Gregorian Year

1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1982nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 982nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 82nd year of the 20th century, and the 3rd year of the 1980s decade.

Contents

· 1Events

· 2Births

· 3Deaths

· 4Nobel Prizes

· 5Fields Medalists

· 6References

Events[edit]

January[edit]

· January 1 – New ITV franchises, Central, TVS and TSW, are launched.

· January 7 – The Commodore 64 8-bit home computer is launched by Commodore International in Las Vegas^[1](released in August); it becomes the all-time best-selling single personal computer model.^[2]

· January 8 – AT&T Corporation agrees to break up and divest itself of 22 subdivisions.^[3]

· January 11 – Mark Thatcher, son of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, disappears in the Sahara during the Dakar Rally; he is rescued January 14.

· January 11–17 – A brutal cold snap sends temperatures to all-time record lows in dozens of cities throughout the Midwestern United States.

· January 13 – Shortly after takeoff, Air Florida Flight 90 crashes into Washington, D.C.'s 14th Street Bridge and falls into the Potomac River, killing 78. On the same day, a Washington Metro train derails to the north, killing three people in the system's first fatal accident.

· January 17 – Cold Sunday sweeps over the northern United States.

· January 18 – 1982 Thunderbirds Indian Springs Diamond Crash: Four Northrop T-38 aircraft of the United States Air Force Thunderbirds Demonstration Squadron crash at Indian Springs Air Force Auxiliary Field, Nevada, killing all 4 pilots.

· January 24 – Super Bowl XVI saw the San Francisco 49ers and game MVP Joe Montana capture their first NFLchampionship by beating the Cincinnati Bengals 26-21 at Detroit's Pontiac Silverdome.

· January 26

· Mauno Koivisto is elected President of Finland.

· Unemployment in the United Kingdom increases by 129,918 to 3,070,621, a post-war record number.

· January 27 – The Garret FitzGerald government of the Republic of Ireland is defeated 82–81 on its budget; the 22nd Dáil Éireann is dissolved.

· January 28 – United States Army Brigadier General James L. Dozier is rescued by the Italian anti-terrorism Nucleo Operativo Centrale di Sicurezza (NOCS) force after being held captive for 42 days by the Red Brigades.

· January 30 – The first computer virus, the Elk Cloner, written by 15-year old Rich Skrenta, is found.^[4] It infects Apple II computers via floppy disk.

February[edit]

· February 1 – Senegal and Gambia form a loose Senegambia Confederation.

· February 2 – The Hama massacre begins in Syria.

· February 3 – Syrian president Hafez al-Assad orders the army to purge the city of Harran of the Muslim Brotherhood.

· February 5 – London-based Laker Airways collapses, leaving 6,000 stranded passengers and debts of $270 million.

· February 7 – Iraqi club Al-Shorta win the 1982 Arab Club Champions Cup with a 4–2 aggregate win over Al-Nejmeh in the final.

· February 9 – Japan Airlines Flight 350 crashes in Tokyo Bay due to thrust reversal on approach to Tokyo International Airport, killing 24 among the 174 people on board.

· February 15 – The oil platform Ocean Ranger sinks during a storm off the coast of Newfoundland, killing all 84 rig workers aboard.

· February 18 – The Republic of Ireland general election gives a boost to Fianna Fáil.

· February 19 – The DeLorean Motor Company Car Factory in Belfast is put into receivership.

· February 24 – In South Africa, 22 National Party MPs led by Andries Treurnicht vote for no confidence in P. W. Botha.

· February 25 – The European Court of Human Rights rules that teachers who cane, belt or tawse children against the wishes of their parents are in breach of the Human Rights Convention.

· February 27 – Atlanta murders of 1979–81: Wayne Williams is convicted of murdering two adult men and is sentenced to two consecutive life terms.

· February 28 – Adobe Systems was founded.

March[edit]

· March 3 – Elizabeth II opens the Barbican Centre in London.

· March 9 – Charles Haughey becomes Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland.

· March 10

· The United States places an embargo on Libyan oil imports, alleging Libyan support for terrorist groups.

· Syzygy: All 8 planets align on the same side of the Sun (see The Jupiter Effect).

· March 16 – In Newport, Rhode Island, Claus von Bülow is found guilty of the attempted murder of his wife.

· March 18 – Mary Whitehouse's private prosecution of The Romans in Britain collapses.

· March 26 – A ground-breaking ceremony for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial is held in Washington, D.C.

· March 29

· Royal Assent is given to the Canada Act 1982, setting the stage for the repatriation of the Canadian Constitutionon April 17.

· The 54th Academy Awards, hosted by Johnny Carson, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles. Chariots of Fire wins Best Picture and 3 other Academy Awards.

April[edit]

· April 2 – The Falklands War begins: Argentina invades and occupies the Falkland Islands.

· April 6 – A blizzard unprecedented in size for April dumps 1–2 feet of snow on the northeastern United States, closing schools and businesses, snarling traffic, and canceling several major league baseball games.

· April 17 – By Proclamation of the Queen of Canada on Parliament Hill, Canada patriates its constitution, gaining full political independence from the United Kingdom; included is the country's first entrenched bill of rights.

· April 23 – Dennis Wardlow, mayor of Key West, Florida, declares the independent "Conch Republic" for a day.

· April 24 – German singer Nicole wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1982 for Germany, with the song Ein Bisschen Frieden.

· April 25 – Israel completes its withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula in accordance with the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty of 1979.

· April 26 – Falklands War: British troops retake South Georgia during Operation Paraquet.

· April 30 – The Bijon Setu massacre takes place in India.

May[edit]

· May 1 – A crowd of over 100,000 attends the first day of the 1982 World's Fair in Knoxville, Tennessee, which is kicked off with an address by President Ronald Reagan. Over 11 million people attend during its 6-month run.

· May 2

· Falklands War: The nuclear submarine HMS Conqueror sinks the Argentine cruiser General Belgrano, killing 323 sailors. Operation Algeciras, an attempt to destroy a Royal Navy warship in Gibraltar, fails.

· The Weather Channel airs on cable television for the first time.

· May 4 – Falklands War: HMS Sheffield is hit by an Exocet missile, and burns out of control; 20 sailors are killed. The ship sinks on May 10.

· May 5 – A Unabomber bomb explodes in the computer science department at Vanderbilt University; secretary Janet Smith is injured.

· May 8 – French-Canadian racing driver Gilles Villeneuve is killed during qualifying for the Belgian Grand Prix.

· May 12

· Spanish priest Juan María Fernández y Krohn tries to stab Pope John Paul II with a bayonet during the latter's pilgrimage to the shrine at Fátima.

· Braniff International Airways is declared bankrupt and ceases all flights.

· May 16 – The New York Islanders sweep the Vancouver Canucks in four games to win the 1982 Stanley Cup Final.

· May 18 – Falklands War: The British Special Air Service launches an operation to destroy three Argentinean Exocet missiles and five Super Étendard fighter-bombers in mainland Argentina. It fails when the Argentineans discover the plot.

· May 21

· Falklands War: HMS Ardent is sunk by Argentine aircraft, killing 22 sailors.

· The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is established.

· May 23 – Falklands War: HMS Antelope is lost.

· May 24

· Iranian troops retake Khorramshahr.

· KGB head Yuri Andropov is appointed to the Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

· May 25 – British ships HMS Coventry and SS Atlantic Conveyor are sunk during the Falklands War; Coventry by two A-4C Skyhawks and the latter sunk by an Exocet.

· May 26

· Aston Villa wins the European Cup, beating Bayern Munich 1–0 after a 69-minute goal by Peter Withe in Rotterdam.

· Kielder Water, an artificial lake in Northumberland, is opened.

· May 27

· Tottenham Hotspur F.C. wins the FA Cup, beating Queens Park Rangers 1–0 in a replay.

· Conservative candidate Tim Smith holds the seat of Beaconsfield in a by-election. The Labour Party candidate is future Prime Minister Tony Blair.

· May 28 – Pope John Paul II's visit to the United Kingdom, the first by a reigning pope, begins.

· May 28–29 – Falklands War: Battle of Goose Green: British forces defeat a larger Argentine force.

· May 30

· Spain becomes the 16th member of NATO and the first nation to enter the alliance since West Germany's admission in 1955.

· Indianapolis 500: In what Indianapolis Motor Speedway historian Donald Davidson and Speedway public address announcer Tom Carnegie later call the greatest moment in the track's history, 1973 winner Gordon Johncock wins his second race over 1979 winner Rick Mears by 0.16 seconds. Leading to the closest finish to this date, Mears drew alongside Johncock with a lap remaining, after erasing a seemingly insurmountable advantage of more than 11 seconds in the final 10 laps.

· Hussain Muhammad Ershad seizes power in Bangladesh.

· Cal Ripken, Jr. plays the first of what eventually becomes his record-breaking streak of 2,632 consecutive Major League Baseball games.

June[edit]

· June 6

· The 1982 Lebanon War begins: Forces under Israeli Defense Minister Garamond Sharon invade southern Lebanon in their "Operation Peace for the Galilee," eventually reaching as far north as the capital Beirut.

· The United Nations Security Council votes to demand that Israel withdraw its troops from Lebanon.

· June 8

· President Ronald Reagan becomes the first American chief executive to address a joint session of the British Parliament.

· Falklands War: British ship RFA Sir Galahad is destroyed during the Bluff Cove Air Attacks

· VASP Flight 168, a Boeing 727 passenger jet, crashes into forest Fortaleza, killing 137.

· June 11 – E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial is released in the United States, which would become the biggest box-office hit for the rest of the decade.^[5]

· June 12 – The Nuclear Disarmament Rally, an event against nuclear weapon proliferation, draws 750,000 to New York City's Central Park. Jackson Browne, James Taylor, Bruce Springsteen, and Linda Ronstadt attend. An international convocation at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine features prominent peace activists from around the world and afterward participants march on Fifth Avenue to Central Park for the rally.

· June 13

· The 1982 FIFA World Cup begins in Spain.

· Fahd becomes King of Saudi Arabia upon the death of his brother, Khalid.

· June 14 – Falklands War: Argentine forces in the capital, Stanley, conditionally surrender to British forces.

· June 18 – Argentine military dictator Leopoldo Galtieri resigns, in the wake of his country's defeat in the Falklands War.

· June 19 – The body of "God's Banker", Roberto Calvi, chairman of Banco Ambrosiano, is found hanging beneath Blackfriars Bridge in London.

· June 21 – Prince William is born at St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, West London.

· June 24 – British Airways Flight 9 suffers a temporary four-engine flameout and damage to the exterior of the plane, after flying through the otherwise undetected ash plume from Indonesia's Mount Galunggung.

· June 25 – The Institute for Puerto Rican Policy is founded in New York City to research and advocate for Puerto Rican and Latino community issues. In 2006, it changes its name to the National Institute for Latino Policy.

· June 30 – The Equal Rights Amendment falls short of the 38 states needed to pass.

July[edit]

· July 2

· Lawnchair Larry flight flies 16,000 feet (4,900 m) above Long Beach, California, in a lawn chair with weather balloons attached.

· Roy Jenkins is elected Leader of the Social Democratic Party.

· July 3 – ASLEF train drivers in the United Kingdom go on strike over hours of work; they return to work on July 18.

· July 4 – Four Iranian diplomats are kidnapped upon Israel's invasion of Lebanon.

· July 6 – A lunar eclipse (umbral duration 236 min and total duration 106 min, the longest of the 20th century) occurs.

· July 9

· Pan Am Flight 759 (Boeing 727) crashes in Kenner, Louisiana, killing all 146 on board and 8 on the ground.

· Intruder Michael Fagan breaches Buckingham Palace security as far as into the bedroom of Elizabeth II.

· July 11 – Italy beats West Germany 3–1 to win the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain.

· July 12 – Checker Motors Corporation ceases production of automobiles.

· July 15 – Geoffrey Prime, a GCHQ civil servant, is remanded in custody on charges under the Official Secrets Act 1911.

· July 16 – In New York City, the Reverend Sun Myung Moon is sentenced to 18 months in prison and fined $25,000 for tax fraud and conspiracy to obstruct justice.

· July 19 – William Whitelaw, Home Secretary, announces that Michael Trestrail (the Queen's bodyguard) has resigned from the Metropolitan Police Service over a relationship with a male prostitute.

· July 20 – Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings: the Provisional IRA detonates 2 bombs in central London, killing 8 soldiers, wounding 47 people, and leading to the deaths of 7 horses.

· July 21 – HMS Hermes, the Royal Navy flagship during the Falklands War, returns home to Portsmouth to a hero's welcome.

· July 23

· The International Whaling Commission decides to end commercial whaling by 1985–1986.

· A coroner's jury returns a verdict of suicide on Roberto Calvi, who was found hanging under Blackfriars Bridge.

· Torrential rain and mudslides in Nagasaki, Japan destroy bridges and kill 299.

· On a movie set, the Twilight Zone actor Vic Morrow and 2 child actors die in a helicopter stunt accident.

· July 31 – In Beaune, France, 53 persons, 46 of them children, die in a highway accident (France's worst).

August[edit]

· August 1 – Attempted coup against government of Daniel Arap Moi in Kenya.

· August 4 – The United Nations Security Council votes to censure Israel because its troops are still in Lebanon.

· August 4 – Birthday of Muzamal Hussain Shah

· August 7 – Italian Prime Minister Giovanni Spadolini resigns.

· August 12 – Mexico announces it is unable to pay its large foreign debt, triggering a debt crisis that quickly spreads throughout Latin America.

· August 13 – In Hong Kong, health warnings on cigarette packets are made statutory.^[6]

· August 17 – The first compact discs (CDs) are produced in Germany.

· August 20 – Lebanese Civil War: A multinational force lands in Beirut to oversee the PLO withdrawal from Lebanon. French troops arrive August 21, U.S. Marines August 25.

September[edit]

· September 1 – The United States Air Force Space Command is founded.

· September 3 – Italian general Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa is killed in a Mafia ambush.

· September 5 – Iowa paperboy Johnny Gosch is kidnapped.

· September 14 – Lebanese President-elect Bachir Gemayel is assassinated in Beirut.

· September 18 – A Lebanese Christian militia (the Phalange) kill thousands of Palestinians in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps in West Beirut, the massacre is a response to the assassination of president-elect, Bachir Gemayel four days earlier.

· September 19 – The first emoticons are posted by Scott Fahlman.

· September 21

· The first International Day of Peace is proclaimed by the (United Nations).

· The National Football League Players Association calls a strike, the first in-season work stoppage in the National Football League's 63-year history. The strike lasts for 57 days, reduces the regular season from 16 games to 9, and forces an expanded 16-team playoff tournament.

· September 23 – Amine Gemayel, brother of Bachir, is elected president of Lebanon.

· September 24 – The Wimpy Operation, first act of armed resistance against Israeli troops in Beirut.

· September 25 – In Israel, 400,000 marchers demand the resignation of Prime Minister Menachem Begin.

· September 26 – Thermals take Australian parachutist Rich Collins up to 2,800 metres (9,200 ft) during a jump; he almost blacks out due to lack of oxygen. He releases his main parachute to fall to lower altitude and lands by his reserve parachute.

· September 29–October 1 – The Chicago Tylenol murders occur when seven people in the Chicago area die after ingesting capsules laced with potassium cyanide.

October[edit]

· October 1

· Helmut Kohl replaces Helmut Schmidt as Chancellor of Germany through a constructive vote of no confidence.

· In Orlando, Florida, Walt Disney World opens the second largest theme park, EPCOT Center, to the public for the first time.

· Sony launches the first consumer compact disc (CD) player (model CDP-101).

· October 4

· Glenn Gould, Canadian pianist, dies from a stroke. Later, his recently re-recorded Aria from the Goldberg Variations, by J.S. Bach, is played at the end of his funeral service.

· October 8

· Poland bans Solidarity after having suspended it on 13 December 1981.

· After six years in opposition, Social Democrat Olof Palme becomes once again Prime Minister of Sweden.

· October 11 – The Mary Rose, flagship of Henry VIII of England that sank in 1545, is raised from the Solent.

· October 13 – The Ford Sierra is launched in Europe, replacing the Ford Cortina (which was known as the Ford Taunus on continental Europe).

· October 19 – John DeLorean is arrested for selling cocaine to undercover FBI agents (he is later found not guilty due to entrapment).

· October 20 – Luzhniki disaster: During the UEFA Cup match between FC Spartak Moscow and HFC Haarlem, 66 people are crushed to death.

· October 27

· In Canada, Dominion Day is officially renamed Canada Day.

· The Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982 comes into effect, decriminalising homosexuality in Northern Ireland for those aged 18 or older.

· October 28 – The Socialist Party wins the election in Spain; Felipe González is elected Prime Minister.

November[edit]

· November 2 – Channel 4, a British public-service television broadcaster, is launched, with Richard Whiteley's Countdown being the first program to be broadcast.

· November 3

· A gasoline or petrol tanker explodes in the Salang Tunnel in Afghanistan, killing at least 176 people.

· The Dow Jones Industrial Average surges 43.41 points, or 4.25%, to close at 1,065.49, its first all-time high in more than 9 years. It last hit a record on January 11, 1973, when the average closed at 1,051.70. The points gain is the biggest ever up to this point.

· November 6 – Cameroon president Ahmadou Ahidjo resigns, replaced by Paul Biya.

· November 7 – The Thames Barrier is first publicly demonstrated.

· November 8 – Kenan Evren becomes the seventh president of Turkey as a result of constitution referendum. His former title was "head of state".

· November 11 – In Lebanon, the first Tyre headquarters bombing kills between 89 and 102 people.

· November 12 – In the Soviet Union, former KGB head Yuri Andropov is selected to become the general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party's Central Committee, succeeding the late Leonid I. Brezhnev.

· November 13 – The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is dedicated in Washington, D.C., after a march to its site by thousands of Vietnam War veterans.

· November 14 – The leader of Poland's outlawed Solidarity movement, Lech Wałęsa, is released from 11 months of internment near the Soviet border.

· November 20

· The General Union of Ecuadorian Workers (UGTE) is founded.

· University of California, Berkeley executes "The Play" in a college football game against Stanford. Completing a wacky 57-yard kickoff return that includes five laterals, Kevin Moen runs through Stanford band members who had prematurely come onto the field. His touchdown stands and California wins 25–20.

· November 25 – The Minneapolis Thanksgiving Day fire destroys an entire city block of downtown Minneapolis, including the headquarters of Northwestern National Bank.

· November 27 – Yasuhiro Nakasone becomes Prime Minister of Japan.

· November 28

· Representatives from 88 countries gather in Geneva to discuss world trade and ways to work toward aspects of free trade.

· The Edmonton Eskimos win an unprecedented 5th consecutive Grey Cup; a feat yet unaccomplished by any professional football franchise to win the 70th Grey Cup defeating the Toronto Argonauts 32-16.^[7]

· November 30 – Michael Jackson releases his sixth studio album, Thriller, in the United States, which will go on to be the greatest selling album of all time at 110 million units sold worldwide.

December[edit]

· December 1 – Miguel de la Madrid takes office as President of Mexico.

· December 2 – At the University of Utah, 61-year-old retired dentist Barney Clark becomes the first person to receive a permanent artificial heart (he lives for 112 days with the device).

· December 3 – A final soil sample is taken from the site of Times Beach, Missouri. It is found to contain 300 times the safe level of dioxin.

· December 4 – The People's Republic of China adopts its current constitution.

· December 7 – The first U.S. execution by lethal injection is carried out in Texas.

· December 8 – The December murders occur in Suriname.

· December 11 – Pop group ABBA make their final public performance on the British TV programme The Late, Late Breakfast Show.

· December 12 – Women's peace protest at RAF Greenham Common: 30,000 women hold hands and form a human chain around the 14.5 km (9 mi) perimeter fence.

· December 13 – The 6.2 M_w North Yemen earthquake shakes southwestern Yemen with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), killing 2,800.

· December 16 – The United Freedom Front bombs an office of South African Airways in Elmont, NY and an IBM office in Harrison, NY.^[8] Two police officers suffer hearing damage. The UFF claimed responsibility for the IBM building bombing in March 1984, stating that the company was targeted because of its business in South Africa under Apartheid.^[9]

· December 22 – The Indian Ocean Commission (Commission de l'Océan Indien) (COI) is created by Port Louis Agreement.

· December 23 – The United States Environmental Protection Agency recommends the evacuation of Times Beach, Missouri, due to dangerous levels of dioxincontamination.

· December 24 – The "Christmas Eve Blizzard of '82" hits Denver.

· December 26 – Time magazine's Man of the Year is given for the first time to a non-human, the computer.

· December 29 – Paul "Bear" Bryant coaches his final college football game, leading Alabama to a 21–15 victory over Illinois in the Liberty Bowl at Memphis, Tennessee. Bryant dies of a massive heart attack four weeks later at age 69.

Date unknown[edit]

· The population of the People's Republic of China alone exceeds 1 billion, making China the first nation to have a population of more than 1 billion.

· A global surplus of crude oil causes gasoline prices to collapse.

· A brief but severe recession begins in the United States.

· Seattle is officially dubbed the Emerald City after a contest is held to choose a new city slogan.

· Ciabatta bread is invented by a baker in Verona, Italy.

· The car brand Toyota Camry is introduced.

· Jonathan Schell's The Fate of the Earth, published in book format in the United States, warns of the dangers of the nuclear arms race.

· Dorling Kindersley, formerly a book packager, begins publishing.

· In a Gallup poll, 51% of Americans do not accept homosexuality as normal.

· The first China Central Television New Year's Gala program starts. This program is watched by 1.1 billion Chinese every year.^{[citation needed]}

Births[edit]

Births

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