Gregorian Year

1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1989th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 989th year of the 2nd millennium, the 89th year of the 20th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1980s decade.

1989 was a turning point in political history because a wave of revolutions swept the Eastern Bloc in Europe, starting in Poland and Hungary, with experiments in power sharing, coming to a head with the opening of the Berlin Wall in November, and the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia, embracing the overthrow of the communist dictatorship in Romania in December, and ending in December 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Collectively known as the Revolutions of 1989.

It was the year of the first Brazilian presidential elections in 29 years, since the end of the military government in 1985which commanded the country for more than twenty years, and marked the redemocratization process's final point.

F. W. de Klerk was elected in South Africa, and his regime gradually dismantled the Apartheid system over the next five years, culminating with the 1994 election that brought jailed ANC leader Nelson Mandela to power.

In contrast, the year saw the violent suppression of mass political protest in China, in June. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 ended with a military crackdown resulting in the deaths of a number of protesters.

The first commercial Internet service providers surfaced in this year,^[1][2] as well as the first written proposal for the World Wide Web and New Zealand, Japan and Australia's first Internet connections. The first babies born after preimplantation genetic diagnosis were conceived in late 1989, starting the era of designer babies.^[3]

1989 marked the beginning of the current Heisei period in Japan. It is also the latest year, when written in Roman numerals, to have an L.

Contents

· 1Events

· 2Births

· 3Deaths

· 4Nobel Prizes

· 5References

· 6Further reading

· 7External links

Events[edit]

January[edit]

January 20: George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States

· January 2 – Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa takes office as the third President of Sri Lanka.

· January 4 – Gulf of Sidra incident (1989): Two Libyan MiG-23 "Floggers" are engaged and shot down by 2 US Navy F-14 Tomcats.

· January 7 – Hirohito dies, and Akihito is enthroned as the 125th Emperor of Japan immediately, followed by the change in the era name from Showa to Heisei on the following day.

· January 8 – Kegworth air disaster: A British Midland Boeing 737 crashes on approach to East Midlands Airport, leaving 47 dead.

· January 10 – In accordance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 626 and the New York Accords, Cubantroops begin withdrawing from Angola.

· January 11

· Outgoing U.S. President Ronald Reagan delivers his farewell address to the nation after eight years in office.

· The Lexus and Infiniti luxury car brands are launched at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit with the unveiling of the 1990 Lexus LS and Infiniti Q45 sedans.

· January 15

· Thirty-five European nations, meeting in Vienna, agree to strengthen human rights and improve East-West trade.

· "Palach Week": A pro-democracy demonstration in Prague is attacked by the police.^[4]

· January 17 – Stockton schoolyard shooting: Patrick Edward Purdy kills five children, wounds thirty and then shoots himself in Stockton, California.

· January 18

· The Polish United Workers' Party votes to legalise Solidarity.

· Ante Marković succeeds Branko Mikulić as Prime Minister of Yugoslavia.

· January 20 – George H. W. Bush is sworn in as the 41st President of the United States.

· January 23 – A powerful earthquake in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic kills around 275 people.

· January 23–24 – Armed civilian leftists briefly attack and occupy an Argentinian army base near Buenos Aires.

· January 24 – Florida executes Ted Bundy by electric chair for the murders of young women.

· January 29 – The British children's television show, Thomas & Friends, begins airing in the United States with the series premiere of Shining Time Station on PBS.

· January 30 – Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney shuffles his cabinet, appointing six new ministers and reassigning the responsibilities of nineteen others.

February[edit]

· February 1 – Joan Kirner becomes Victoria's first female Deputy Premier, after the resignation of Robert Fordham over the VEDC (Victorian Economic Development Co-operation) Crisis.

· February 2

· Soviet–Afghan War: The last Soviet Union armoured column leaves Kabul, ending nine years of military occupation since 1979.

· Carlos Andrés Pérez takes office as President of Venezuela.

· Satellite television service Sky Television plc is launched in Europe.

· February 3

· A military coup overthrows Alfredo Stroessner, dictator of Paraguay since 1954.

· After a stroke, State President of South Africa P. W. Botha resigns as Leader of the National Party.

· February 5 – Eurosport, a multiple-language sports broadcasting station in Europe, a first broadcasts service to start in Issy-les-Moulineaux, Ile de France, France.

· February 6 – The Government of the People's Republic of Poland holds formal talks with representatives of Solidarity movement for the first time since 1981.

· February 7

· The People's National Party, led by Michael Manley, wins the 1989 Jamaican general election.

· The Los Angeles City Council bans the sale or possession of semi-automatic firearms.

· February 10

· Ron Brown is elected as Chairman of the Democratic National Committee, becoming the first African American to lead a major United States political party.

· U.S. President Bush meets Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney in Ottawa, laying the groundwork for the Acid Rain Treaty of 1991.

· February 11 – Barbara Harris is the first woman consecrated as a bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America (and also the first woman to become a bishop in the worldwide Anglican Communion).

· February 14

· Union Carbide agrees to pay $470,000,000 to the Indian government for damages in the 1984 Bhopal disaster.

· The Satanic Verses controversy: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Supreme Leader of Iran (d. June 3), issues a fatwa calling for the death of Indian-born British author Salman Rushdie and his publishers for issuing the novel The Satanic Verses(1988).

· The first of 24 Global Positioning System satellites is placed into orbit.

· February 15

· Soviet–Afghan War: The Soviet Union announces that all of its troops have left Afghanistan.

· Following a campaign that saw over 1,000 people killed in massive campaign-related violence, the United National Party wins the Sri Lankan parliamentary election.

· February 16 – Pan Am Flight 103: Investigators announce that the cause of the crash was a bomb hidden inside a radio-cassette player.

· February 17

· The Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) is formed.

· South African police raid the home of Winnie Mandela and arrest four of her bodyguards.

· February 20 – In Canada's Yukon Territory, the ruling New Democrats narrowly maintain control of the Yukon Legislative Assembly, winning 9 seats vs. the Progressive Conservative Party's 7.

· February 23 – After protracted testimony, the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee rejects, 11–9, President Bush's nomination of John Tower for Secretary of Defense.

· February 23–27 – U.S. President Bush visits Japan, China, and South Korea, attending the funeral of Hirohito and then meeting with China's Deng Xiaoping and South Korea's Roh Tae-woo.

· February 24

· The funeral of Hirohito is attended by representatives of 160 nations.

· The Satanic Verses controversy: Iran places a $3,000,000 bounty on the head of The Satanic Verses author Salman Rushdie.

· Singing Revolution: After 44 years, the Estonian flag is raised at the Pikk Hermann tower in Tallinn.

· United Airlines Flight 811, a Boeing 747, suffers uncontrolled decompression after leaving Honolulu International Airport, nine passengers are sucked out of the cabin to their deaths.

· February 27 – Venezuela is rocked by the Caracazo, a wave of protests and looting.

March[edit]

Mass demonstration at State TV HQ

The Exxon Valdez

· March – Poland begins to liberalise its currency exchange in a move towards capitalism.^[5]

· March 1

· The Berne Convention, an international treaty on copyrights, is ratified by the United States.

· A curfew is imposed in Kosovo, where protests continue over the alleged intimidation of the Serb minority.

· The Politieke Partij Radicalen, Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij, Communistische Partij Nederland and the Evangelical People's Party amalgamate to form the Dutch political party GroenLinks (GL, GreenLeft).

· After 74 years, Iceland ends its prohibition on beer; celebrated since as bjórdagur or beer day.

· March 2 – Twelve European Community nations agree to ban the production of all chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by the end of the century.

· March 3 – Jammu Siltavuori abducts and murders two eight-year-old girls in the Myllypuro suburb of Helsinki, Finland.

· March 4

· Time Inc. and Warner Communications announce plans for a merger, forming Time Warner. (Now WarnerMedia)

· The Purley station rail crash in London leaves five people dead and 94 injured.

· The first ACT (Australian Capital Territory) elections are held.

· March 7 – Iran breaks off diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom over Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses.

· March 9 – Revolutions of 1989: The Soviet Union submits to the jurisdiction of the World Court.

· March 13

· A geomagnetic storm causes the collapse of the Hydro-Québec power grid. 6,000,000 people are left without power for nine hours. Some areas in the northeastern U.S. and in Sweden also lose power, and aurorae are seen as far as Texas.

· Tim Berners-Lee produces the proposal document that will become the blueprint for the World Wide Web.^[6]

· March 14

· Gun control: U.S. President George H. W. Bush bans the importation of certain guns deemed to be classed as assault weapons into the United States.

· Christian General Michel Aoun declares a "War of Liberation" to rid Lebanon of Syrian forces and their allies.

· March 15

· Israel hands over Taba to Egypt, ending a seven-year territorial dispute.

· Mass demonstrations in Hungary, demanding democracy.

· March 16 – The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union approves agricultural reforms allowing farmers the right to lease state-owned farms for life.

· March 17

· The Civic Tower of Pavia, built in the eleventh century, collapses.

· Alfredo Cristiani is elected as President of El Salvador.

· March 20 – Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke weeps on national television as he admits marital infidelity.

· March 22

· Clint Malarchuk of the NHL Buffalo Sabres suffers an almost fatal injury when another player accidentally slits his throat.

· Asteroid 4581 Asclepius approaches the Earth at a distance of 700,000 kilometres (430,000 mi).

· March 23 – Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann announce that they have achieved cold fusion at the University of Utah.

· March 23–28 – The Socialist Republic of Serbia passes constitutional changes revoking the autonomy of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo, triggering six days of rioting by the Albanian majority, during which at least 29 people are killed.

· March 24 – Exxon Valdez oil spill: In Alaska's Prince William Sound, the Exxon Valdez spills 240,000 barrels (38,000 m³) of oil after running aground.

· March 26 – The first contested elections for the Soviet parliament, Congress of People's Deputies, result in losses for the Communist Party.

· March 29 – The 61st Academy Awards are held at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, with Rain Man winning Best Picture.

April[edit]

The death of Hu Yaobangsparks the beginning of the Tiananmen Square protests.

· April 1 – Margaret Thatcher's new local government tax, the Poll tax, is introduced in Scotland. It would be introduced in England & Wales the following year.

· April 2

· In South-West Africa, fighting erupts between SWAPO insurgents and the South West African Police on the day that a ceasefire was supposed to end the South African Border War according to United Nations Security Council Resolution 435. By April 6, nearly 300 people are killed.

· April 4

· A failed coup attempt against Prosper Avril, President of Haiti, leads to a standoff between mutinous troops and the government which ends on April 10, with the government regaining control of the country.

· In Brussels, Belgium, NATO celebrates its fortieth anniversary.

· April 5 – The Polish Government and the Solidarity trade union sign an agreement restoring Solidarity to legal status, and agreeing to hold democratic elections on June 1.

· April 6 – National Safety Council of Australia chief executive John Friedrich is arrested after defrauding investors to the tune of $235,000,000.

· April 7 – The Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets sinks in the Barents Sea, killing 41.

· April 9

· Tbilisi massacre: Georgian demonstrators are massacred by Red Army soldiers in Tbilisi's central square during a peaceful rally; 20 citizens are killed, many injured.

· A dispute over grazing rights leads to the beginning of the Mauritania–Senegal Border War.

· April 14 – The U.S. government seizes the Irvine, California, Lincoln Savings and Loan Association; Charles Keating (for whom the Keating Five were named) eventually goes to jail, as part of the massive 1980s savings and loan crisis which cost U.S. taxpayers nearly $200,000,000 in bailouts, and many people their life savings.^[7]

· April 15

· The death of Hu Yaobang sparks the beginning of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.

· The Hillsborough disaster, one of the biggest tragedies in European football, claims the life of 96 Liverpool F.C. supporters.

· April 17 – Poland, Solidarity is once again legalised and allowed to participate in semi-free elections on June 4.

· April 19

· Trisha Meili is attacked whilst jogging in New York City's Central Park; as her identity remains secret for years, she is referred to as the "Central Park Jogger."

· A gun turret explodes on the U.S. battleship Iowa, killing 47 crew members.

· April 20 – NATO debates modernising short range missiles; although the US and UK are in favour, West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl obtains a concession deferring a decision.

· April 21 – Students from Beijing, Shanghai, Xi'an, and Nanjing begin protesting in Tiananmen Square.

· April 23

· Zaid al-Rifai resigns as Prime Minister of Jordan in the wake of riots over government-imposed price hikes that began on April 18.

· April 25

· Noboru Takeshita resigns as Prime Minister of Japan in the wake of a stock-trading scandal.

· The term of Baginda Almutawakkil Alallah Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail as the 8th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia ends.

· Motorola introduces the Motorola MicroTAC Personal Cellular Telephone, then the world's smallest mobile phone.

· April 26

· Sultan Azlan Muhibbudin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Yusuff Izzudin Shah Ghafarullahu-lahu, Sultan of Perak, becomes the 9th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.

· Zaid ibn Shaker succeeds Zaid al-Rifai as Prime Minister of Jordan.

· The Daulatpur–Saturia tornado, the deadliest tornado ever recorded, kills an estimated 1,300 people in the Dhaka Division of Bangladesh.

· April 27 – A major demonstration occurs in Beijing, as part of the Tiananmen Square protests.^[4]

May[edit]

· May

· Transhumanism – Genetic modification of adult human beings is tried for the first time, a gene tagging trial.^[8]

· The Soviet Union issues its first Visa card in a step to digitalise their banking system.^[9]

· May 1

· Andrés Rodríguez, who had seized power and declared himself President of Paraguay during a military coup in February, wins a landslide victory at a general election marked by charges of fraud.

· Disney-MGM Studios at Walt Disney World opens to the public for the first time.

· May 2

· The first crack in the Iron Curtain: Hungary dismantles 240 kilometres (150 mi) of barbed wire fencing along the border with Austria.

· The coalition government of Prime Minister of the Netherlands Ruud Lubbers collapses in a dispute about a pollution cleanup plan.

· May 3 – Cold War – Perestroika – The first McDonald's restaurant in the USSR begins construction in Moscow. It will open on 31 January 1990.^[10]

· May 4 – Oliver North convicted on charges related to the Iran–Contra affair. His conviction was thrown out on appeal in 1991 because of his immunised testimony.

· May 9 – Andrew Peacock deposes John Howard as Federal Opposition Leader of Australia.

· May 10 – The government of President of Panama Manuel Noriega declares void the result of the May 7 presidential election, which Noriega had lost to Guillermo Endara.

· May 11

· President Bush orders 1,900 U.S. troops to Panama to protect Americans there.

· The ACT (Australian Capital Territory) Legislative Assembly meets for the first time.

· May 12–25 – San Bernardino train disaster: Southern Pacific freight locomotive SP 7551 East derails in a residential area of San Bernardino, California, killing four and destroying seven houses. On May 25, 1989, as a direct result of the derailment, the Calnev Pipeline exploded, killing an additional two people and destroying eleven more houses and 21 cars.

· May 14

· Mikhail Gorbachev visits China, the first Soviet leader to do so since Nikita Khrushchev in the 1960s.

· Carlos Menem wins the Argentine presidential election.

· May 15 – Australia's first private tertiary institution, Bond University, opens on the Gold Coast.

· May 16 – Ethiopia Coup Attempt: Senior military officers stage a coup attempt in Ethiopia hours after President Mengistu Haile Mariam leaves on a visit to East Germany.

· May 17 – More than 1,000,000 Chinese protestors march through Beijing demanding greater democracy.

· May 19

· 1989 Ürümqi unrest: Uyghur and Hui Muslim protesters riot in front of the government building in Ürümqi, China.

· Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: Zhao Ziyang meets the demonstrators in Tiananmen Square.

· Ciriaco De Mita resigns as Prime Minister of Italy.

· May 20 – Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: The Chinese government declares martial law in Beijing.

· May 22 – The Nordland Days in Leningrad region (Leningrad Oblast) open.

· May 29

· Amid food riots and looting set off by inflation, the Government of Argentina declares a nationwide state of siege.

· Boris Yeltsin gains a seat on the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.

· Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: The 10 metres (33 ft) high Goddess of Democracy statue is unveiled in Tiananmen Square by student demonstrators.

· NATO agrees to talks with the Soviet Union on reducing the number of short-range nuclear weapons in Europe.

· An attempted assassination of Miguel Maza Marquez, director of the Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad (DAS) in Bogotá, Colombia is committed by members of the Medellín Cartel, who kill four and injure 37.

· May 31 – Six members of the guerrilla group Revolutionary Movement Tupac Amaru (MRTA) of Peru, shoot dead eight transsexuals, in the city of Tarapoto.^[11]

June[edit]

People's Liberation Army were to drive away students in Tiananmen Square.

· June 1–10 – Pope John Paul II visits Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark, and Sweden.

· June 2 – Sōsuke Uno succeeds Noboru Takeshita as Prime Minister of Japan.

· June 3 – June 4

· Fighting breaks out in the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic between ethnic Uzbeks and the Turkish minority; more than 100 people are killed by June 15.

· The world's first HDTV broadcasts commence in Japan, in analogue.^[12]

· The Tiananmen Square crackdown takes place in Beijing on the army's approach to the square, and the final stand-off in the square is covered live on television.

· Solidarity's victory in Polish elections is the first of many anti-communist revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989.

· Ufa train disaster: A natural gas explosion near Ufa, Russia kills 645 as two trains passing each other throw sparks near a leaky pipeline.

· June 5 – An unknown Chinese protestor, "Tank Man", stands in front of a column of military tanks on Chang'an Avenue in Beijing, temporarily halting them, an incident which achieves iconic status internationally through images taken by Western photographers.

· June 6 – The Ayatollah Khomeini's first funeral is aborted by officials after a large crowd storms the funeral procession, nearly destroying Khomeini's wooden casket in order to get a last glimpse of his body. At one point, Khomeini's body almost falls to the ground, as the crowd attempt to grab pieces of the death shroud.^[13]

· June 7 – Surinam Airways Flight 764 crashes in Paramaribo, Suriname; killing 176.

· June 12 – The Corcoran Gallery of Art removes Robert Mapplethorpe's gay photography exhibition.

· June 13 – The wreck of the German battleship Bismarck, which was sunk in 1941, is located 960 kilometres (600 mi) west of Brest, France.

· June 15 – At the 1989 Irish general election, Fianna Fáil, led by Taoiseach Charles Haughey, fails to win a majority.

· June 16 – A crowd of 250,000 gathers at Heroes Square in Budapest for the historic reburial of Imre Nagy, the former Hungarian Prime Minister who had been executed in 1958.

· June 18 – In the first Greek legislative election of the year, the Panhellenic Socialist Movement, led by Prime Minister of Greece Andreas Papandreou, loses control of the Hellenic Parliament, leading to Papandreou's resignation on July 2.

· June 21 – British police arrest 250 people for celebrating the summer solstice at Stonehenge.

· June 22 – Ireland's first universities established since independence in 1922, Dublin City University and the University of Limerick, open.

· June 24 – Jiang Zemin becomes General Secretary of the Communist Party of China.

· June 30 – A military coup led by Omar al-Bashir ousts the civilian government of Prime Minister of Sudan Sadiq al-Mahdi.

July[edit]

· July 2 – Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece resigns; a new government is formed under Tzannis Tzannetakis.

· July 5

· State President of South Africa P. W. Botha meets the imprisoned 70-year-old Nelson Mandela face-to-face for the first time.

· The television sitcom Seinfeld premieres.

· July 6 – The Tel Aviv–Jerusalem bus 405 suicide attack, the first Palestinian suicide attack on Israel, takes place.

· July 9–12 – U.S. President George H. W. Bush travels to Poland and Hungary, pushing for U.S. economic aid and investment.

· July 10 – Approximately 300,000 Siberian coal miners go on strike, demanding better living conditions and less bureaucracy; it is the largest Soviet labour strike since the 1920s.

· July 12 – In the Republic of Ireland, the Taoiseach Charles Haughey returns to power after Fianna Fáil forms a coalition with the Progressive Democrats.

· July 14 – France celebrates the bicentennial anniversary of the French Revolution.

· July 14–16 – At the 15th G7 summit, leaders call for restrictions on gas emissions.

· July 17

· The Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit Stealth Bomber makes its first flight.

· Poland and the Vatican re-establish diplomatic relations after approximately fifty years.

· July 18 – Actress Rebecca Schaeffer is murdered by an obsessed fan, leading to stricter stalking laws in California.

· July 19

· The National Assembly of the Republic of Poland elects Wojciech Jaruzelski to the new and powerful post of President of Poland.

· United Airlines Flight 232 (Douglas DC-10) crashes in Sioux City, Iowa, killing 112; 184 on board survive.

· July 20 – Burmese opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi is placed under house arrest. She is released in 2010.

· July 21 – A total blockade of Armenia and NKAO by Azerbaijan begins.

· July 23

· Japan's ruling Liberal Democratic Party loses control of the House of Councillors, the LDP's worst electoral showing in 34 years, leading to Prime Minister Uno announcing he will resign to take responsibility for the result.

· Giulio Andreotti takes office as Prime Minister of Italy.

· July 26 – A federal grand jury indicts Cornell University student Robert Tappan Morris for releasing a computer virus, making him the first person to be prosecuted under the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.

· July 27 – In what was the largest prison sentence to date, Thai financial scammer Mae Chamoy Thipyaso and her accomplices are each sentenced to 141,078 years in prison.^[14]

· July 28 – At the Iranian presidential election, electors overwhelmingly elect Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani as President of Iran and endorse changes to the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, increasing the powers of the president.

· July 31

· In Lebanon, Hezbollah announces that it has hanged U.S. Marine Lt. Col. William R. Higgins in retaliation for Israel's July 28 kidnapping of Hezbollah leader Abdel Karim Obeid. The same day, the United Nations Security Council passes United Nations Security Council Resolution 638, condemning the taking of hostages by both sides in the conflict.

· Nintendo releases the Game Boy portable video game system in North America.

August[edit]

Voyager 2 at Neptune

· August 2 – Pakistan is readmitted to the Commonwealth of Nations after leaving it in 1972.

· August 5 – Jaime Paz Zamora is elected President of Bolivia, taking office the next day.

· August 7

· U.S. Congressman Mickey Leland (D-TX) and fifteen others die in a plane crash in Ethiopia.

· The presidents of five Central American countries agree that the U.S.-backed contras fighting the government of Nicaragua should be disbanded and evicted from their bases in Honduras by December 5.

· August 8

· Prime Minister of New Zealand David Lange resigns for health reasons and is replaced by Geoffrey Palmer.

· STS-28: Space Shuttle Columbia takes off on a secret five-day military mission.

· August 9

· Toshiki Kaifu becomes Prime Minister of Japan.

· The asteroid 4769 Castalia is the first asteroid directly imaged by radar from Arecibo Observatory.

· A measure to rescue the savings and loan industry is signed into law by President Bush, launching the largest federal rescue to date.

· August 10 – Army General Colin Powell became the first Black Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff after being nominated by President Bush.

· August 13 – A hot air balloon accident near Alice Springs, Australia kills thirteen people.

· August 15

· P.W. Botha resigns as State President of South Africa.^[15]

· F. W. de Klerk becomes the seventh and final State President of South Africa.^[15]

· August 18 – Leading presidential hopeful Luis Carlos Galán is assassinated near Bogotá, Colombia.

· August 19

· Polish president Wojciech Jaruzelski nominates Solidarity activist Tadeusz Mazowiecki to be Prime Minister, the first non-Communist in power in 42 years.

· The Pan-European Picnic, a peace demonstration, is held at the Austro-Hungarian border.

· August 19–21 – In response to the murder of a judge, a provincial police chief, and presidential candidate Galán, the authorities of Colombia arrest 11,000 suspected Colombian drug traffickers.

· August 20

· In Beverly Hills, California, Lyle and Erik Menendez shoot their wealthy parents to death in the family's den.

· Fifty-one people die when the Marchioness pleasure boat collides with a barge on the River Thames adjacent to Southwark Bridge.

· August 21 – The 21st anniversary of the crushing of the Prague Spring is commemorated by a demonstration in the city.^[4]

· August 23

· Singing Revolution: Two million indigenous people of Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs join hands to demand freedom and independence from Soviet occupation, forming an uninterrupted 600 km human chain called the Baltic Way.

· Hungary removes border restrictions with Austria.

· All of Australia's 1,645 domestic airline pilots resign over an airline's move to sack and sue them over a dispute.

· August 23 – Yusef Hawkins is shot in the Bensonhurst section of Brooklyn, New York, sparking racial tensions between African Americans and Italian Americans.

· August 24

· Colombia's cocaine traffickers declare "total and absolute war" against the government and begin a series of bombings and arson attacks.

· Voyager 2 makes its closest approach to Neptune.

· Tadeusz Mazowiecki of Solidarity is elected Prime Minister of Poland.^[4]

· August 25 – Voyager 2 passes the planet Neptune and its moon Triton.

· August 31 – In the aftermath of the Chadian–Libyan conflict of 1978–87, representatives of Libya and Chad agree to let the International Court of Justice determine ownership of the Aouzou Strip, which had been occupied by Libya since 1973.

September[edit]

· September 6

· South African general election, 1989, the last held under the apartheid system, returns the National Party to power with a much-reduced majority.

· At the 1989 Dutch general election, the Christian Democratic Appeal, led by Ruud Lubbers wins 54 seats, and is ultimately able to form a government on November 7 after entering into coalition with the Labour Party.

· September 7 – Representatives of the government of Ethiopia and Eritrean separatists meet in Atlanta, with former U.S. President Jimmy Carter attempting to broker a peace settlement.

· September 8 – Partnair Flight 394 flies past an F-16 Fighting Falcon on its way home, then the Convair 580 rolls upside down and falls in the North Sea.

· September 10 – The Hungarian government opens the country's western borders to refugees from East Germany.

· September 10–11 – Norway's ruling Labour Party loses eight seats in the parliamentary elections, its worst showing since 1945.

· September 14

· An agreement of co-operation between Leningrad Oblast (Russia) and Nordland County (Norway) is signed in Leningrad, by Chairmen Lev Kojkolainen and Sigbjørn Eriksen.

· Standard Gravure shooting: Joseph T. Wesbecker, a pressman on disability for mental illness, entered his former workplace and killed eight people and injured twelve before committing suicide after a history of suicidal ideation.

· September 17–22 – Hurricane Hugo devastates the Caribbean and the southeastern United States, causing at least 71 deaths and $8,000,000,000 in damages.

· September 18 – Alleged coup attempt in Burkina Faso foiled.

· September 19

· The Catholic Church calls for removal of the Carmelite convent located near the former Auschwitz concentration camp, whose presence had offended some Jewish leaders.

· UTA Flight 772 explodes over Niger, killing all 171 people on board (the Islamic Jihad Organization claims responsibility).

· Burkinabé ministers Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani and Henri Zongo executed following their arrest the previous day.

· September 20 – F. W. de Klerk is sworn in as the seventh and last State President of South Africa.^[15]

· September 22

· 1989 Deal barracks bombing: An IRA bomb explodes at the Royal Marine School of Music in Deal, Kent, United Kingdom, leaving 11 people dead and 22 injured.

· Doe v. University of Michigan: A Michigan court rules against the hate speech law at the University of Michigan, claiming it unconstitutional.^[16]

· September 23 – A cease-fire in the Lebanese Civil War stops the violence that had killed 900 people since March.

· September 26 – Vietnam announces that it has withdrawn the last of its troops from the State of Cambodia, ending an eleven-year occupation.

· September 30

· Nearly 7,000 East Germans who had come to Prague on special refugee trains are allowed to leave for the West.

· The Senegambia Confederation is dissolved over border disagreements.

October[edit]

The Phillips Disaster

· October – Cold War – Perestroika – Nathan's Famous opens a hot dog stand in Moscow.^[17]

· October 1 – Civil union between partners in a same-sex relationship becomes legal in Denmark under a law enacted on June 7, the world's first such legislation.^[18][19]

· October 3

· A coup attempt is foiled by Manuel Noriega, military leader of Panama.

· The government of East Germany closes the country's border with Czechoslovakia to prevent further emigration to the West.^[4]

· October 5 – The Dalai Lama wins the Nobel Peace Prize.

· October 7

· The communist Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party votes to reorganise itself as a socialist party, to be named the Hungarian Socialist Party.

· The first mass demonstration against the Communist regime in the GDR began in Plauen, East Germany, at 7 October 1989 and it was the beginning of a series of mass demonstrations in the whole GDR which ultimately led to the reunification of Germany in 1990.

· October 9

· An official news agency in the Soviet Union reports the landing of a UFO in Voronezh.

· In Leipzig, East Germany, protesters demand the legalisation of opposition groups and democratic reforms.

· October 13

· Friday the 13th mini-crash: The Dow Jones Industrial Average plunges 190.58 points, or 6.91 percent, to close at 2,569.26, most likely after the junk bondmarket collapses.

· Gro Harlem Brundtland, leader of the Labour Party, resigns as Prime Minister of Norway. She is succeeded by Jan P. Syse, Leader of the Conservative Party, on October 16.

· October 15 – Walter Sisulu is released from prison in South Africa.^[4]

· October 17 – The 6.9 M_w Loma Prieta earthquake shakes the San Francisco Bay Area and the Central Coast with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). Sixty-three people were killed and the 1989 World Series is postponed for ten days as a result of the earthquake.

· October 18

· The Communist leader of East Germany, Erich Honecker, is forced to step down as leader of the country after a series of health problems, and is succeeded by Egon Krenz.

· The National Assembly of Hungary votes to restore multi-party democracy.

· NASA launches the unmanned Galileo orbiter on a mission to study the planet Jupiter, via Atlantis mission STS-34.

· October 19

· The Guildford Four are freed after fourteen years.

· The Wonders of Life pavilion opens at Epcot in Walt Disney World, Florida.

· October 21 – The Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations issue the Langkawi Declaration on the Environment, making environmental sustainabilityone of the Commonwealth's main priorities.

· October 23

· The Hungarian Republic is officially declared by President Mátyás Szűrös (replacing the Hungarian People's Republic), exactly 33 years after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.

· The Phillips Disaster in Pasadena, Texas kills 23 and injures 314 others.

· October 28 – United States Flag Protection Act takes effect. Mass protests in Seattle and New York City

· October 30 – Shawn Eichman, Dave Blalock, Dread Scott, and Joey Johnson burn American flags on steps of U.S. Capitol Building to protest Flag Protection Act^[20]

· October 31

· The Grand National Assembly of Turkey elects Prime Minister Turgut Özal as the eighth President of Turkey.

· Half a million people demonstrate in the East German city of Leipzig.^[4]

November[edit]

Germans standing on top of the Berlin Wall

A peaceful demonstration in Prague during the Velvet Revolution.

· November – First commercial dial-up Internet connection in North America is made, by The World STD.^[21]

· November 1

· The President of Nicaragua ends a ceasefire with U.S.-backed contras that had been in effect since April 1988.

· The border between East Germany and Czechoslovakia is reopened.^[4]

· November 3 – East German refugees arrive at the West German town of Hof after being allowed through Czechoslovakia.^[4]

· November 4 – Typhoon Gay devastates Thailand's Chumphon Province.

· November 6 – The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is founded.

· November 7

· Douglas Wilder wins the Virginia gubernatorial race, becoming the first elected African-American Governor in the United States.

· David Dinkins becomes the first African-American mayor of New York City.

· Cold War: The Communist government of East Germany resigns, although SED leader Egon Krenz remains as head of state.

· November 9

· Cold War and Fall of the Berlin Wall: Günter Schabowski accidentally states in a live broadcast press conference that new rules for travelling from East Germany to West Germany will be put in effect "immediately". East Germany opens checkpoints in the Berlin Wall, allowing its citizens to travel freely to West Germany for the first time in decades (November 17 celebrates Germans tearing the wall down).

· Yıldırım Akbulut of ANAP forms the new government of Turkey (47th government).

· November 10

· After 45 years of Communist rule in Bulgaria, Bulgarian Communist Party leader Todor Zhivkov is replaced by Foreign Minister Petar Mladenov, who changes the party's name to the Bulgarian Socialist Party.

· Gaby Kennard becomes the first Australian woman to fly solo around the world.

· CKO (a Canadian national all-news radio network) suddenly terminates all broadcasting during the newscast at noon (Eastern time), due to financial losses (the station began broadcasting on July 1, 1977).

· November 12 – Brazil holds its first free presidential election since 1960. This marks the first time that all Ibero-American nations, except Cuba, have elected constitutional governments simultaneously.

· November 13 – Hans-Adam II becomes Prince of Liechtenstein on the death of his father, Prince Franz Joseph II.

· November 14 – Elections are held in Namibia, leading to a victory for the South West Africa People's Organisation.^[4]

· November 15

· Lech Wałęsa, leader of Poland's Solidarity movement, addresses a Joint session of the United States Congress.

· Brazil holds the first round of its first free election in 29 years; Fernando Collor de Mello and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva advance to the second round, to be held the following month.

· November 16

· Six Jesuit priests are murdered by U.S. trained Salvadoran soldiers.

· The first American cosmetics shop, an Estée Lauder outlet, opens in Moscow.^[17]

· South African President F. W. de Klerk announces the scrapping of the Separate Amenities Act.

· UNESCO adopts the Seville Statement on Violence at the 25th session of its General Conference.

· November 17 – Cold War – Velvet Revolution: A peaceful student demonstration in Prague, Czechoslovakia, is severely beaten back by riot police. This sparks a revolution aimed at overthrowing the Communist government (it succeeds on December 29).

· November 20 – Cold War – Velvet Revolution: The number of peaceful protesters assembled in Prague, Czechoslovakia, swells from 200,000 the day before to an estimated half-million.

· November 21 – The Members of the Constituent Assembly of Namibia begin to draft the Constitution of Namibia, which will be the constitution of the newly independent Namibia.

· November 22 – In West Beirut, a bomb explodes near the motorcade of Lebanese President René Moawad, killing him.

· November 24 – Following a week of demonstrations demanding free elections and other reforms, General Secretary Miloš Jakeš and other leaders of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia resign. Jakeš is replaced by Karel Urbánek.

· November 26 – Uruguayan general election, 1989: Luis Alberto Lacalle is elected President of Uruguay.

· November 27 – Colombian domestic passenger flight Avianca Flight 203 is bombed by the Medellín drug cartel in an (unsuccessful) attempt to kill presidential candidate for the 1990 elections César Gaviria Trujillo.

· November 28 – Cold War – Velvet Revolution: The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announces they will give up their monopoly on political power (elections held in December bring the first non-Communist government to Czechoslovakia in more than forty years).

· November 29 – Rajiv Gandhi resigns as Prime Minister of India after his party, the Indian National Congress, loses about half of its seats at the 1989 Indian general election.

· November 30 – Deutsche Bank board member Alfred Herrhausen is killed by a bomb (the Red Army Faction claims responsibility for the murder).

December[edit]

Flames engulf a building following the United States invasion of Panama.

· December 1

· In a meeting with Pope John Paul II, General Secretary of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev pledges greater religious freedom for citizens of the Soviet Union.

· Cold War: East Germany's parliament abolishes the constitutional provision granting the Communist-dominated SED its monopoly on power. Egon Krenz, the Politburo and the Central Committee resign two days later.

· A military coup attempt begins in the Philippines against the government of Philippine President Corazon C. Aquino. It is crushed by United States intervention ending by December 9.

· December 2

· The Solar Maximum Mission scientific research satellite, launched in 1980, crashes back to earth.

· V. P. Singh takes office as Prime Minister of India.

· In the Republic of China legislative election, the Kuomintang suffers its worst election setback in forty years, winning only 53% of the popular vote.

· The Second Malayan Emergency concludes with a peace agreement. The Malayan Communist Party disbands and Chin Peng remains in exile in Thailand until his death in 2013.

· December 3

· The entire leadership of the ruling Socialist Unity Party in East Germany, including Egon Krenz, resigns.

· Cold War: Malta Summit – In a meeting off the coast of Malta, U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev release statements indicating that the Cold War between their nations may be coming to an end.

· December 4 – Prime Minister of Jordan Zaid ibn Shaker resigns and is replaced by Mudar Badran.

· December 6

· The DAS Building bombing occurs in Bogotá, killing 52 people and injuring about 1,000.

· Egon Krenz resigns as Chairman of the State Council of the German Democratic Republic, and is replaced by Manfred Gerlach, the first non-Communist to hold that post.

· École Polytechnique massacre (or Montreal Massacre): Marc Lépine, an anti-feminist gunman, murders fourteen young women at the École Polytechnique de Montréal.

· December 7

· Ladislav Adamec resigns as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia. He is succeeded by Marián Čalfa on December 10.

· Singing Revolution: The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic becomes the first of the republics of the Soviet Union to abolish the Communist Party's monopoly on power.

· December 9 – The Socialist Unity Party of Germany elects the reformist Gregor Gysi as party leader.

· December 10

· President of Czechoslovakia Gustáv Husák swears in a new cabinet with a non-Communist and then immediately resigns as president.

· Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj announces the establishment of Mongolia's democratic movement, that peacefully changes the second-oldest Communist country into a democracy.

· December 11 – The International Trans-Antarctica Expedition, a group of six explorers from six nations, reaches the South Pole.

· December 14 – Chile holds its first free election in sixteen years, electing Patricio Aylwin as president.

· December 15 – Drug baron José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha is killed by Colombian police.

· December 17

· The Romanian Revolution begins in Timișoara when rioters break into the building housing the District Committee of the Romanian Communist Party and cause extensive damage. Their attempts to set the buildings on fire are foiled by military units.

· Brazil holds the second round of its first free election in 29 years; Fernando Collor de Mello is elected to serve as President from 1990.

· December 19 – Workers in Romanian cities go on strike in protest against the Communist regime.

· December 20 – The United States invasion of Panama ("Operation Just Cause") is launched in an attempt to overthrow Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega.

· December 21 – Nicolae Ceaușescu addresses an assembly of some 110,000 people outside the Romanian Communist Party headquarters in Bucharest. The crowd begin to protest against Ceaușescu and he addresses protesters to calm down.

· December 22

· After a week of bloody demonstrations, Ion Iliescu takes over as President of Romania, ending the communist dictatorship of Nicolae Ceaușescu, who flees his palace in a helicopter after the palace is invaded by rioters.

· Two tourist coaches collide on the Pacific highway north of Kempsey, Australia, killing 35 people.

· December 23 – Nicolae and Elena Ceauşescu are captured in Târgoviște.

· December 25

· Romanian leader Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife Elena are executed.

· Bank of Japan governors announce a major interest rate hike, eventually leading to the peak and fall of the bubble economy.

· December 28 – A M 5.6 magnitude earthquake hits Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, killing 13 people.

· December 29

· Czech writer, philosopher and dissident Václav Havel is elected the first post-Communist President of Czechoslovakia.

· Riots break out after Hong Kong decides to forcibly repatriate Vietnamese refugees.

· Nikkei 225 for Tokyo Stock Exchange hits its all-time intra-day high of 38,957.44 and closing high at 38,915.87.

· Spümcø, the company that produces Ren and Stimpy, is incorporated in California.^[22]

· December 31 – Poland's president signs the Balcerowicz Plan, ending the state socialist system in Poland in favor of a capitalist system and Polish involvement in the Warsaw Pact.^[23]