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1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was
a common year starting
on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar,
the 1938th year of the Common Era (CE)
and Anno Domini (AD)
designations, the 938th year of the 2nd millennium, the 38th year of
the 20th century,
and the 9th year of the 1930s decade. Contents · 1Events o 1.3March o 1.4April o 1.5May o 1.6June o 1.7July · 2Births o 2.3March o 2.4April o 2.5May o 2.6June o 2.7July · 3Deaths o 3.3March o 3.4April o 3.5May o 3.6June o 3.7July Events[edit] January[edit] January 16: Benny Goodman in New York City ·
The California
Golden Bears defeat the Alabama Crimson Tide in the 1938 Rose
Bowl with a final score 13-0. ·
The
Company 1938 OEM Industrial Groups is officially registered. ·
The new constitution of Estonia enters into force, which many
consider to be the ending of the Era of Silence and the authoritarian
regime. ·
Sir Alexander Cadogan succeeds
Sir Robert
Vansittart as permanent under-secretary at the British
Foreign Office; Vansittart is "kicked upstairs" by being given the
new office of Chief Diplomatic Advisor to the Government. ·
The Merrie Melodies cartoon short Daffy Duck &
Egghead is released, being the first cartoon to
give Daffy Duckhis
continuing name, as well as his second appearance. ·
Creation
of state-owned railroad networks by merger in France (Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français –
SNCF) and the Netherlands (Nederlandse
Spoorwegen – NS).[1] ·
January 3 – The March of Dimes is established as a
foundation to combat infant polio by President of
the United States Franklin D.
Roosevelt. ·
January 12 – The German War Minister
Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg marries
Eva Gruhn in Berlin; Hermann Göring is
best man at the wedding. ·
January 16 – Two landmark live sound recordings are produced this day:
the very first of Mahler's Ninth by
the Vienna Philharmonic under Bruno Walter in the face of dire circumstance; and Benny Goodman and his orchestra become
the first jazz musicians to headline
a concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City. ·
January 20 – King Farouk of Egypt marries Safinaz
Zulficar, who becomes Queen Farida, in Cairo. ·
January 22 – Thornton Wilder's play Our Town is performed for the first
time anywhere in Princeton, New
Jersey. It premieres in New York City on February 4. ·
The
Niagara Bridge at Niagara Falls,
New York collapses due to an ice jam. ·
German
War Minister Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg resigns
following the revelation that his new wife had previously posed for pornographic
photos. ·
January 28 – The first ski tow in America begins operation
in Vermont. January 27: Niagara Bridgecollapses in ice. February[edit] ·
Adolf Hitler abolishes the War Ministry
and creates the Oberkommando
der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces), giving him
direct control of the German military. In addition, Hitler dismisses
political and military leaders considered unsympathetic to his philosophy or
policies. General Werner von Fritsch is
forced to resign as Commander of Chief of the German Army following
accusations of homosexuality, and replaced by General Walther von
Brauchitsch. Foreign Minister Baron Konstantin von
Neurath is dismissed and replaced by Joachim von
Ribbentrop. ·
Walt
Disney's Snow
White and the Seven Dwarfs, the first cel-animated
feature in motion picture history, is released in the United States following
a premiere the previous year. ·
February 6 – Black Sunday at Bondi Beach, Sydney, Australia: 300 swimmers are dragged
out to sea in 3 freak waves; 80 lifesavers save all but 5. ·
February 10 – Carol II of Romania takes
dictatorial powers. ·
February 12 – Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg of
Austria meets Adolf Hitler at Berchtesgaden and, under threat of
invasion, is forced to yield to German demands for greater Nazi participation
in the Austrian government. ·
February 14 – The British naval base
at Singapore begins operations. ·
February 20 – Sir Anthony Eden resigns as British Foreign
Secretary following major disagreements with Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain over
the best policy to follow in regards to Italy, and is succeeded by Lord
Halifax. ·
February 24 – A nylon bristle toothbrush becomes the first commercial
product to be made with nylon yarn. March[edit] ·
March 3 ·
The Santa Ana River in California spills over its banks during
a rainy winter, killing 58 people in Orange County and causing trouble as far
inland as Palm Springs.[2] ·
Oil is discovered in Saudi Arabia. ·
Sir Nevile Henderson, British Ambassador to
Germany, presents a proposal to Hitler for an international consortium to
rule much of Africa (in which Germany would be assigned a leading role) in
exchange for a German promise never to resort to war to change her frontiers;
Hitler rejects the British offer. ·
March 12 – Anschluss: German troops occupy
Austria; annexation is declared the following day. ·
March 14 – French Premier Léon Blum reassures the Czechoslovak
government that France will honor its treaty obligations to aid Czechoslovakia in event of German
invasion. ·
March 15 – Soviet Union announces
officially that Nikolai Bukharin has
been executed. ·
March 17 – Poland presents
an ultimatum to Lithuania, to establish normal diplomatic
relations that were severed over the Vilnius Region. ·
March 18 ·
Mexico
nationalizes all foreign-owned oil properties within its borders. ·
General Werner von Fritsch is
acquitted of charges of homosexuality at his court-martial. ·
March 27 – Italian mathematician Ettore Majorana disappears suddenly
under mysterious circumstances while travelling by ship from Palermo to Naples. ·
March 28 – At a meeting with Hitler in Berlin Konrad Henlein is instructed to make
increasing demands concerning the status of the Sudetenland but to avoid reaching an
agreement with the Czechoslovak authorities. ·
March 30 – Italy's Duce Benito Mussolini is granted equal power
over the Italian military to that of King Victor Emmanuel III as First Marshal
of the Empire held exclusively by Victor Emmanuel and
Mussolini. April[edit] ·
April 10 ·
Édouard Daladier becomes
prime minister of France. He appoints as Foreign Minister a leading advocate
of the policy of appeasement, Georges Bonnet, effectively negating Blum's
reassurances of March 14. ·
In
a result that astonished even Hitler, the Austrian electorate in a national
referendum approved Anschluss by an
overwhelming 99.73%. ·
April 15 – Huey, Dewey and
Louie make their appearance in the Disney animated
short, Donald's Nephews. ·
April 16 – London and Rome sign an
agreement that sees Britain recognise Italian control of Ethiopia in return
for an Italian pledge to withdraw all its troops from Spain at the conclusion
of the civil war there. ·
April 18 – First appearance of Superman (as an untested[clarification
needed] lead
feature[citation needed]), in Action Comics #1
(cover date June). The date is established in court documents released during
the legal battle over the rights to Superman. On April 18, 2018, DC Comics
released Action Comics #1000. ·
April 24 – Konstantin Päts becomes
the first President of Estonia. ·
April 25 – Erie
Railroad Co. v. Tompkins: The U.S. Supreme Court overturns
a century of federal common law. ·
April 28 – The towns of Dana, Enfield, Greenwich,
and Prescott in Massachusetts are disincorporated to
make way for the Quabbin Reservoir. May[edit] ·
May 5 ·
The Vatican recognizes Francisco Franco's government in Spain. ·
General Ludwig Beck, Chief of the German Army's
General Staff, submits a memorandum to Hitler opposing Fall Grün (Case
Green), the plan for a war with Czechoslovakia, under the grounds that
Germany is ill-prepared for the world war likely to result from such an
attack. ·
May 12 – U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull rejects the Soviet Union's
offer of a joint defence pact to counter the rise of Nazi Germany. ·
May 14 – Chile withdraws from the League of Nations. ·
May 17 – Information Please debuts
on NBC Radio in the United States. ·
May 19 – May Crisis begins when Czechoslovak intelligence receives
reports of menacing German military
concentrations. (It later appears the reports are false.) ·
May 20 – Czechoslovakia orders a partial
mobilization of its armed forces along the German border. ·
May 21 – Matsuo Toi kills 30 people in
a village in Okayama, Japan, in the Tsuyama massacre, the world's worst spree killing by an individual until
1982. ·
May 23 – No evidence of German troop
movements against Czechoslovakia is
found and May Crisis subsides. Germany is, nevertheless, perceived to
have backed down in the face of Czechoslovak mobilization and international
diplomatic unity but the issue of the future of the Sudetenland is far from resolved. ·
May 25 ·
Spanish Civil War: Alicante is bombed by fascist
rebels, resulting in 313 deaths. ·
The Soviet ambassador to the United States,
A. A. Troyanovsky, declares Moscow ready to defend Czechoslovakia. ·
Estadio
Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti, a notable sports venue
in Argentina, officially opens in Buenos Aires.[citation needed] ·
May 28 – In a conference at the Reich Chancellery, Hitler declares his decision to
destroy Czechoslovakia by
military force, and orders the immediate mobilization of 96 Wehrmacht
divisions. ·
May 30 – Hitler issues a revised directive
for Fall Grün ("Case
Green") - the invasion of Czechoslovakia - to be carried out by 1
October 1938. June[edit] ·
June 5 & 7 – 1938 Yellow River
flood, created by the Nationalist government in
central China breaching embankments during the
early stage of the Second
Sino-Japanese War in an attempt to halt the rapid advance of
Japanese forces. The floods kill at least 400,000, cover and destroy
thousands of square kilometers of farmland and shifts the mouth of the Yellow River hundreds of kilometers to
the south. ·
June 11 – Fire destroys 214 buildings
in Ludza, Latvia. ·
June 15 – László Bíró patents
the ballpoint pen in
Britain. ·
June 19 – Italy beats Hungary 4–2
to win the 1938 World Cup. ·
June 22 – Heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis knocks out Max Schmeling in the first round of
their rematch at Yankee Stadium in
New York City. ·
June 23 ·
The Civil Aeronautics
Act is signed into law, forming the Civil
Aeronautics Authority as an independent agency in the United
States with effect from August 22. ·
Marineland opens
near St. Augustine,
Florida. ·
June 24 – A 450-metric-ton (496-short-ton) meteorite explodes about 12 miles
(19 km) above the earth near Chicora,
Pennsylvania. ·
June 25 – Dr. Douglas Hyde is elected the first President of Ireland. July[edit] ·
July
– The Mauthausen
concentration camp is built in Austria. ·
July 1 – The South
African Press Association is established with offices
in Cape Town, Johannesburg, Durban, Bloemfontein and Pretoria. ·
July 3 ·
The steam locomotive Mallard sets
the world speed record for steam by reaching 125.88 mph on the London
and North Eastern Railway. ·
The
last reunion of the Blue and Gray commemorates
the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg in Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania. ·
July 5 – The Non-Intervention
Committee reaches an agreement to withdraw all foreign
volunteers from the Spanish Civil War.
The agreement is respected by most Republican foreign
volunteers, notably by those from England and the United States,
but is ignored by the governments of Germany and Italy. ·
July 6 – The Evian Conference on Refugees is
convened in France. No country in Europe is prepared to accept Jews fleeing
persecution and the United States will only take 27,370. ·
July 14 – Howard Hughes sets a new record by
completing a 91-hour airplane flight
around the world. ·
July 18 – Wrong Way Corrigan takes
off from New York, ostensibly heading for California. He lands in Ireland
instead. ·
July 22 – Britain rejected a proposal
from its ambassador in Berlin, Nevile Henderson, for a four power summit on
Czechoslovakia consisting of Britain, France, Germany and the U.S.S.R. London
would under no circumstances accept the U.S.S.R. as a diplomatic partner. ·
July 24 – First ascent of the Eiger north face. ·
July 28 ·
A revolt
against the Ioannis Metaxas dictatorship is put
down in Chania, Greece. ·
Hawaii Clipper disappears with six passengers and
nine crew en route from Guam to Manila. ·
July 30 – The first ever issue of The Beano children's comic is
published in Britain. August[edit] ·
August
– In the face of overwhelming Japanese military pressure, Chiang Kai-shek withdraws his
government to Chungking. ·
August 3 – Lord Runciman, sent by Neville Chamberlain,
arrives in Prague on his Mission of mediation in the Sudetenland dispute. ·
August 10 – At a secret summit with his
leading generals, Hitler attacks General Beck's arguments against Fall
Grün, winning the majority of his senior officers over to his point of
view. ·
The Thousand Islands
Bridge, connecting the United States with Canada, is dedicated by
U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. ·
Colonel
General Ludwig Beck,
convinced that Hitler's decision to
attack Czechoslovakia will
lead to a general European war, resigns his position as Chief of the Army
General Staff in protest. ·
Ewald von
Kleist-Schmenzin arrives in London looking for British
support for an anti-Nazi putsch, using the looming crisis over
the Sudetenland as
a pretext. His private mission is dismissed by Neville Chamberlain as
unimportant (Chamberlain refers to von Kleist as a "Jacobite"), but
he finds a sympathetic if powerless audience in Winston Churchill. ·
August 23 – Hitler, hosting a dinner on board the ocean
liner Patria in Kiel Bay, tells the Regent of Hungary, Admiral Horthy, that action against Czechoslovakia is imminent and that
"he who wants to sit at the table must at least help in the
kitchen", a reference to Horthy's designs on Carpathian Ruthenia. ·
August 27 – General Beck leaves office
as Chief of the General Staff; he is replaced by General Franz Halder. ·
August 28 – Lord Runciman's mission to mitigate
the Sudetenland crisis
begins to break down. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain recalls
the British Ambassador Nevile Henderson from Berlin, to
instruct Henderson to set up a personal meeting between Chamberlain and Hitler. ·
August 31 – Winston Churchill,
still believing France and Britain mean to honor their promises to
defend Czechoslovakia against Nazi aggression,
suggests in a personal note to Neville Chamberlain that
His Majesty's Government may want to set up a broad international alliance
including the United States (specifically mentioning U.S. President Franklin D.
Roosevelt as possibly receptive to the idea) and the Soviet
Union. September[edit] ·
September
– The European crisis over German demands for annexation of the Sudeten borderland of Czechoslovakia becomes increasingly
severe. ·
September 2 – Soviet Ambassador to
Britain Ivan Maisky calls
on Winston Churchill,
telling him that Soviet Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinov has expressed to the
French chargé d'affaires in Moscow that the Soviet Union is willing to fight
over the territorial integrity of Czechoslovakia. ·
September 4 – During the ceremony
marking the unveiling of a plaque at Pointe de Grave, France, celebrating
Franco-American friendship; American Ambassador William
Bullitt in a speech states, "France and the United
States were united in war and peace", leading to much speculation in the
press that if war did break out over Czechoslovakia, then the United States would
join the war on the Allied side. ·
September 5 – Czechoslovakian President Edvard Beneš invites mid-level
representatives of the Sudeten Germans to the Hradčany palace, to tell them he
will accept whatever demands they care to make, provided the Sudetenland remains part of the Republic of
Czechoslovakia. ·
September 6 – What eventually proves to
be the last of the "Nuremberg Rallies"
begins. It draws worldwide attention because it is widely assumed Hitler, in his closing remarks, will signal
whether there will be peace with or war over Czechoslovakia. ·
September 7 – The Times publishes a lead article
which calls on Czechoslovakia to
cede the Sudetenland to
Germany. ·
September 9 – U.S. President Franklin D.
Roosevelt disallows the popular interpretation of Bullitt's
speech at a press conference at the White House. Roosevelt states it is
"100% wrong" the U.S. would join a "stop-Hitler bloc"
under any circumstances and makes it quite clear that in the event of German
aggression against Czechoslovakia, the U.S. would remain neutral. ·
September 10 – Hermann Göring,
in a speech at Nuremberg, calls
the Czechs a "miserable pygmy
race" who are "harassing the human race." That same evening, Edvard Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia, makes a broadcast in which
he appeals for calm. ·
September 12 – Hitler makes his much-anticipated
closing address at Nuremberg, in which he
vehemently attacks the Czech people and
President Beneš. American news commentator Hans von Kaltenborn begins his famous
marathon of broadcast bulletins over the CBS Radio
Network with a summation of Hitler's address. ·
September 13 – The followers of Konrad Henlein begin an armed revolt
against the Czechoslovak government in Sudetenland. Martial law is declared and
after much bloodshed on both sides order is temporarily restored. Neville Chamberlain personally
sends a telegram to Hitler urgently
requesting that they both meet. ·
September 15 – Neville Chamberlain arrives
in Berchtesgaden to
begin negotiations with Hitler over
the Sudetenland. ·
September 16 – Lord Runciman is recalled to London
from Prague in order to brief the British
government on the situation in the Sudetenland. ·
September 17 – Neville Chamberlain returns
temporarily to London to confer with his cabinet. The U.S.S.R. Red Army masses along the Ukrainian
frontier. Rumania agrees to allow Soviet soldiers free passage across her
territory to defend Czechoslovakia. ·
During
a meeting between Neville Chamberlain,
the recently elected Premier of France, Édouard Daladier,
and Daladier's Foreign Minister, Georges Bonnet, it becomes apparent neither
the British nor the French governments are prepared to go to war over
the Sudetenland.
The Soviet Union declares
it will come to the defence of Czechoslovakia only if France honours her
commitment to defend Czechoslovak independence. ·
Mussolini
makes a speech in Trieste, Italy where he indicates that Italy is supporting
Germany in the Sudeten crisis. ·
In
the early hours of the day, representatives of the French and British
governments call on Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš to tell him France and
Britain will not fight Hitler if he decides
to annex the Sudetenland by
force. Late in the afternoon the Czechoslovak government capitulates to the
French and British demands. ·
Winston Churchill warns
of grave consequences to European security if Czechoslovakia is partitioned. The same
day, Soviet Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinovmakes a similar statement in
the League of Nations. ·
The 1938 New
England hurricane strikes Long Island and southern New England,
killing over 300 along the Rhode Island shoreline and 600 altogether. ·
Following
the capitulation of the Czech government to Germany's demands, both Poland
and Hungary demand slices of Czech territory where their nationals reside. ·
Unable
to survive the previous day's capitulation to the demands of the English and
French governments, Czechoslovak premier Milan Hodža resigns. General Jan Syrový takes his place. ·
Neville Chamberlain arrives
in the city of Bad Godesberg for
another round of talks with Hitler over the Sudetenland crisis. Hitler raises his
demands to include occupation of all German Sudeten territories by October 1.
That night after a telephone conference, Chamberlain reverses himself and
advises the Czechoslovaks to mobilize. ·
Olsen and Johnson's
musical comedy revue Hellzapoppin begins
its 3-year run on Broadway. ·
The
Czechoslovak army mobilizes. ·
As
the Polish army masses along the Czech border, the Soviet Union warns Poland that if it
crosses the Czech frontier, Russia will regard the 1932 non-aggression pact
between the two countries as void. ·
Sir Eric Phipps, British Ambassador to France,
reports to London, "all that is best in France is against war, almost at
any price", being opposed only by a "small, but noisy and corrupt,
war group". Phipps's report creates major doubts about the ability
and/or willingness of France to go to war. ·
At
1:30 AM, Adolf Hitler and Neville Chamberlain conclude
their talks on the Sudetenland.
Chamberlain agrees to take Hitler's demands, codified in the Godesberg Memorandum,
personally to the Czech Government. The Czech Government rejects the demands,
as does Chamberlain's own cabinet. The French Government also initially
rejects the terms and orders a partial mobilization of the French army. ·
September 26 – In a vitriolic speech at
Berlin's Sportpalast, Hitler defies the world and implies war with Czechoslovakia will begin at any time. ·
September 28 – As his self-imposed
October 1 deadline for occupation of the Sudetenland approaches, Adolf Hitler invites Italian Duce
Benito Mussolini, French Premier Edourd Deladier and British Prime
Minister Neville Chamberlain to
one last conference in Munich. The Czechs
themselves are not invited. ·
Colonel Graham Christie, former British military
attaché in Berlin, is told by Carl Friedrich
Goerdeler that the mobilization of the Royal Navy has badly damaged the
popularity of the Nazi regime, as the German public realizes that Fall Grün is
likely to cause a world war. ·
Munich Agreement: German, Italian, British
and French leaders agree to German demands regarding annexation of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak government
is largely excluded from the negotiations and is not a signatory to the
agreement. ·
The Republic of Hatay is
declared in Syria ·
September 30 – Neville Chamberlain
returns to Britain from meeting with Adolf Hitler and declares "Peace for our time". October[edit] ·
October
– The Imperial Japanese
Army largely overruns Canton. ·
October 1 – German troops march into
the Sudetenland. The
Polish government gives the Czech government an ultimatum stating that Zaolzie region must be handed over
within twenty-four hours. The Czechs have little choice but to comply. Polish
forces occupy Zaolzie. ·
Tiberias massacre:
Arab raiders murder 19 Jewish immigrants. ·
Disgusted
with Neville Chamberlain's
conduct at Munich, Duff Cooper resigns
his post as First Lord of
the Admiralty. With his resignation, formal debate begins in
the Parliament
of the United Kingdom on the Munich Agreement, but with Chamberlain at the
peak of his popularity, there can be little doubt His Majesty's Government
will receive a vote of confidence. ·
October 3 – Production of the Jefferson
nickel begins in the United States, replacing the buffalo nickel (last struck in April).
The new nickel is released on November 15.[3] ·
October 4 – The Republican forces in
the Spanish Civil War begin
withdrawing their foreign volunteers from combat as agreed on July 5. ·
Edvard Beneš, president of Czechoslovakia, resigns. ·
Nuremberg Laws: In Nazi Germany, Jews'
passports are invalidated and those who need a passport for emigration
purposes are given one marked with the letter J ("Jude" –
"Jew").[4] ·
October 10 – The Blue Water Bridge opens,
connecting Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario. ·
October 16 – Winston Churchill,
in a broadcast address to the United States, condemns the Munich Agreement as a defeat and calls
upon America and western Europe to prepare for armed resistance against
Hitler. ·
October 18 – The German government
expels 12,000 Polish Jews living in Germany; the Polish government accepts
4,000 and refuses admittance to the remaining 8,000, who are forced to live
in the no-man's land on the German-Polish frontier. ·
October 21 – In direct contravention of
the recently signed Munich Agreement, Adolf Hitler circulates among his high
command a secret memorandum stating that they should prepare for the
"liquidation of the rest of Czechoslovakia" and the occupation
of Memel. ·
The minimum wage is established by law in the
United States. ·
French
Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet carries
out a major purge of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, dismissing or
exiling a number of anti-appeasement officials such as Pierre Comert and René Massigli. ·
At
a "friendly luncheon" in Berchtesgaden, German foreign minister Joachim von
Ribbentrop tells Józef Lipski, the Polish ambassador to
Germany, that the Free City of Danzig must
return to Germany, that the Germans must be given extraterritorial rights in
the Polish Corridor,
and that Poland must sign the Anti-Comintern Pact. ·
DuPont announces a name for its new
synthetic yarn: "nylon". ·
Jews
with Polish citizenship are evicted from Nazi Germany.[4] ·
October 30 – Orson Welles' radio adaptation of The
War of the Worlds is broadcast, causing panic in various
parts of the United States. ·
October 31 – Great Depression: In an effort to try
restore investor confidence, the New York Stock
Exchange unveils a 15-point program aimed to upgrade
protection for the investing public. November[edit] November 9-10: Night of Broken
Glass. ·
November 1 – Horse racing: Seabiscuit defeats War Admiral by four lengths in their
famous match race at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore. ·
November 2 – Arising from The Munich
Agreement Hungary is "awarded"
the Felvidek region of South Slovakia and Ruthenia. ·
November 4 – At a public meeting
in Epping, Winston Churchill narrowly
survives an attempt by fellow Conservative and constituent Sir Colin
Thornton-Kemsley to remove him from Parliament.[clarification
needed] ·
November 7 – Ernst vom Rath, the Third Secretary at the
German Embassy in Paris, is assassinated by Herschel Grynszpan. ·
November 9 – Holocaust – Kristallnacht: In Germany, the "night
of broken glass" begins as Nazi activists and sympathizers loot
and burn Jewish businesses (the all night affair sees 7,500 Jewish businesses
destroyed, 267 synagogues burned,
91 Jews killed and at least 25,000 Jewish men arrested).[5] ·
On
the eve of Armistice Day, Kate Smith sings Irving Berlin's God Bless America for
the first time on her weekly radio show. ·
İsmet
İnönü becomes the second president of Turkey. ·
November 11 – Celâl Bayar forms the new government
of Turkey. (10th government; Celal Bayar had
served twice as a prime minister) ·
November 12 – French Finance
Minister Paul Reynaud brings
into effect a series of laws aiming at improving French productivity (thus
aiming to undo the economic weaknesses which led to Munich), and undoes most
of the economic and social laws of the Popular Front. ·
Britain
formally recognises Italy's control of Ethiopia. In return Mussolini agrees
to withdraw 10,000 troops from Spain. ·
LSD is
first synthesized by Albert Hofmann from ergotamine at the
Sandoz Laboratories in Basel.[6] ·
The
first reported "attack" of the Halifax Slasher mass hysteria incident in England. ·
November 18 – Trade union members elect John L. Lewis as the first president of
the Congress
of Industrial Organizations in the United States. ·
November 25 – French Foreign
Minister Georges Bonnet informs Léon Noël, the French Ambassador to Poland,
that France should find an excuse for terminating the 1921 Franco-Polish
alliance. ·
The
Czechoslovak parliament elects Emil Hácha as the new president of
Czechoslovakia. ·
Benito Mussolini and his Foreign
Minister Count Galeazzo Ciano order
"spontaneous" demonstrations in the Italian Chamber of Deputies,
demanding that France cede Tunisia, Nice, Corsica and French Somaliland to
Italy. This begins an acute crisis in Franco-Italian relations that lasts
until March 1939. ·
Corneliu Zelea
Codreanu, leader of the Romanian fascist Iron Guard, is murdered on the orders of
King Carol II of Romania.
Officially, Codreanu and the 13 other Iron Guard leaders are "shot while
trying to escape". ·
A
general strike is called in France by the French Communist
Party to protest the laws of November 12. December[edit] ·
December
– President Roosevelt agrees to loan $25 million to Chiang Kai-shek, cementing the Sino-American
relationship and angering the Japanese government. ·
December 1 – Slovakia granted the
status of an autonomous state under the Catholic priest Fr. Joseph Tiso. ·
December 6 – German Foreign
Minister Joachim von
Ribbentrop visits Paris, where he is allegedly informed by
French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet that France now
recognizes all of Eastern Europe as being in Germany's exclusive sphere of
influence. Bonnet's alleged statement (he subsequently always denies making
the remark) to Ribbentrop is a major factor in German policy in 1939. ·
Kingdom of Yugoslavia parliamentary election:
The opposition gains votes but not seats. ·
Following
elections in the Lithuanian city of Memel the Lithuanian Nazi party wins over
90% of the votes. ·
December 13 – The Neuengamme
concentration camp opens near Hamburg. ·
December 15 – Government of the Netherlands closes its border to
refugees. ·
The
cornerstone of the Voortrekker Monument is
laid in Pretoria. ·
MGM releases
its successful film version of Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol. ·
December 17 – Otto Hahn discovers the nuclear fission of uranium, the
scientific and technological basis of nuclear power, which marks the beginning of
the Atomic Age. ·
December 23 – A coelacanth, a fish thought to have
been extinct, is caught off the coast of South
Africa near Chalumna River. ·
December 27 – A massive avalanche of
snow hits a construction worker dormitory site in Kurobe, Japan, killing 87. ·
December 30 – The ballet Romeo and
Juliet with music by Prokofiev receives its first full
performance at the Mahen Theatre in Brno, Czechoslovakia. Date unknown[edit] ·
Establishment
of Majlis Khuddam-ul Ahmadiyya by Khalifat-ul Masih II, Mirza
Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad, the second Caliph of the Ahmadiyya
Muslim Community. ·
In West Java, Daeng Soetigna tunes the
traditional pentatonic angklung to play the diatonic scale. ·
Adolf Hitler is Time magazine's "Man of the Year",
as the most influential person of the year. ·
The Walther P38 pistol is introduced in
Germany. ·
The Schomburgk's deer becomes
extinct by this date. ·
Herbert E. Ives and G. R. Stilwell
execute the Ives–Stilwell
experiment, showing that ions radiate
at frequencies affected by their motion.[7] ·
Family
plots produce 22% of all Soviet agricultural produce on only 4%
of all cultivated land. ·
Women
are limited by law to a maximum of 10% of the better-paying jobs in industry
and government in Italy. Births[edit] January[edit] Queen Beatrix of the
Netherlands ·
Argentina Apollo, Argentine professional
wrestler (d. 1984) ·
Robert Jankel, British coachbuilder
(d. 2005) ·
Frank Langella, American actor ·
Peter Gatkuoth, South Sudanese politician
(d. 2010) ·
Farouk El-Baz, Egyptian American space
scientist ·
Ian Brady, British serial killer (d. 2017) ·
Hans Herbjørnsrud,
Norwegian author ·
Goh Kun, Korean politician, Mayor of Seoul
and 31st Prime
Minister of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) ·
Bohumil Nemecek, Czechoslovakian Olympic
boxer (d. 2010) ·
Dana Ulery, American computer scientist ·
January 4 – Mohamed Rahmat, Malaysian politician
(d. 2010) ·
Elbert Howard, American civil rights
activist and author (d. 2018) ·
King Juan Carlos I of
Spain ·
Lindsay Crosby, American actress and singer
(d. 1989) ·
January 6 – Mario Rodríguez
Cobos aka "Silo", Argentine author and spiritualist
(d. 2010) ·
January 7 – Roland Topor, French illustrator (d. 1997) ·
January 8 – Bob Eubanks, American game show host ·
January 9 – Gary Starkweather,
American inventor ·
Willie McCovey, American baseball player
(d. 2018) ·
Donald Knuth, American mathematician and
computer scientist ·
Willie McCovey, American baseball player ·
Fischer Black, American economist (d. 1995) ·
Alastair Morton, British railway executive
(d. 2004) ·
Lewis Fiander, Australian actor ·
Noel McNamara, Australian justice campaigner
and commentator ·
Paavo Heininen, Finnish composer ·
Nachi Nozawa, Japanese voice actor (d. 2010) ·
Shivkumar Sharma, Indian musician ·
Daevid Allen, Australian musician (d. 2015) ·
Morihiro Hosokawa,
Japanese politician and 50th Prime Minister of
Japan ·
Jack Jones,
American singer and actor ·
Allen Toussaint, American musician and
composer (d. 2015) ·
January 17 – John Bellairs, American writer (d. 1991) ·
January 16 – Michael Pataki, American character actor and
voice actor (d. 2010) ·
Curt Flood, American baseball player
(d. 1997) ·
Stepan Topal, Moldovan politician (d. 2018) ·
January 20 – Derek Dougan, Northern Irish footballer
(d. 2007) ·
Wolfman Jack, American disc-jockey and actor
(d. 1995) ·
Jim Anderton, New Zealand politician
(d. 2018) ·
January 23 – Georg Baselitz, German painter and sculptor ·
January 24 – Gyula Torok, Hungarian Olympic boxer
(d. 2014) ·
Etta James, American singer (d. 2012) ·
Shotaro Ishinomori,
Japanese author, Father of "Henshin heroes" (d. 1998) ·
Vladimir Vysotsky,
Russian singer-songwriter, poet, actor (d. 1980) ·
January 27 – Raul Gil, Brazilian television presenter and
singer ·
January 28 – Tomas Lindahl, Swedish biochemist, recipient
of the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry ·
January 29 – Shuji Tsurumi, Japanese men's artistic
gymnast ·
January 30 – Islam Karimov, President of
Uzbekistan (d. 2016) ·
Queen Beatrix of the
Netherlands ·
Lynn Carlin, American actress February[edit] ·
February 1 – Sherman Hemsley, American comedian and actor
(d. 2012) ·
February 2 – Max Alvis, American baseball player ·
February 3 – Geoff Clayton, English cricketer (d. 2018) ·
February 4 – Frank J. Dodd, American businessman and
politician, president of the New Jersey Senate (d. 2010) ·
Prentice Gautt, American football player
(d. 2005) ·
Neila Sathyalingam,
Singaporean classical Indian dancer, choreographer and instructor (d. 2017) ·
Bevan Congdon, New Zealand cricketer ·
Mohammed Gammoudi,
Tunisian Olympic athlete ·
Simone de Oliveira,
Portuguese actress and singer ·
February 12 – Judy Blume, American author ·
February 13 – Oliver Reed, English actor (d. 1999) ·
February 14 – Lee Chamberlin, African-American actress
(d. 2014) ·
Barry Primus, American actor ·
John Corigliano, American composer ·
February 17 – Yvonne Romain, English actress ·
February 18 – István Szabó,
Hungarian film director ·
February 19 – René Muñoz, Cuba-born actor, Mexico-based
telenovela/film screenwriter (d. 2000) ·
February 20 – Paul Archibald Vianney Ansah, Ghanaian
politician ·
James Farentino, American actor (d. 2012) ·
Phil Knight, American sportswear
entrepreneur ·
February 25 – Herb Elliott, Australian runner ·
Jake Thackray, English singer-songwriter
(d. 2002) ·
Pascale Petit,
French actress March[edit] ·
March 1 – Tufuga Efi, Samoa political figure,
3rd Prime Minister of
Samoa and O le Ao o le Malo of
Samoa ·
March 2 – Ricardo Lagos
Escobar, President of Chile ·
March 4 ·
Angus MacLise, American musician, occultist
and calligrapher; drummer for The Velvet
Underground (d. 1979) ·
Don Perkins, American football player ·
Paula Prentiss, American actress ·
March 7 ·
David Baltimore, American biologist,
recipient of the Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine ·
Janet Guthrie, American race car driver ·
March 8 – Bruno Pizzul, Italian sports journalist ·
March 9 – Charles Siebert, American actor and director ·
March 12 – Dumitru
Fărcaș, Romanian tárogató player (d. 2018) ·
March 13 – Erma Franklin, American singer (d. 2002) ·
March 14 – Eleanor Bron, English actress ·
March 17 ·
Rudolf Nureyev, Russian-born dancer and
choreographer (d. 1993) ·
Keith Michael Patrick O'Brien, Roman
Catholic prelate; Archbishop of Edinburgh (d. 2018) ·
Adolf Knoll, Austrian football player
(d. 2018) ·
March 18 ·
Timo Mäkinen, Finnish racing driver
(d. 2017) ·
Shashi Kapoor, Indian actor, director, and
producer (d. 2017) ·
Charley Pride, American baseball player and
country musician ·
March 19 – Joe Kapp, American football player and coach ·
March 21 ·
Fritz Pleitgen, German television journalist
and author ·
Luigi Tenco, Italian singer-songwriter
(d. 1967) ·
March 23 – Maynard Jackson, American mayor of Atlanta,
Georgia (d. 2003) ·
March 24 – David Irving, English historian and author ·
March 25 – Hoyt Axton, American country music
singer-songwriter and actor (d. 1999) ·
March 26 – Anthony James
Leggett, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate ·
March 30 – Klaus Schwab, German economist and founder
of the World Economic Forum ·
March 31 ·
Arthur B. Rubinstein,
American composer (d. 2018) ·
Joel Godard, American announcer April[edit] ·
April 1 – John Quade, American actor (d. 2009) ·
April 2 – John Larsson, the 17th General of The Salvation Army ·
April 3 – Jeff Barry, American record producer and
songwriter ·
April 4 ·
A. Bartlett Giamatti,
American president of Yale University and baseball commissioner (d. 1989) ·
Norro Wilson, American country music
songwriter (d. 2017) ·
April 5 ·
Marly Marley, Brazilian actress and vedette (d. 2014) ·
David Helwig, Canadian poet, novelist, and
essayist (d. 2018) ·
April 7 ·
Jerry Brown, American politician and
lawyer, Governor of
California ·
Spencer Dryden, American rock drummer (Jefferson Airplane)
(d. 2005) ·
Freddie Hubbard, American jazz trumpeter
(d. 2008) ·
Jerre Levy, American psychologist ·
April 8 – Kofi Annan, Ghanaian Secretary-General
of the United Nations, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2018) ·
April 10 ·
Viktor Chernomyrdin,
Russian politician (d. 2010) ·
Don Meredith, American football player and
broadcaster (d. 2010) ·
April 11 ·
Michael Deaver, American Deputy
White House Chief of Staff in the Reagan administration
(d. 2007) ·
Kurt Moll, German bass ·
April 12 – Roger Caron, Canadian author ·
April 13 – Frederic Rzewski, American composer and
pianist ·
April 15 – Claudia Cardinale,
Tunisian-born Italian actress ·
April 16 – Kasdi Merbah, Algerian politician, 4th Prime Minister
of Algeria (d. 1993) ·
April 17 – Kerry Wendell
Thornley, American counterculture figure, writer and co-founder
of Discordianism (d. 1998) ·
April 19 – Stanley Fish, American literary theorist and
legal scholar ·
April 20 ·
Betty Cuthbert, Australian track athlete
(d. 2017) ·
Daniel M. Buechlein,
American prelate (d. 2018) ·
Tamási Eszter, Hungarian television
announcer and actress (d. 1991) ·
April 22 ·
Alan Bond, English-born Australian
businessman (d. 2015) ·
Issey Miyake, Japanese fashion designer ·
Adam Raphael, English journalist and editor ·
April 26 ·
Giovanni Benvenuti,
Italian Olympic boxer ·
Duane Eddy, American rock guitarist ·
Maurice
Williams, African American doo-wop vocalist ·
April 29 – Bernard Madoff, American financial fraudster ·
April 30 – Larry Niven, American author May[edit] King Moshoeshoe II ·
May 2 – King Moshoeshoe II (d. 1996) ·
May 4 – Tyrone Davis, American singer (d. 2005) ·
May 8 – Alice Stewart
Trillin, American educator, author and film producer (d. 2001) ·
May 10 – Henry Fambrough, American singer (The
Spinners) ·
May 11 – Fritz-Albert Popp,
German biophysicist ·
May 12 – Luana Anders, American actress (d. 1996) ·
May 13 ·
Dumitru
Fărcaș, Romanian tárogató player (d. 2018) ·
Francine Pascal, American novelist and
playwright ·
Giuliano Amato, 48th Prime Minister of
Italy ·
May 16 – Marco Aurelio
Denegri, Peruvian linguist, intellectual and sexologist (d. 2018) ·
May 17 – Jason Bernard, American actor (d. 1996) ·
May 22 ·
Richard Benjamin, American actor ·
Susan Strasberg, American actress (d. 1999) ·
May 24 – Prince Buster, Jamaican singer-songwriter
(d. 2016) ·
May 26 ·
William Bolcom, American composer and music
arranger ·
Pauline Parker, New Zealand convicted
murderer ·
Teresa Stratas, Canadian operatic soprano ·
May 28 ·
Ousmane Seck, Senegalese politician
(d. 2018) ·
Jerry West, American basketball player and
executive ·
May 30 – Eugene Belliveau, Canadian football
defensive lineman ·
May 31 ·
Johnny Paycheck, American country singer
(d. 2003) ·
Peter Yarrow, American singer June[edit] ·
June 1 – Khawar Rizvi, Pakistani Poet and Scholar
(d. 1981) ·
June 5 – Karin Balzer, German athlete ·
June 6 – Prince
Luiz of Orléans-Braganza, pretender to the Brazilian throne ·
June 7 – Goose Gonsoulin, American football player ·
June 8 – Mack Vickery, American musician (d. 2004) ·
June 11 – Leif Axmyr, Swedish criminal and murderer
(d. 2018) ·
June 12 – Tom Oliver, Australian actor ·
June 14 – Shelby Stephenson,
American poet ·
June 15 – Billy
Williams, American baseball player ·
June 16 – James Bolam, British actor ·
June 19 ·
Wahoo McDaniel, American football player and
professional wrestler (d. 2002) ·
Ian Smith,
Australian actor ·
June 21 ·
Ron Ely, American actor (Tarzan) ·
Mario Minieri, Italian professional road
bicycle racer ·
Celia Rodriguez, Filipina actress ·
Rosemary S. Pooler,
U.S. federal judge ·
June 22 – Octavian
Vintilă, Romanian fencer ·
June 23 ·
Dick Cochran, American track athlete ·
Roger Davis,
former professional American football player ·
John Gerovich, Australian rules footballer ·
Charles McDew, American civil rights
activist (d. 2018) ·
Alan Vega, American singer and musician (Suicide) (d. 2016) ·
June 24 ·
Boris Lagutin, Soviet boxer ·
Edoardo Vianello, Italian singer, composer
and actor ·
Lawrence Block, American crime write ·
Charles Howerton, American actor ·
Abulfaz Elchibey, Azerbaijani political
figure, 2nd President of
Azerbaijan (d. 2000) ·
June 25 ·
Cecilia Kadzamira,
First Lady of Malawi ·
Paul Dijoud, ex-minister of state for Monaco ·
Giampiero Littera,
Italian actor ·
Enver Yulgushov, Russian professional
football coach and a former player ·
Augusto Barbera, Italian judge and former
constitutional law professor ·
James Feast, British chemical scientist and
academic ·
Mick Allen,
Australian rower ·
June 26 ·
Maria Velho da Costa,
Portuguese writer ·
Gene Gaines, American football (soccer)
player ·
Ken Monteith, Canadian politician ·
June 27 ·
Kathryn Beaumont, English actress, voice
actress, singer and school teacher ·
Ene Riisna, Estonian-American television
producer ·
Jake Crouthamel, American football player,
coach, and college athletics administrator ·
Bob Baxt, Australian lawyer ·
June 28 ·
Peter Čeferin, Slovenian attorney ·
Sergio Silvagni, Australian rules footballer ·
John Byner, American actor, comedian, and
impressionist ·
Simon
Douglas-Pennant, 7th Baron Penrhyn, British baron ·
June 29 ·
Peter Wollen, British film theorist and
filmmaker ·
Herbert Polzhuber,
Austrian fencer and modern pentathlete ·
József Gelei, Hungarian former professional
football player and manager ·
Giampaolo Menichelli,
Italian footballer, who played as a winger ·
June 30 ·
Billy Mills, American Olympic athlete ·
Michael Nudelman, Israeli politician ·
Gene Prebola, American football tight end ·
Mirko Novosel, Croatian basketball player,
referee and coach July[edit] ·
July 1 ·
Ilana Karaszyk, Israeli Olympic runner and
long jumper ·
Susan Maughan, English singer ·
Diane Ravitch, American historian of
education, an educational policy analyst ·
Durai Murugan, Indian lawyer and politician ·
Hariprasad Chaurasia,
Indian classical flutist ·
Dick Rutan, record-breaking aviator who
piloted the Voyager ·
July 2 ·
C. Kumar N. Patel,
Indian electrical engineer ·
Don Choate, American former professional
baseball player ·
Joseph Anthony
Galante, American prelate ·
Frank G. Wisner, American businessman and
former diplomat ·
July 3 ·
Ron Fogg, English former professional
footballer ·
Franklin
Delano Roosevelt III, American economist and academic ·
Sjaak Swart, Dutch footballer ·
Bolo Yeung, Hong Kong actor ·
July 4 ·
Bill Withers, American singer and songwriter ·
Cyril Mitchley, South African cricket
player, umpire and match referee ·
Ernie Pieterse, South African racing driver ·
John
Sterling, American sportscaster ·
July 5 ·
Vera Oelschlegel, German singer, actress,
artistic director, drama director and professor of drama ·
Warren Livingston,
American football cornerback ·
Paul Van Riper, United States Marine Corps
officer ·
James Bond,
British motorcycle speedway rider ·
July 6 ·
Manny Mashouf, Iranian-American businessman
and philanthropist ·
Tony Lewis, English cricketer ·
Uli Maslo, German football player and
manager ·
Oleh Bazylevych, Ukrainian footballer,
football (soccer) coach, and sport administrator ·
Stuart Young,
English cricketer ·
Luana Patten, American film actress
(d. 1996) ·
July 7 ·
Ray Gripper, Rodesian cricketer ·
Ponatshego Kedikilwe,
Botswana politician ·
July 8 ·
Andrey Myagkov, Soviet/Russian film and
theater actor ·
Roger Palin, Royal Air Force commander. ·
Bill Spanswick, American professional
baseball player ·
Paul Cronin, Australian actor ·
Vojtech Masný, Slovak football player ·
Justin Leiber, American philosopher and
science fiction writer (d. 2016) ·
July 9 ·
Faanya Rose, British-American business
woman, conservationist, philanthropist, and explorer ·
Liya Akhedzhakova,
Russian actress ·
Brian Dennehy, American actor ·
Robert Fields, American actor ·
July 10 ·
Vera Shebeko, Russian anchorwoman ·
David Hugh Mellor,
English philosopher ·
Julio Londoño
Paredes, Colombian Army Lieutenant Colonel and diplomat ·
Tura Satana, Japanese-born American actress
(d. 2011) ·
July 11 ·
Ted Schreiber, American former professional
baseball player ·
Jiří Krampol,
Czech actor ·
July 12 ·
Lin Shllaku, Albanian footballer ·
Matt Ravlich, Canadian ice hockey defenceman ·
Stanley Meads, rugby union footballer ·
Wieger Mensonides,
Dutch swimmer ·
July 13 – Thomas
Savundaranayagam, Sri Lanka Tamil priest and former Roman Catholic
Bishop of Jaffna ·
July 14 ·
Lillian Malkina, Soviet and Russian actress ·
Tommy Vig, Hungarian composer, arranger,
vibraphonist ·
July 15 ·
Enrique Figuerola,
sprinter from Cuba ·
Pilot Baba, Indian Air Force ·
July 16 ·
Cynthia Enloe, American feminist writer,
theorist, and professor ·
Colin Rice, Australian rules footballer ·
July 17 – Salah Omar al-Ali,
Iraqi politician ·
July 18 ·
Valery Kerdemelidi,
artistic gymnast from Russia ·
Hampton Fancher, American actor ·
Britt Leach, American character actor ·
Ian Stewart,
Scottish musician (The Rolling Stones)
(d. 1985) ·
Paul Verhoeven, Dutch film director ·
July 19 ·
Sergio Martino, Italian film director and
producer ·
Jayant Narlikar, Indian astrophysicist ·
July 20 ·
David Pratt,
English cricketer ·
Roger Hunt, English footballer ·
Diana Rigg, English actress ·
Natalie Wood, American actress (d. 1981) ·
July 21 ·
Dale Hackbart, American football defensive
back ·
Vladimir Radionov,
Russian football player, coach and official ·
Janet Reno, American lawyer (d. 2016) ·
July 22 – Mark Rakita, Russian sabreur and coach from
the Soviet era ·
July 23 ·
Juliet Anderson, American actress (d. 2010) ·
Ronny Cox, American actor ·
Bert Newton, Australian actor and television
show host ·
Götz George, German actor (d. 2016) ·
July 24 – Eugene J. Martin, American painter, artist
(d. 2005) ·
July 27 – Gary Gygax, American author and game
designer (d. 2008) ·
July 28 ·
Luis Aragonés, Spanish football player and
manager (d. 2014) ·
Alberto Fujimori, President of Peru ·
July 29 ·
Anthony Joseph
Burgess, Papua New Guinean Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2013) ·
Peter Jennings, Canadian-born television
news reporter (d. 2005) ·
Christopher Gibbs,
British antiques deale (d. 2018) August[edit] ·
August 1 ·
Edward Sokoine, 2nd Prime Minister of
Tanzania (d. 1984) ·
Noble Villeneuve, Canadian politician
(d. 2018) ·
August 3 ·
Sir Terry Wogan, Irish-British radio broadcaster
and television presenter/personality (d. 2016) ·
Emilia Carranza,
Mexican actress ·
August 4 – Jean Nguza
Karl-i-Bond, Zairian politician (d. 2003) ·
August 6 – Paul Bartel, American actor, writer and
director (d. 2000) ·
August 7 – Dewi Bebb, Welsh rugby union player
(d. 1996) ·
August 8 ·
Otto Rehhagel, German football player and
manager ·
Marcia Lewis, American actress and singer
(d. 2010) ·
Connie Stevens, American actress, singer and
businesswoman ·
August 9 ·
Michèle Girardon,
French actress (d. 1975) ·
Leonid Kuchma, President of Ukraine ·
Rod Laver, Australian tennis player ·
August 10 – Grit Boettcher, German actress ·
August 12 – Paul Craft, American singer-songwriter
(d. 2014) ·
August 13 – Bill Masterton, Canadian–American ice hockey
(d. 1968) ·
Stephen Breyer, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United
States ·
Janusz Zajdel, Polish writer (d. 1985) ·
Bill Masterton, Canadian hockey player
(d. 1968) ·
Emmanuel
Rakotovahiny, 8th Prime Minister of Madagascar ·
Cosimo Nocera, Italian footballer (d. 2012) ·
August 18 – Orestes Quércia,
Brazilian politician (d. 2010) ·
Diana Muldaur, American actress ·
Valentin Mankin, Ukrainian Soviet sailor,
Olympic triple champion and silver medalist (d. 2014) ·
August 20 – Alain Vivien, French politician ·
August 21 – Kenny Rogers, American country singer ·
August 22 – Paul Maguire, American football player ·
Halldór Blöndal,
Icelandic politician ·
David Freiberg, American musician (Quicksilver
Messenger Service and Jefferson Starship) ·
August 26 – Susan Harrison, American actress ·
August 25 – Iris Falcam, American-Micronesian librarian,
researcher and public servant (d. 2010) ·
Maurizio Costanzo,
Italian television news reporter ·
Paul Martin, 21st Prime Minister
of Canada ·
Elliott Gould, American actor ·
Robert Rubin, American banker who served as
the 70th United States Secretary of the Treasury ·
August 31 – Martin Bell, British journalist and
politician September[edit] ·
September 1 – Per Kirkeby, Danish artist ·
Clarence Felder, American actor ·
Giuliano Gemma, Italian actor (d. 2013) ·
Mary Jo Catlett, American actress ·
September 3 – Ryōji Noyori, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize laureate ·
September 6 – Dennis Oppenheim, American artist (d. 2011) ·
September 8 – Kenichi Horie, Japanese adventurer ·
David
Hamilton, British radio and TV personality ·
Tomasi Puapua, Tuvaluan politician,
2nd Prime Minister
of Tuvalu and 6th Governor-General
of Tuvalu ·
Angus Alan Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 15th Duke of
Hamilton/12th Duke of Brandon (d. 2010) ·
John
Smith, Scottish politician (d. 1994) ·
September 15 – Gaylord Perry, American baseball player ·
September 18 – Poornachandra
Tejaswi, Kannada writer (d. 2007) ·
September 22 – Gene Mingo, American football player ·
Tom Lester, American actor and evangelist ·
Romy Schneider, Austrian actress (d. 1982) ·
Celestino Rocha
da Costa, 2nd Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (d. 2010) ·
Jonathan Motzfeldt, Prime
Minister of Greenland (d. 2010) ·
Kim
Ji-young, South Korean actress (d. 2017) ·
September 28 – Ben E. King, American singer and songwriter
(d. 2015) ·
September 29 – Wim Kok, Dutch politician, 48th Prime
Minister of the Netherlands from 1994 until 2002 (d. 2018) October[edit] ·
October 1 – Stella Stevens, American actress and model ·
Eddie Cochran, American rock and roll singer
(d. 1960) ·
Pedro Pablo
Kuczynski, Peruvian entrepreneur and politician, 66th President of Peru ·
Joseph
F. Timilty, American politician (d. 2017) ·
October 4 – Kurt Wüthrich, Swiss chemist, Nobel Prize laureate ·
October 5 – Johnny
Duncan, American country music singer (d. 2006) ·
October 8 – Bronislovas Lubys,
5th Prime Minister of Lithuania (d. 2011) ·
Denzil Davies, British politician (d. 2018) ·
Heinz Fischer, Austrian politician ·
October 13 – Christiane Hörbiger,
Austrian television and film actress ·
Farah Diba, Empress of Iran ·
Ron Lancaster, Canadian Football League
quarterback and coach (d. 2008) ·
October 15 – Fela Kuti, Nigerian musician and activist
(d. 1997) ·
Carl Gunter Jr., Louisiana State
Representative (d. 1999) ·
Nico,
German-American singer (d. 1988) ·
October 17 – Evel Knievel, American motorcycle daredevil
(d. 2007) ·
October 18 – Dawn Wells, American actress ·
October 20 – Iain Macmillan, Abbey Road photographer (d. 2006) ·
October 22 – Christopher Lloyd,
American actor ·
October 23 – John Heinz, U.S. Senator (d. 1991) ·
October 25 – Claude Minière,
French essayist and poet ·
October 28 – Anne Perry, English-born novelist ·
Ralph Bakshi, Israeli cartoonist, film
director, and video producer ·
Ellen Johnson
Sirleaf, 24th President of Liberia ·
October 30 – Ed Lauter, American actor (d. 2013) November[edit] ·
Pat Buchanan, American political operative,
journalist, pundit and one-time presidential candidate ·
David Lane,
American white nationalist (d. 2007) ·
Frank McKinney, American competition swimmer
(d. 1992) ·
Terrence McNally, American playwright,
librettist, and screenwriter (Ragtime, Kiss
of the Spider Woman) ·
November 4 – LeRoy Fjordbotten,
Canadian politician (d. 2017) ·
Enéas Carneiro,
Brazilian politician (d. 2007) ·
Joe Dassin, French singer (d. 1980) ·
Ionatana Ionatana,
5th Prime Minister of Tuvalu (d. 2000) ·
César Luis Menotti,
Argentine football coach. ·
Mack Jones, American baseball player
(d. 2004) ·
Branko Mikasinovich, Serbian-American journalist ·
November 10 – Michael Schultz, American film director and
producer ·
November 11 – Ants Antson, Estonian speed skater (d. 2015) ·
November 12 – Benjamin Mkapa, 3rd President of
Tanzania ·
November 13 – Jean Seberg, American actress (d. 1979) ·
November 16 – Robert Nozick, American philosopher
(d. 2002) ·
November 17 – Gordon Lightfoot, Canadian folk singer ·
Ahmad Obeidat, Prime Minister of Jordan ·
Norbert Ratsirahonana,
9th Prime Minister of Madagascar ·
November 19 – Ted Turner, American entrepreneur ·
November 22 – Maynard Troyer, American race car driver and
race chassis engineer (d. 2018) ·
Oscar Robertson, American basketball player ·
Charles Starkweather,
American spree killer (d. 1959) ·
November 26 – Porter J. Goss, American politician and
Central Intelligence Agency director December[edit] Peter Snell, 1964 Olympic gold medalist ·
December 2 – Luis Artime, Argentine footballer ·
Andre V. Marrou, U.S. Presidential candidate ·
Yvonne Minton, Australian soprano ·
J. J. Cale, American singer-songwriter,
guitarist (d. 2013) ·
J. D. McDuffie, American race car driver
(d. 1991) ·
Ken Delo, American singer (d. 2016) ·
John Kofi Agyekum Kufuor, President of Ghana ·
December 11 – T. S. R. Subramanian,
Indian politician (d. 2018) ·
December 13 – Heino, German singer ·
Billy Shaw, American football player ·
Juan Carlos Wasmosy,
48th President of
Paraguay ·
Frank Deford, American sportswriter
(d. 2017) ·
Liv Ullmann, Norwegian actress ·
Carlo Little, British drummer (d. 2005) ·
Peter Snell, New Zealand athlete ·
December 18 – Roger E. Mosley, African-American actor ·
December 20 – John Harbison, American composer ·
December 22 – Brian Locking, English bassist (The Shadows) ·
December 23 – Bob Kahn, American Internet pioneer ·
December 24 – Bobby Henrich, American baseball player ·
December 25 – Duane Armstrong, American painter ·
December 28 – Lagumot Harris, Nauruan politician and
President (d. 1999) ·
December 29 – Jon Voight, American actor Date unknown[edit] ·
Michael Leader, British actor (d. 2016) ·
Yusuf Lodhi, Pakistani editor and cartoonist
(d. 1996) Deaths[edit] January[edit] ·
January 1 – George H. Collin, American politician
(b. 1856) ·
January 2 – Henry Victor Deligny,
French general (b. 1855) ·
January 3 – Arturo Berutti, Argentinian composer
(b. 1862) ·
January 4 – Paola Drigo, Italian novelist and writer
(b. 1876) ·
January 5 – Karel Baxa, Czechoslovakian politician
(b. 1863) ·
Johnny Gruelle, American cartoonist and
children's book author (b. 1880) ·
Christian Rohlfs, German painter (b. 1849) ·
January 10 – William McCall,
American actor (b. 1870) ·
Juan de la
Cierva y Peñafiel, Spanish lawyer and politician (b. 1864) ·
Isidore Konti, Austrian-born Hungarian
sculptor (b. 1862) ·
January 17 – Vladimir Beneshevich,
Soviet scholar and martyr (b. 1874) ·
January 20 – Émile Cohl, French caricaturist and animator
(b. 1857) ·
January 21 – Georges Méliès,
French film director (b. 1861) ·
January 22 – Sergei Buturlin, Soviet ornithologist
(b. 1872) ·
January 23 – J. P. Dahlen, Swedish worker and politician
(b. 1881) ·
January 24 – Rosamond Pinchot, American socialite and actress
(b. 1904) ·
January 28 – Bernd Rosemeyer, German racing driver
(b. 1909) ·
January 29 – Armando Palacio
Valdés, Spanish writer (b. 1853) ·
January 31 – Marcella Cosgrave,
Irish nationalist leader (b. 1873) February[edit] Prince
Nicholas of Greece and Denmark ·
February 6 – George Auriol, French poet (b. 1863) ·
February 7 – Harvey Firestone, American tire manufacturer
(b. 1868) ·
Mikhail Batorsky, Soviet komkor (b. 1890) ·
Prince
Nicholas of Greece and Denmark (b. 1872) ·
February 9 – Arturo Caprotti, Italian engineer and
architect (b. 1881) ·
February 10 – Richard A. Whiting,
American composer (b. 1890) ·
February 11 – Kazimierz Twardowski,
Polish philosopher and logician (b. 1866) ·
February 16 – Hal De Forrest, Portuguese-born American
actor (b. 1862) ·
February 17 – T. D. Crittenden, American actor (b. 1878) ·
David King Udall, American politician
(b. 1851) ·
Leopoldo Lugones, Argentine writer and
journalist (b. 1874) ·
February 19 – Edmund Landau, German mathematician
(b. 1877) ·
February 21 – Matvei
Petrovich Bronstein, Soviet physicist (b. 1906) March[edit] ·
March 1 – Gabriele D'Annunzio,
Italian writer, war hero, and politician (b. 1863) ·
March 2 ·
William Blomfield,
New Zealand cartoonist (b. 1866) ·
Ben Harney, American composer and pianist
(b. 1871) ·
March 7 – Andreas
Michalakopoulos, Greek politician and 47th Prime Minister
of Greece (b. 1876) ·
March 10 – Ahn Changho, Korean independence activist
(b. 1878) ·
March 12 – Lyda Roberti, Polish actress (b. 1906) ·
March 13 ·
Cevat Çobanlı,
Ottoman military commander and Turkish army officer (b. 1870) ·
Clarence Darrow, American attorney (b. 1857) ·
March 15 ·
Alexei Rykov, Premier of Russia and
the Soviet Union (b. 1881) ·
Nikolai Bukharin, Soviet politician
(b. 1888) ·
March 18 – Lidia Charskaya, Soviet actress and writer
(b. 1875) ·
March 19 – Magzhan Zhumabayev,
Soviet writer and pedagogue (b. 1893) ·
March 20 ·
Martin Burrell, Canadian politician
(b. 1858) ·
Aleksandar Malinov,
17th Prime Minister
of Bulgaria (b. 1867) ·
March 21 – Oscar Apfel, American actor and director
(b. 1878) ·
March 26 – Lakshminath Bezbaroa,
Indian writer, dramatist, novelist, poet and editor (b. 1864) ·
March 27 – William
Stern, German psychologist and philosopher (b. 1871) ·
March 29 – Marcel Bloch,
Swiss aviator (b. 1890) April[edit] Patriarch Khoren I of Armenia ·
April 1 – Louis-Henri Foreau,
French painter (b. 1866) ·
April 5 – Reine Davies, American actress (b. 1886) ·
April 6 – Khoren I of Armenia,
Catholicos of the Armenian
Apostolic Church and patriarch (b. 1873) ·
April 8 – Joe
"King" Oliver, American jazz musician (b. 1885) ·
April 9 – Manuel
Carrasco Formiguera, Spanish lawyer and politician (b. 1890) ·
April 12 – Feodor Chaliapin, Soviet bass (b. 1873) ·
April 14 – Gillis Grafström,
Swedish figure skater (b. 1893) ·
April 15 – César Vallejo, Peruvian poet (b. 1892) ·
April 16 – Steve Bloomer, English footballer (b. 1874) ·
April 21 ·
Sultan Majid
Afandiyev, Soviet revolutionary and statesman (b. 1887) ·
Allama Iqbal, Indian philosopher and poet
(b. 1877) ·
April 24 – George Grey Barnard,
American sculptor (b. 1863) ·
April 25 – Aleksander
Świętochowski, Polish writer (b. 1849) ·
April 26 – Edmund Husserl, Austrian philosopher
(b. 1859) May[edit] ·
May 4 – Carl von Ossietzky,
German pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1889) ·
May 7 – Octavian Goga, 37th Prime Minister of Romania
(b. 1881) ·
May 9 – Thomas B. Thrige, Danish industrialist
(b. 1866) ·
May 10 – Benjamin Abrahão
Botto, Brazilian photographer (b. 1890) ·
May 13 – Charles Édouard
Guillaume, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
(b. 1861) ·
May 14 ·
Miguel Cabanellas,
Spanish army officer (b. 1872) ·
Aaron Daggett, American general during American Civil War (b. 1837) ·
May 15 – Cao Kun, 6th President
of the Republic of China (b. 1862) ·
May 16 ·
Fred Baker,
American physician (b. 1854) ·
Lewis
Bayly, British admiral (b. 1857) ·
Ivan Mrkvička, Czechoslovakian-born
Bulgarian painter (b. 1856) ·
May 18 – Mikhail Babushkin,
Soviet polar aviator (b. 1893) ·
May 22 – William Glackens, American painter (b. 1870) ·
May 23 – Frederick Ruple, American painter (b. 1871) ·
May 25 – Rafael Colliander,
Finnish journalist and politician (b. 1870) ·
May 26 – John Jacob Abel, American pharmacologist
(b. 1857) ·
May 29 – Miguel Fleta, Spanish tenor (b. 1897) June[edit] María
Obligado de Soto y Calvo ·
June 3 – Tulio Febres Cordero,
Venezuelan writer and journalist (b. 1860) ·
June 4 – Oscar Bystrom,
Swedish actor (b. 1857) ·
June 7 – Jenő Dsida, Hungarian poet and
translator (b. 1907) ·
June 9 – John Broadbent, British army officer and
politician (b. 1872) ·
June 15 – Ernst Ludwig
Kirchner, German painter (b. 1880) ·
June 17 – George E. Barnett,
American economist (b. 1873) ·
June 19 – María
Obligado de Soto y Calvo, Argentinian painter (b. 1857) ·
June 21 – Mathilde Comont, French-born American
actress (b. 1886) ·
June 23 ·
Clement Edwards, British lawyer, journal and
activist (b. 1869) ·
William
Gillespie, British actor (b. 1894) ·
June 24 – C. Yarnall Abbott,
American photographer and painter (b. 1870) ·
June 25 – Edith Anne Stoney,
Irish physicist (b. 1869) ·
June 26 – James Weldon Johnson,
American author, politician, and diplomat (b. 1871) ·
June 29 ·
Shlomo Ben-Yosef, Israeli Zionist leader
(b. 1913) ·
Frederick
William Vanderbilt, American railway magnate (b. 1856) July[edit] Franz I,
Prince of Liechtenstein ·
July 1 – Carrie Daumery, Dutch-born American actress
(b. 1863) ·
July 2 – John James Burnet,
British architect (b. 1857) ·
July 4 ·
Otto Bauer, Austrian Social Democratic
politician (b. 1881) ·
Suzanne Lenglen, French tennis champion
(b. 1899) ·
Archibald
Berkeley Milne, British admiral (b. 1855) ·
July 9 – Benjamin N. Cardozo,
United States Supreme Court Justice (b. 1870) ·
July 14 – Abel Adams, Finnish producer (b. 1879) ·
July 17 – Robert Wiene, German director (b. 1873) ·
July 19 – Harvey Clark,
American actor (b. 1885) ·
July 20 – George Martley Davis,
Australian politician (b. 1860) ·
July 24 – Pedro Figari, Uruguay, painter, writer and
politician (b. 1861) ·
July 25 ·
Franz I,
Prince of Liechtenstein (b. 1853) ·
Kōsaku Hamada, Japanese academic,
archaeologist and author (b. 1881) ·
July 27 – Tom Crean,
Irish seaman and Antarctic explorer (b. 1877) ·
July 28 ·
Yakov Alksnis, Soviet aviator and commander
of Red Army Air Forces (executed) (b. 1897) ·
Yakov Davydov, Soviet general (b. 1888) August[edit] ·
August 1 – Edmund Charles
Tarbell, American artist (b. 1862) ·
August 2 – Edmund Dunggan,
Irish-born Australian actor (b. 1862) ·
August 4 – Pearl White, American actress (b. 1889) ·
August 6 – Warner Oland, Swedish actor (b. 1879) ·
August 7 – Konstantin
Stanislavsky, Soviet theatre practitioner (b. 1863) ·
August 9 ·
W. W. Conner, American politician (b. 1882) ·
Leo Frobenius, German ethnologist,
archaeologist and Africanist (b. 1873) ·
August 12 – Peter David Edstrom,
American sculptor (b. 1873) ·
August 14 – Hugh Trumble, Australian test cricketer
(b. 1876) ·
Sergey Aydarov, Soviet actor (b. 1867) ·
Robert Johnson, American blues singer
(b. 1911) ·
August 21 – Tomasz Dąbal, Polish activist (b. 1890) ·
August 22 – Eduard Lepin, Latvian-born Soviet general
(b. 1889) ·
Carlos Echandi, Costa Rican surgeon
(b. 1900) ·
Frank Hawks, American aviator (b. 1897) ·
August 26 – Teodor Axentowicz,
Polish-born Soviet painter (b. 1859) ·
August 29 – Béla Kun, Hungarian Communist leader
(b. 1886) September[edit] Reverend Andrew Breen Blessed Maria Teresa
of St. Joseph ·
September 1 – Nikolai Bryukhanov,
Soviet statesman and political figure who served as People's Commissar of
Finances (b. 1878) ·
September 3 – Gustav Adolf Closs,
German illustrator and painter (b. 1864) ·
September 6 – Alfonso
de Borbón y Battenberg, Prince of Asturias,
former heir apparent to the throne of Spain (b. 1907) ·
September 8 – Cecilio Apostol, Filipino poet and laurate
(b. 1877) ·
September 10 – Andrew Breen, American Roman Catholic priest and reverend
(b. 1863) ·
Prince Arthur
of Connaught (b. 1883) ·
Robert L. Bacon, American politician
(b. 1884) ·
Yannoulis Chalepas,
Greek sculptor (b. 1851) ·
Thomas Wolfe, American author (b. 1900) ·
Herman Baltia, Belgian general (b. 1863) ·
Valerie Bergere, French-born American
actress (b. 1867) ·
September 17 – Bruno Jasieński,
Polish poet (b. 1901) ·
September 19 – Pauline Frederick,
American actress (b. 1883) ·
September 20 – Maria Teresa
of St. Joseph, German Roman Catholic religious professed and
blessed (b. 1855) ·
Andrew Arbuckle,
American actor (b. 1887) ·
Ivana
Brlić-Mažuranić, Yugoslav writer (b. 1874) ·
Philbert
Maurice d'Ocagne, French engineer and mathematician (b. 1862) ·
Aurelio Giorni, Italian composer and pianist
(b. 1895) ·
September 24 – Silouan the Athonite,
Soviet Orthodox priest and
saint (b. 1866) ·
Paul Olaf Bodding,
Norwegian missionary to India and creator of the Santali Latin
alphabet (b. 1865) ·
Anna Laurens Dawes,
American author and suffragist (b. 1851) ·
September 28 – Con Conrad, American composer (b. 1891) October[edit] Saint Faustina Kowalska ·
October 2 – Alexandru Averescu,
Romanian soldier and politician, 24th Prime Minister
of Romania (b. 1859) ·
October 3 – Richard Teller
Crane II, American diplomat (b. 1882) ·
October 4 – José Luis Tejada
Sorzano, Bolivian lawyer and politician, 40th President of Bolivia (b. 1882) ·
Faustina Kowalska,
Polish nun and saint, the Secretary of Divine Mercy (b. 1905) ·
Albert Ranft, Swedish theatre director and
actor (b. 1858) ·
October 12 – Kirill
Vladimirovich, Grand Duke of Russia (b. 1876) ·
October 13 – E. C. Segar, American comics artist and
creator of Popeye (b. 1894) ·
October 14 – Charles Dalmas, French architect (b. 1863) ·
Eshref Frasheri, Albanian politician
(b. 1874) ·
Karl Kautsky, Austrian Marxist theoretician
(b. 1854) ·
Niño Fidencio, Mexican Roman Catholic priest and saint
(b. 1898) ·
Prince Fushimi
Hiroyoshi (b. 1897) ·
Chrysostomos I
of Athens, Greek priest and metropolitan (b. 1868) ·
May Irwin, Canadian actress and singer
(b. 1862) ·
Ernst Barlach, German sculptor and poet
(b. 1870) ·
Gilbert
Greenall, 1st Baron Daresbury, British businessman (b. 1867) ·
Raoul Bensaude, French physician (b. 1866) ·
Alfonsina Storni, Argentine poet (b. 1892) ·
Lascelles
Abercrombie, British poet and critic (b. 1881) ·
Alma Gluck, American soprano (b. 1884) ·
Ramón Franco, Spanish aviation pioneer
(b. 1896) ·
Fred Kohler, American actor (b. 1888) ·
October 30 – Robert Woolsey, American film comedian
(b. 1888) ·
Sakari Ainali, Finnish farmer, businessman
and politician (b. 1874) ·
Jean Degoutte, French general, leader
of World War I (b. 1866) November[edit] ·
November 1 – Charles Weeghman, American restaurateur and
owner of Chicago Cubs (b. 1874) ·
November 4 – Samuel W. Bryant, American admiral (b. 1877) ·
November 7 – Prince
Georgy Konstantinovich of Russia (b. 1903) ·
Vasily Blyukher, Soviet military commander
(b. 1889) ·
Ernst vom Rath, German diplomat (b. 1909) ·
November 10 – Mustafa Kemal
Atatürk, 1st Prime Minister
of Turkey and 1st President of Turkey (b. 1881) ·
November 16 – James Barr,
American physician (b. 1849) ·
November 17 – Kaarlo Castren, Finnish politician and
4th Prime Minister
of Finland (b. 1860) ·
Arthur
Elliott, South African photographer (b. 1870) ·
Maud of Wales, Queen of Haakon VII of Norway (b. 1869) ·
November 22 – Sahachiro Hata, Japanese bacteriologist
(b. 1873) ·
November 25 – Otto von Lossow, Bavarian and German general
(b. 1868) ·
November 30 – Corneliu Zelea
Codreanu, Romanian fascist, leader of the Iron Guard (executed along other Guard
activists) (b. 1899) December[edit] ·
December 2 – Thomas Octavius
Callender, British engineer and businessman (b. 1855) ·
December 3 – Félix Córdova Dávila,
Puerto Rican political figure (b. 1878) ·
December 4 – Gonzalo Bilbao, Spanish painter (b. 1860) ·
December 7 – Anna Marie Hahn, German-born American serial
killer (b. 1907) ·
December 10 – Paul Morgan,
Austrian actor (b. 1886) ·
December 11 – Christian Lous Lange,
Norwegian pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1869) ·
December 14 – Maurice Emmanuel, French composer (b. 1862) ·
Antonio Rafael
Barcelo, Puerto Rican lawyer, business and politician (b. 1868) ·
Valery Chkalov, Soviet test pilot (b. 1904) ·
December 16 – Ed Davis,
American criminal (b. 1900) ·
December 20 – Annie Armstrong, American missionary leader
(b. 1850) ·
December 24 – Bruno Taut, German architect and urban
planner (b. 1880) ·
Karel Čapek, Czech author (b. 1890) ·
Richard Henry
Cummings, American actor (b. 1858) ·
Theodor
Fischer, German archicture (b. 1862) ·
Calvin Bridges, American scientist (b. 1889) ·
Osip Mandelstam, Soviet poet (b. 1891) ·
December 28 – Florence Lawrence,
Canadian actress (b. 1886) ·
December 29 – Eugenia de
Reuss Ianculescu, Romanian teacher, writer and activist (b. 1866) ·
December 31 – Lucien Grant Berry,
American general (b. 1863) Date unknown[edit] ·
Harry Grant Dart, American cartoonist
(b. 1869) Nobel Prizes[edit] ·
Physics – Enrico Fermi ·
Physiology
or Medicine – Corneille
Jean François Heymans ·
Peace – Nansen
International Office for Refugees, Geneva References[edit] 1.
^ "Nederlandse Spoorwegen".
2011-06-12. Retrieved 2011-12-27. 2.
^ "Daily Pilot - Serving Newport Beach & Costa
Mesa, California". Archived from the original on May 20,
2009. Retrieved 2009-05-18. 3.
^ Bowers, Q. David (2007). A Guide Book of Buffalo
and Jefferson Nickels. Atlanta, Ga.: Whitman Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7948-2008-4. 4.
^ Jump up to:a b Nazi Germany and the Jews: 1938 – “The Fateful Year” on
the Yad Vashem website 5.
^ It Came From Within... 71 Years Since Kristallnacht -
Online exhibition from Yad Vashem, including survivor testimonies, archival
footage, photos and stories. 6.
^ Albert Hofmann;
translated from the original German (LSD Ganz Persönlich) by J. Ott. MAPS-Volume 6, Number 69, Summer 1969. 7.
^ Ives, Herbert E.; Stilwell, G. R. (1938). "An Experimental Study of the Rate of a Moving
Atomic Clock". Journal
of the Optical Society of America. 28 (7):
215–19. Bibcode:1938JOSA...28..215I. doi:10.1364/JOSA.28.000215.
Retrieved 2011-09-23. External links[edit] ·
The 1930s Timeline: 1938 – from
American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia ·
1938 – “The Fateful Year” for the Jews in Nazi Germany -
About the Holocaust- Yad Vashem |
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