Francis W. Nye, United States Air Force major general

· Jeanne Manet, French actress

· Gene La Rocque, U.S. admiral (d. 2016)

· Heini Lohrer, Swiss ice hockey player (d. 2011)

· June 30 – Des Case, Welsh rugby union, professional rugby league footballer

July[edit]

· July 1

· Ralph Young, American singer, actor (d. 2008)

· Ahmed Deedat, South African writer, public speaker (d. 2005)

· Pedro Yap, Filipino lawyer (d. 2003)

· July 2

· Athos Bulcão, Brazilian painter, sculptor (d. 2008)

· Indumati Bhattacharya, Indian politician

· July 3

· Shirley Adelson Siegel, American activist and lawyer

· Johnny Palmer, American golfer (d. 2006)

· Benjamin C. Thompson, American architect (d. 2002)

· Lorenzo Robledo, Spanish actor (d. 2006)

· July 4

· King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV of Tonga (d. 2006)

· Alec Bedser, English cricketer (d. 2010)

· Eric Bedser, English cricketer (d. 2006)

· Ann Landers, American advice columnist (d. 2002)

· Joe Fortunato, American football, basketball, and baseball coach (d. 2004)

· Pauline Phillips, American advice columnist, popularly known as Abigail Van Buren (d. 2013)

· July 5

· Zakaria Mohieddin, Egyptian general, politician (d. 2012)

· Brian James, Australian actor (d. 2009)

· George Rochberg, American composer (d. 2005)

· Miguel Ángel Sanz Bocos, Spanish fighter pilot (d. 2018)

· Nikos Papatakis, Greek Ethiopian-born naturalised French filmmaker (d. 2010)

· July 6

· Sebastian Cabot, English actor (d. 1977)

· J. Dewey Daane, American economist (d. 2017)

· Herm Fuetsch, American professional basketball player (d. 2010)

· Francisco Moncion, Dominican-American dancer, charter member of New York City Ballet (d. 1995)

· July 7

· Bob Vanatta, American head basketball coach (d. 2016)

· Jing Shuping, Chinese businessman (d. 2009)

· July 8

· Edward B. Giller, U.S. major general (d. 2017)

· Julia Pirie, British spy working for MI5 (d. 2008)

· Oluf Reed-Olsen, Norwegian resistance member, pilot (d. 2002)

· Craig Stevens, American actor (d. 2000)

· Paul B. Fay, American businessman, soldier, and diplomat, 12th United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 2009)

· July 9 – Jarl Wahlström, Salvation Army general (d. 1999)

· July 10

· Chuck Stevens, American major baseball (d. 2018)

· Frank L. Lambert, American professor emeritus of chemistry at Occidental College

· July 11 – Venetia Burney, English woman known for being the first person to suggest the name Pluto for the planet in 1930 (d. 2009)

· July 12

· Doris Grumbach, American novelist, memoirist, biographer, literary critic, and essayist

· Mary Glen-Haig, British Olympic fencer (d. 2014)

· Alice Van-Springsteen, American stuntwoman, jockey (d. 2008)

· Vivian Mason, American actress (d. 2009)

· Paul Stenn, American football offensive tackle (d. 2003)

· July 13

· Ted Oldfield, English footballer (d. 2006)

· Alberto Ascari, Italian race car driver (d. 1955)

· July 14

· T. M. Aluko, Nigerian writer (d. 2010)

· Ingmar Bergman, Swedish film director (d. 2007)

· Jay Wright Forrester, American computer engineer, systems scientist (d. 2016)

· July 15

· Paddy Bassett, New Zealand Scientist

· Bertram Brockhouse, Canadian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2003)

· Aubrey Buxton, Baron Buxton of Alsa, British soldier, politician, television executive and writer (d. 2009)

· Arthur Dimmock, English writer, journalist and historian (d. 2007)

· Brenda Milner, Canadian neuropsychologist

· July 16

· Pituka de Foronda, Spanish actress (d. 1999)

· Leonard T. Schroeder, American colonel (d. 2009)

· Paul Farnes, famed World War II Royal Air Force (RAF) fighter pilot, one of "The Few" surviving pilots of the Battle of Britain

· Jim Vickers-Willis, Australian journalist (d. 2008)

· Samuel Victor Perry, British biochemist (d. 2009)

· Denis Edward Arnold, English soldier (d. 2015)

· July 17

· Chandler Robbins, American ornithologist (d. 2017)

· Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio, President of Guatemala (d. 2003)

· July 18

· Lia Dorana, Dutch comedian, actress (d. 2010)

· James Duesenberry, American economist (d. 2009)

· Warren Hair, American professional basketball player (d. 2006)

· Nelson Mandela, 1st President of South Africa and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2013)

· July 20

· Auður Laxness, Icelandic writer, craftsperson (d. 2012)

· Eric Longworth, British actor (d. 2008)

· Cindy Walker, American songwriter (d. 2006)

· Edward S. Little, American diplomat (d. 2004)

· July 21 – Elsa Kobberstad, Norwegian schoolteacher, politician (d. 2007)

· July 22

· Lila Zali, Georgian-born American prima ballerina (d. 2003)

· Stanley Lebergott, American government economist (d. 2009)

· July 23

· Abraham Bueno de Mesquita, Dutch comedian, actor (d. 2005)

· Carl T. Langford, American politician (d. 2011)

· July 24

· Ruggiero Ricci, Italian-born violinist (d. 2012)

· Antonio Candido, Brazilian literary critic, sociologist (d. 2017)

· Irving London, American hematologist and geneticist (d. 2018)

· July 25

· Jane Frank, American artist (d. 1986)

· Alexander McKee, British journalist, military historian and diver, discoverer of the Mary Rose (d. 1992)

· July 26 – Marjorie Lord, American actress (d. 2015)

· July 27 – Leonard Rose, American cellist (d. 1984)

· July 28 – Penaia Ganilau, 1st President of Fiji (d. 1993)

· July 29

· Frank Miller, American singer

· Edwin O'Connor, American novelist, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winner (d. 1968)

· July 30

· John L. Cason, American actor (d. 1961)

· Jimmy Robinson, American actor (d. 1967)

· July 31

· Paul D. Boyer, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018)

· Vicente Almeida d'Eça, Portuguese colonial administrator (d. 2018)

· Hank Jones, American pianist (d. 2010)

August[edit]

Frederick Sanger

Shankar Dayal Sharma

Leonard Bernstein

Alejandro Agustín Lanusse

· August 1

· Artur Brauner, German film producer and entrepreneur

· Zhou Xuan, Chinese singer, actress (d. 1957)

· August 2 – Dada Vaswani, Indian spiritual leader (d. 2018)

· August 3

· Sidney Gottlieb, American Central Intelligence Agency official (d. 1999)

· Cheng Kaijia, Chinese nuclear physicist and engineer (d. 2018)

· August 4 – Noel Willman, Irish actor (d. 1988)

· August 5

· Kondapalli Koteswaramma, Indian communist leader, feminist, revolutionary, and writer (d. 2018)

· Betty Oliphant, co-founder of National Ballet of Canada (d. 2004)

· August 6 – Charles Coulston Gillispie, American historian (d. 2015)

· August 11 – Thomas A. Bird, British WWII army officer, architect (d. 2017)

· August 12 – Roy C. Bennett, American songwriter (d. 2015)

· August 13

· Noor Hassanali, 2nd President of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 2006)

· Tao Porchon-Lynch, American yoga master and author

· Frederick Sanger, English biochemist, two time Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)

· August 19 – Shankar Dayal Sharma, 9th President of India (d. 1999)

· August 20 – Crystal Bennett, British archaeologist, pioneering researcher on Jordan (d. 1987)

· August 21 – Bruria Kaufman, American-born Israeli physicist (d. 2010)

· August 22

· Said Mohamed Djohar, former President of the Comoros (d. 2006)

· Martin Pope, American physical chemist

· August 23 – Bernard Fisher, American surgeon

· August 25 – Leonard Bernstein, American composer, conductor (d. 1990)

· August 26

· Hutton Gibson, American religion writer, father of actor Mel Gibson

· Katherine Johnson, African-American physicist, space scientist, and mathematician

· Maria Isaura Pereira de Queiróz, Brazilian sociologist

· August 27

· Jelle Zijlstra, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1966 until 1967 (d. 2001)

· Simeon Booker, American journalist (d. 2017)

· August 28 – Alejandro Agustín Lanusse, 37th President of Argentina (d. 1996)

· August 29

· Clemens C. J. Roothaan, Dutch physicist

· Brian Stonehouse, English painter, WWII spy (d. 1998)

· August 30 – Ted Williams, American baseball player (d. 2002)

· August 31

· Alan Jay Lerner, American lyricist, librettist (d. 1986)

· Griffin Bell, American politician (d. 2009)

September[edit]

Paul Harvey

Oscar Luigi Scalfaro

Chaim Herzog

· September 1

· James D. Martin, American politician (d. 2017)

· Phyllis Wallbank, English educationalist

· September 3 – Helen Wagner, American soap opera actress (d. 2010)

· September 4

· John Carrick, Australian politician (d. 2018)

· Paul Harvey, American radio broadcaster (d. 2009)

· Gerald Wilson, American jazz trumpeter (d. 2014)

· September 6 – Hugh Gillis, American politician (d. 2013)

· September 8 – Derek Barton, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)

· September 9 – Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, 9th President of Italy (d. 2012)

· September 13

· Eric McClintock, Australian businessman, public servant (d. 2018)

· Ray Charles, American musician, singer and songwriter (d. 2015)

· Rosemary Kennedy, sister of President of the United States John F. Kennedy (d. 2005)

· September 14 – James George, Canadian diplomat

· September 15 – Nipsey Russell, African-American comedian (d. 2005)

· September 16 – Ismail Mohd Ali, Malaysian politician (d. 1998)

· September 17 – Chaim Herzog, 6th President of Israel 1983–1993 (d. 1997)

· September 19 – Joseph Zeller, American politician

· September 21 – John Gofman, American Manhattan Project scientist, advocate (d. 2007)

· September 22 – Henryk Szeryng, Polish-born violinist (d. 1988)

· September 24 – Emerante Morse, Haitian singer, dancer and folklorist (d. 2018)

· September 26

· Peng Chang-kuei, Taiwanese chef (d. 2016)

· Harry Yee, American bartender

· September 27

· Martin Ryle, English radio astronomer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 1984)

· Sotero Laurel, Filipino politician and educator (d. 2009)

· September 28

· Ángel Labruna, Argentine soccer player, manager (d. 1983)

· Ida Schuster, Scottish actress

· September 29 – Peter Arne, British actor (d. 1983)

· September 30

· Giovanni Canestri, Italian cardinal (d. 2015)

· Aldo Parisot, Brazilian-American cellist and educator

October[edit]

Jens Christian Skou

Rita Hayworth

Konstantinos Mitsotakis

· October 4 – Kenichi Fukui, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)

· October 6 – Goh Keng Swee, former Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore (d. 2010)

· October 8 – Jens Christian Skou, Danish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018)

· October 9 – E. Howard Hunt, American Watergate break-in coordinator (d. 2007)

· October 13 – Robert Walker, American actor (d. 1951)

· October 14 – Thelma Coyne Long, Australian tennis player (d. 2015)

· October 16

· Louis Althusser, French philosopher (d. 1990)

· Henri Vernes, Belgian author

· October 17 – Rita Hayworth, American actress (d. 1987)

· October 18

· Konstantinos Mitsotakis, former Greek Prime Minister (d. 2017)

· Bobby Troup, American singer-songwriter and actor, known for his role in Emergency! (d. 1999)

· October 19 – Robert S. Strauss, American politician, Democratic National Committee Chairman (d. 2014)

· October 22

· Fred Caligiuri, American baseball player (d. 2018)

· René de Obaldia, French playwright and poet

· October 23 – Augusta Dabney, American actress (d. 2008)

· October 25

· Francisco Griéguez, Spanish WWII soldier (d. 2018)

· Milton Selzer, American actor (d. 2006)

· October 26 – Marc Hodler, Swiss lawyer (d. 2006)

· October 27

· Mihkel Mathiesen, Estonian statesman (d. 2003)

· Gérard Tremblay, Canadian Roman Catholic bishop

· Teresa Wright, American actress (d. 2005)

· October 29 – Diana Serra Cary, American actress

· October 31 – Ian Stevenson, American parapsychologist (d. 2007)

November[edit]

· November 2 – Raimon Panikkar, Spanish theologian (d. 2010)

· November 3

· Bob Feller, American baseball player (d. 2010)

· Ann Hutchinson Guest, American movement, dance researcher

· Elizabeth P. Hoisington, American Brigadier General (d. 2007)

· Russell B. Long, United States Senator from Louisiana (d. 2003)

· Dean Riesner, American film, television screenwriter (d. 2002)

· November 4

· Art Carney, American actor, best known for his role in The Honeymooners (d. 2003)

· Cameron Mitchell, American actor, best known for his role in The High Chaparral (d. 1994)

· November 7

· Paul Aussaresses, French general (d. 2013)

· Fred Cusick, American ice hockey broadcaster (d. 2009)

· Billy Graham, American evangelist, spiritual adviser to several U.S. Presidents (d. 2018)

· November 8

· Hermann Zapf, German typeface designer (d. 2015)

· Bob Schiller, American screenwriter (d. 2017)

· Teoh Seng Khoon, Malaysian badminton player (d. 2018)

· November 9

· Spiro Agnew, 39th Vice President of the United States (d. 1996)

· Su Beng, Taiwanese dissident and political activist

· Thomas Ferebee, United States Air Force colonel (d. 2000)

· Choi Hong Hi, South Korean general, martial artist (d. 2002)

· November 10

· Ernst Otto Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2007)

· John Henry Moss, American baseball executive, politician (d. 2009)

· November 11 – Louise Tobin, American singer

· November 14 – John Bromwich, Australian tennis player (d. 1999)

· November 15 – Vittore Bocchetta, Italian sculptor, painter and academic

· November 18 – Nicolás Kingman Riofrío, Ecuadorian journalist, writer and politician (d. 2018)

· November 21 – Dorothy Maguire Chapman, American professional baseball player (d. 1981)

· November 26 – Patricio Aylwin, 32nd President of Chile (d. 2016)

· November 27 – Borys Paton, Ukrainian scientist

· November 28 – Jack H. Harris, American film producer, distributor and actor (d. 2017)

· November 29 – Madeleine L'Engle, American author (d. 2007)

· November 30 – Efrem Zimbalist, Jr., American actor (The FBI) (d. 2014)

December[edit]

Kurt Waldheim

Helmut Schmidt

Anwar Sadat

· December 3 – Abdul Haris Nasution, Indonesian general (d. 2000)

· December 6

· Tauba Biterman, Polish Holocaust survivor

· Nick Drahos, American football player (d. 2018)

· December 7

· Jórunn Viðar, Icelandic pianist, composer (d. 2017)

· Liu Yichang, Hong Kong writer and novelist (d. 2018)

· December 8 – Gérard Souzay, French baritone (d. 2004)

· December 10 – Fergus Anckorn, British magician (d. 2018)

· December 11

· Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Russian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2008)

· John W. Reed, American legal scholar (d. 2018)

· December 12 – Joe Williams, American jazz singer (d. 1999)

· December 14 – B. K. S. Iyengar, Indian yoga teacher (d. 2014)

· December 15 – Jeff Chandler, American actor (d. 1961)

· December 17 – Dusty Anderson, American actress, model

· December 19 – Georgina Cookson, British actress (d. 2011)

· December 20 – Joseph Payne Brennan, American poet, author (d. 1990)

· December 21

· Fred Gloden, American football player

· Donald Regan, American Treasury Secretary, White House Chief of Staff (d. 2003)

· Kurt Waldheim, President of Austria, Secretary-General of the United Nations (d. 2007)

· December 23

· José Greco, Italian-born flamenco dancer (d. 2001)

· Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor of Germany (d. 2015)

· December 24 – Dave Bartholomew, American musician, songwriter and music producer

· December 25

· Bertie Mee, English football player, manager (d. 2001)

· Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1981)

· George S. Vest, American diplomat

· December 26 – Butch Ballard, American jazz drummer (d. 2011)

· December 29 – Leo J. Dulacki, American general

· December 31

· Al Lakeman, American Major League Baseball catcher (d. 1976)

· Kyra Petrovskaya Wayne, Russian-American author (d. 2018)

Date Unknown[edit]

· Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad, 5th President of Bangladesh (d. 1996)

· Louis Wienholt, Australian public servant (d. 1973)

Deaths[edit]

January[edit]

Georg Cantor

María Dolores Rodríguez Sopeña

· January 6 – Georg Cantor, German mathematician (b. 1845)

· January 8

· Johannes Pääsuke, Estonian photographer, filmmaker (b. 1892)

· Ellis H. Roberts, American politician (b. 1827)

· January 9

· Max Ritter von Müller, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1887)

· Émile Reynaud, French inventor (b. 1844)

· January 10 – María Dolores Rodríguez Sopeña, Spanish Roman Catholic religious sister and blessed (b. 1848)

· January 26 – Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia (b. 1850)

· January 28 – John McCrae, Canadian soldier, surgeon and poet (b. 1872)

February[edit]

Gustav Klimt

Sultan Abdul Hamid II

· February 2 – John L. Sullivan, American boxer, World Heavyweight Champion (b. 1858)

· February 4 – Akiyama Saneyuki, Japanese admiral (b. 1868)

· February 5 – Leonard Monteagle Barlow, British fighter pilot (accident) (b. 1898)

· February 6 – Gustav Klimt, Austrian painter (b. 1862)

· February 8 – Louis Renault, French jurist, educator and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1843)

· February 10

· Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1842)

· Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Italian pacifist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1833)

· February 11 – Alexey Kaledin, Russian general (suicide) (b. 1861)

· February 15 – Vernon Castle, American dancer (b. 1887)

· February 16 – Károly Khuen-Héderváry, 2-time Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1849)

· February 23

· Adolphus Frederick VI, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1882)

· Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey, British politician and colonial administrator (b. 1836)

March[edit]

Claude Debussy

Martin Sheridan

· March 2 – Prince Mirko of Montenegro (b. 1879)

· March 9 – Frank Wedekind, German playwright (b. 1864)

· March 10

· Hans-Joachim Buddecke, German flying ace (killed in action) (b. 1890)

· Jim McCormick, Scottish-born American baseball player (b. 1856)

· March 13 – César Cui, Lithuanian composer (b. 1835)

· March 14

· Lucretia Garfield, First Lady of the United States (b. 1832)

· Gennaro Rubino, Italian anarchist who unsuccessfully tried to assassinate King Leopold II of Belgium (b. 1859)

· March 15 – Adolf Ritter von Tutschek, German fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1891)

· March 23 – T. P. Cameron Wilson, English poet, novelist (b. 1888)

· March 25

· Claude Debussy, French composer (b. 1862)

· Walter Tull, first Black infantry officer to serve in the British Army (b. 1888)

· March 27

· Henry Adams, American historian (b. 1838)

· Martin Sheridan, American Olympic athlete (b. 1881)

April[edit]

King George Tupou II of Tonga

Karl Ferdinand Braun

Manfred von Richthofen

· April 1

· Paul von Rennenkampf, Russian general (executed) (b. 1854)

· Isaac Rosenberg, British war poet (killed in action) (b. 1890)

· April 4 – Hermann Cohen, German philosopher (b. 1842)

· April 5 – King George Tupou II of Tonga (b. 1874)

· April 18 – Otto Wagner, Austro-Hungarian architect, urban planner (b. 1841)

· April 20

· Karl Ferdinand Braun, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1850)

· Paul Gautsch von Frankenthurn, Austrian statesman, former Prime Minister (b. 1851)

· April 21

· Friedrich II, Duke of Anhalt (b. 1856)

· Manfred von Richthofen, German fighter pilot, top-scoring ace of World War I (killed in action) (b. 1892)

· April 27 – Jacques Duchesne, French general (b. 1837)

· April 28 – Gavrilo Princip, Yugoslav assassin (b. 1894)

May[edit]

Maria Magdalena Merten

· May 2 – Jüri Vilms, Estonian politician (b. 1889)

· May 14 – James Gordon Bennett, Jr., American newspaper publisher (b. 1841)

· May 17 – William Drew Robeson, African-American minister, father of singer and actor Paul Robeson (b. 1844)

· May 18 – Maria Magdalena Merten, German Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1883)

· May 19 – Raoul Lufbery, Franco-American fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1885)

· May 23 – Mariano Ponce, Filipino diplomat, politician and writer (b. 1863)

· May 24 – József Kiss, Austro-Hungarian fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1896)

· May 30 – Georgi Plekhanov, Russian revolutionary, philosopher (b. 1856)

June[edit]

Kyrion II of Georgia

· June 1 – Roderic Dallas, Australian fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1891)

· June 3 – Count Richard von Bienerth-Schmerling, Austrian noble, statesman and former Prime Minister (b. 1863)

· June 4 – Charles W. Fairbanks, 26th Vice President of the United States (b. 1852)

· June 10 – Arrigo Boito, Italian poet, composer (b. 1842)

· June 13 – Grand Duke Michael Romanov (assassinated) (b. 1878)

· June 15 – Frank Miles Day, American architect (b. 1861)

· June 19 – Francesco Baracca, Italian fighter pilot (air crash) (b. 1888)

· June 25 – Jake Beckley, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1867)

· June 26 – Kyrion II of Georgia, Georgian Orthodox religious leader, saint (b. 1855)

· June 27 – Joséphin Péladan, French occultist (b. 1858)

July[edit]

Sultan Mehmed V

Quentin Roosevelt

Emperor Nicholas II of Russia

Henry Macintosh

· July 3 – Sultan Mehmed V of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1844)

· July 9 – James McCudden, British fighter pilot (air crash) (b. 1895)

· July 14 – Quentin Roosevelt, youngest son of United States President Theodore Roosevelt, fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1897)

· July 17 – Executed members of the Romanov family:

· Former Emperor Nicholas II of Russia (b. 1868)

· Former Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia (b. 1872)

· Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1895)

· Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1897)

· Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1899)

· Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1901)

· Former Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia (b. 1904)

· July 18

· Prince Constantine Constantinovich of Russia (b. 1891)

· Prince Igor Constantinovich of Russia (b. 1894)

· Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia (b. 1869)

· July 20 – Francis Lupo, American soldier (b. 1895)

· July 22

· Indra Lal Roy, Indian fighter pilot (b. 1898)

· Manuel González Prada, Peruvian politician, author (b. 1844)

· July 26

· Henry Macintosh, British Olympic athlete (killed in action) (b. 1892)

· Edward Mannock, British fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1887)

· July 29 – Ernest William Christmas, Australian painter (b. 1863)

· July 30

· Joyce Kilmer, American journalist, poet (killed in action) (b. 1886)

· Frank Linke-Crawford, Austro-Hungarian fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1893)

· July 31 – George McElroy, British fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1893)

August[edit]

Marianne Cope

· August 1

· John Riley Banister, American policeman, cowboy (b. 1854)

· Gabriel Guérin, French World War I fighter ace (air crash) (b. 1892)

· August 6 – Peter Strasser, German naval officer, airship commander (killed in action) (b. 1876)

· August 9 – Marianne Cope, German-born American Roman Catholic nun and saint (b. 1838)

· August 10

· Jean Brillant, Canadian soldier (b. 1890)

· Erich Löwenhardt, German World War I fighter ace (b. 1897)

· Aleksander Uurits, Estonian painter, graphic artist (b. 1888)

· August 12 – Anna Held, French actress (b. 1873)

· August 18 – Henry Norwest, Canadian sniper (b. 1884)

· August 24 – Louis Bennett Jr., American World War I flying ace (killed in action) (b. 1894)

· August 30 – William Duncan, British missionary in Canada and the United States (b. 1832)

September[edit]

George Reid

Eduard, Duke of Anhalt

Prince Erik, Duke of Vastmanland

· September 2 – John Forrest, Australian explorer and politician, 1st Premier of Western Australia (b. 1847)

· September 5 – Nikolay Maklakov, Russian politician, former minister of the Interior (b. 1871)

· September 6 – Elizabeth Yates, New Zealand politician (b. 1845)

· September 8 – Francis Mary of the Cross Jordan, German Roman Catholic priest and venerable (b. 1848)

· September 12 – George Reid, 4th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1845)

· September 13 – Eduard, Duke of Anhalt (b. 1861)

· September 16 – Maurice Boyau, French World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1888)

· September 20 – Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland (b. 1889)

· September 25 – Mikhail Alekseyev, Russian general (b. 1857)

· September 27 – Fritz Rumey, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1891)

· September 28

· True Boardman, American actor (b. 1882)

· Georg Simmel, German sociologist, philosopher (b. 1858)

· Freddie Stowers, American soldier (b. 1896)

· September 29 – Frank Luke, American fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1897)

October[edit]

· October 5

· Roland Garros, French fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1888)

· Robbie Ross, British writer (b. 1869)

· October 9 – Raymond Duchamp-Villon, French sculptor (b. 1876)

· October 11 – Wallace Lloyd Algie, Canadian soldier (b. 1891)

· October 14 – Nikolai Skrydlov, Russian admiral (executed) (b. 1844)

· October 15 – Sai Baba of Shirdi, Indian guru, yogi (b. 1838)

· October 16 – Felix Arndt, American pianist, composer (b. 1889)

· October 18

· Radko Dimitriev, Bulgarian, Russian general (executed) (b. 1859)

· Daudo Okelo and Jildo Irwa, Ugandan Roman Catholic martyrs, saints (b. Uganda nationality)

· October 19

· Harold Lockwood, American actor (b. 1887)

· Prince Umberto, Count of Salemi (b. 1889)

· October 22 – Myrtle Gonzalez, American actress (b. 1891)

· October 24

· César Ritz, Swiss hotelier (b. 1850)

· Daniel Burley Woolfall, English administrator, 2nd President of FIFA (b. 1852)

· October 28 – Michel Coiffard, French World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1892)

· October 29 – Rudolf Tobias, Estonian composer (b. 1873)

· October 31

· Egon Schiele, Austrian artist (b. 1890)

· István Tisza, 2-time Prime Minister of Hungary (assassinated) (b. 1861)

November[edit]

Wilfred Owen

· November 2 – Hugh Cairns, Canadian soldier (b. 1896)

· November 4

· Wilfred Owen, British poet, soldier (killed in action) (b. 1893)

· Andrew Dickson White, American academic, diplomat, and co-founder of Cornell University (b. 1832)

· November 5

· Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers, British occultist (b. 1854)

· William Shea, British actor (b. 1856)

· November 6 – Alan Arnett McLeod, Canadian soldier (b. 1899)

· November 9

· Guillaume Apollinaire, French poet (b. 1880)

· Albert Ballin, German-Jewish shipping magnate (b. 1857)

· Sir Peter Lumsden, British general in the Indian Army (b. 1829)

· November 11 – George Lawrence Price, last Commonwealth soldier to die in WWI (b. 1892)

· November 15 – Sir Robert Anderson, British police officer (b. 1841)

· November 19 – Joseph F. Smith, 6th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1838)

· November 20 – John Bauer, Swedish painter (b. 1881)

· November 22 – Rose Cleveland, de facto First Lady of the United States (b. 1846)

· November 23 – Fritz von Below, German general (b. 1853)

· November 30 – Karl Petrovich Jessen, Russian admiral (b. 1852)

December[edit]

Sidónio Pais

Sultan Ali bin Hamud of Zanzibar

· December 2 – Edmond Rostand, French writer (b. 1868)

· December 4 – Princess Teriivaetua of Tahiti (b. 1869)

· December 5 – Schalk Willem Burger, Boer military leader, lawyer, politician, statesman, and acting President of the South African Republic(1900-1902) (b. 1852)

· December 11 – Ivan Cankar, Slovenian writer (b. 1876)

· December 14 – Sidónio Pais, Portuguese politician, general, diplomat, 66th Prime Minister of Portugal and 4th President of Portugal (b. 1872)

· December 20 – Sultan Ali bin Hamud of Zanzibar (b. 1884)

· December 21 – Prince Konrad of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst, Austrian statesman, former Prime Minister (b. 1863)

· December 28 – Olavo Bilac, Brazilian poet (b. 1865)

Nobel Prizes[edit]

· Physics – Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck

· Chemistry – Fritz Haber

· Medicine – not awarded

· Literature – not awarded

· Peace – not awarded

References[edit]

1. ^ Barry, John M. (2005). The Great Influenza; The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143036494.

2. ^ "Historical Concert for the Benefit of Widows and Orphans". World Digital Library. 2014-02-10. Retrieved 2014-06-22.

3. ^ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.

4. ^ Shores, Christopher (1969). Finnish Air Force, 1918–1968. Reading, Berkshire, UK: Osprey Publications Ltd. p. 3. ISBN 978-0668021210.

5. ^ Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 355–356. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.

6. ^ Royal Canadian Legion Branch # 138."2-Minute Wave of Silence" Revives a Time-honoured Tradition. Accessed on 5 June 2014.

7. ^ The first was from Allahabad to Naini Junction in India on 18 February 1911, and the second from London to Windsor Castle on 22 June 1911.

8. ^ "Women's Right to Vote in Canada". lop.parl.ca. Retrieved 2018-02-22.

9. ^ "La Grippe Espagnole de 1918". Institut Pasteur. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2011.

10. ^ "Carpathia Sunk; 5 of Crew Killed" (PDF). The New York Times. 20 July 1918. p. 4.

11. ^ "Warilda". Uboat.net. Retrieved 2012-12-17.

12. ^ Lichfield, John (2014-07-07). "A History of the First World War in 100 Moments: The 'blackest day' of the German army". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2014-07-07.

13. ^ Werth, Nicolas; Bartosek, Karel; Panne, Jean-Louis; Margolin, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Courtois, Stephane (1999). The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 74. ISBN 0-674-07608-7.

14. ^ Pitt, Barrie (2003). 1918: The Last Act. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. ISBN 0-85052-974-3.

15. ^ Massie, Robert K. (2004). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-40878-0.

16. ^ Biger, Gideon (2004). The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947. London: Routledge. pp. 55, 164. ISBN 978-0-7146-5654-0. Retrieved 2009-05-02.

17. ^ Wainwright, Martin (23 August 2010). "British warships sunk 90 years ago found off Estonian coast". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-08-24.

18. ^ Ward, Margaret (1983). Unmanageable Revolutionaries: Women and Irish nationalism. London: Pluto Press. p. 137. ISBN 0-86104-700-1.